Commensurability supplies the common goods, aligned input bundle, unit and quality conventions, and shared productivity dimension. Absolute Advantage adds producer-specific ratios, a level ranking, and the negative inference boundary that this ranking does not determine opportunity cost or specialization.

Absolute Advantage requires output and input quantities to be expressed in compatible units across producers before their productivity ratios can be compared.


Comparison supplies two producers under a shared frame, a chosen output-per- input dimension, an alignment rule, and a relational readout. Absolute Advantage adds goods and producers, productivity ratios, the classical trade-theory foil, and the discipline against inferring specialization from levels.

Removing trade-theory vocabulary from Absolute Advantage leaves the exact co-framed pairwise magnitude comparison and greater-than readout.


Absolute Advantage contains producer-specific output-per-input ratios whose aligned quotients are compared for the same good. Ratio supplies an internal constituent: Compare one quantity with a nonzero reference quantity by division, so the quotient states how much numerator obtains per unit of denominator and stays interpretable only while both quantities, their units, and their scope are named. Absolute Advantage requires that role within this mechanism: A per-good comparison of output per unit input between two producers — establishing that productivity differences exist (the precondition for gains from trade) while deliberately not settling who should specialize in what. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.


The child's one-line identity, core idea, structural signature, and diagnostic method all require two coordinates: k_a says how fast material enters circulation, while F says how much of the administered dose survives the lossy path to arrive. The live prime supplies exactly the administered, reached, effective planes and their conversion fraction; the child adds pharmacokinetic barriers, routes, rising-curve geometry, T_max, and an IV reference. Keeping this constituent under the nearer Absorption Phase node makes First-Pass loss and absorption-mediated interactions inherit the correct fraction without flattening them directly to the prime.

Absorption Phase contains Bioavailability as its surviving-fraction coordinate, paired with the independent absorption-rate coordinate.


The phase is the rising limb generated while matter moves from a dose site to the systemic compartment. The absorption constant measures that flow rate; permeability, dissolution, transporters, and blood supply shape its channel; incomplete survival appears as loss or diversion before the destination.

Absorption Phase contains directed, rate-bearing drug flow from an administration reservoir across physiological barriers into circulation.


Every AST is a rooted, ordered, acyclic recursive container with exactly one parent per non-root and is traversed by recursive visitors. It adds a formal grammar, parser provenance, a finite node-type taxonomy, atomic token leaves, and canonicalization across formatting-only source variants.

An abstract syntax tree is a tree data structure specialized to ordered grammar nodes, parser construction, and suppression of inert surface form.


The prime explicitly names the macroeconomic accelerator as a canonical instance. The child's fixed capital-output ratio converts change in final demand into a larger change in capacity orders, and upstream production stages can repeat the rate coupling. The child adds capital stock, capacity constraints, net investment, replacement, and sector-specific branches.

Removing capital-goods vocabulary from the accelerator leaves the canonical derivative-amplification case: upstream stages respond to the rate of change of downstream demand and magnify variation along the chain.


Every access endpoint interposes a URL, API path, connection string, or equivalent handle between client and backing resource. A routing layer resolves the handle so hosting and storage can change without changing the client-facing route. The child adds digital dereferenceability, a protocol contract, current-time reachability, and the broken-route versus corrupt- resource diagnostic to indirection's general reference-resolution core.

An access endpoint is indirection specialized to a perishable digital handle resolved through routing infrastructure under a protocol contract.


The endpoint's handle and protocol specify what a client can request and receive while its routing layer hides storage, location, and hosting. That is interface's bounded exchange, asymmetric visibility, and stable-contract core. DCAT fields, HTTP/SPARQL/JDBC vocabulary, and digital handshake diagnostics are the narrower domain frame.

Removing data-publishing machinery from an access endpoint leaves a stable, rule-governed exchange surface that hides the provider behind a contract.


Keyboard completeness is one bounded operability criterion inside the larger accessibility commitment. Passing it does not establish contrast, captions, semantic markup, cognitive access, or other dimensions, which makes part-of more faithful than subsumption.

Accessibility contains Keyboard Accessibility as its channel-completeness obligation for interactive functions operated without a pointer.


Perceivability is one of Accessibility's constitutive POUR dimensions. The broader commitment additionally requires operability, understandability, robustness, and design for other capability tails, so the criterion is a strict constituent rather than a synonym or complete subtype.

Accessibility contains Perceivable Design as the obligation that essential signals remain available when a user cannot access the default sensory channel.


Robustness is one of Accessibility's constitutive POUR dimensions and contributes the machine-facing semantic-contract requirement. Accessibility remains the larger commitment spanning human perception, operation, understanding, and capability distribution.

Accessibility contains Robust Accessibility as the obligation that assistive technologies can recover meaning from explicit structural semantics.


Accessibility evaluates whether the actions a system is meant to support remain genuinely available across the intended capability distribution; those user-environment action possibilities are affordances inside the broader perceivable, operable, understandable, and robust commitment.

Accessibility contains affordance because operability for a capability distribution is the set of actions made possible by each user's fit with the designed environment.


Every acquisition event records a discrete release-and-bind transfer of a resource from a prior holder or regime to an acquiring actor. It adds the cultural-heritage and juridical record apparatus—instrument type, provenance link, and title audit—to the portable custody-transfer event.

Acquisition Event is Custody Transfer specialized to a recorded gaining-side event whose instrument, timestamp, and before/after possession states support chain-of-title reconstruction.


The method strictly requires documentation and reflection, not this particular qualitative artifact. Analytic Memo supplies an internal constituent: Externalise interpretive reasoning in writing during analysis — dated, typed, indexed memos sitting between raw evidence and finished claims — so the analysis becomes generative, auditable, and revisable. Action Research requires that role within this mechanism: Braid inquiry and situation-change into one repeating plan-act-observe-reflect cycle in which researchers and participants overlap, pursuing usable practical change and transferable knowledge together under the rule that neither may be sacrificed for the other. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it. The typical qualifier limits the claim to the characteristic route, not a constitutive requirement of every instance; exceptions must retain the child's identity through another mechanism.

Action research typically contains analytic memos recording how observed consequences changed interpretation, practical choice, and theoretical claim between cycles.


The plan-act-observe-reflect phases form a closed corrective path whose output becomes a later input. Feedback supplies an internal constituent: Outputs influence inputs. Action Research requires that role within this mechanism: Braid inquiry and situation-change into one repeating plan-act-observe-reflect cycle in which researchers and participants overlap, pursuing usable practical change and transferable knowledge together under the rule that neither may be sacrificed for the other. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Action research contains feedback because documented consequences and joint interpretation return to revise both the next practical change and the theory that guides it.


Action research is the participatory social-science form of the neutral inquiry-change learning loop, adding researcher-participant overlap, a dual deliverable, and a participation-rigor frontier. Remove the Lewinian lineage, participatory ethical stance, qualitative-method vocabulary, and requirement to produce practical change and transferable knowledge together. A current understanding still guides deliberate real-setting change, consequences still update understanding and later action, and warrant still accumulates across repeated passes.


Cross-cycle accumulation is constitutive because no single uncontrolled cycle carries the method's full warrant. Iteration supplies an internal constituent: Repeats steps to refine outcomes. Action Research requires that role within this mechanism: Braid inquiry and situation-change into one repeating plan-act-observe-reflect cycle in which researchers and participants overlap, pursuing usable practical change and transferable knowledge together under the rule that neither may be sacrificed for the other. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Action research contains iteration because each plan-act-observe-reflect pass carries revised understanding and practical state into a subsequent pass.


Transferable knowledge and a revised practical approach are retained capability and model changes, not terminal observations. Learning supplies an internal constituent: Durable, experience-driven update of an agent's internal state that carries forward to alter later behavior or prediction. Action Research requires that role within this mechanism: Braid inquiry and situation-change into one repeating plan-act-observe-reflect cycle in which researchers and participants overlap, pursuing usable practical change and transferable knowledge together under the rule that neither may be sacrificed for the other. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Action research contains learning because each changed situation supplies experience that durably updates understanding and thereby alters later action and prediction.


The methodology adds a Lewinian lineage, participatory stance, and dual deliverable to an observer-inclusive loop in which observation changes later system dynamics. After the ethnography_sociology frame is stripped away, the retained structural roles are those of Second-Order Cybernetics (Second-Order Observation): Observer within system. Action Research adds the local frame and commitments expressed in its identity: Braid inquiry and situation-change into one repeating plan-act-observe-reflect cycle in which researchers and participants overlap, pursuing usable practical change and transferable knowledge together under the rule that neither may be sacrificed for the other. The parent pattern remains recognizable without that vocabulary, while the child is the framed realization of it. That preservation test establishes decomposition rather than taxonomic subsumption.

Action research is a social-science form of second-order observation in which researcher-participants, observations, and changing models are inside the system they study and alter.


The operative design lever locates each cycle on a constrained frontier whose movement has signed effects on both dimensions. Trade-offs supplies an internal constituent: Balancing competing priorities. Action Research requires that role within this mechanism: Braid inquiry and situation-change into one repeating plan-act-observe-reflect cycle in which researchers and participants overlap, pursuing usable practical change and transferable knowledge together under the rule that neither may be sacrificed for the other. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Action research contains a trade-off because its participation-rigor frontier exchanges practical legitimacy and access against single-cycle external validity while valuing both.


The child is not generic operator error. It is the proximate visible act whose harm depends on dormant design, procedure, staffing, training, or management holes. Remove that latent stratum and the same act may be an error, but it is no longer Reason's alignment-completing active failure. The reverse dependency is not strict: latent conditions can remain dormant and auditable without any active event ever realizing them.

Active failure presupposes latent condition because a sharp-end act earns this label only when it completes a hazard path through weaknesses already staged in the layered defenses.


Remove the AD schedule and the model loses one of its two opposed blocks, the demand-shock branch of its quadrant diagnostic, and the intersection that jointly determines price level and output. Aggregate demand remains independently identifiable by its C + I + G + net-exports decomposition, price-level axis, and shift channels; the model adds the opposing supply schedule, their intersection, horizon split, and policy readout.

The AD-AS model strictly contains aggregate demand as its demand-side schedule in price-level by real-output space.


Remove the AS schedule and the model cannot represent supply shocks, stagflation, the natural-rate ceiling, or the horizon-dependent incidence of a demand shift. Aggregate supply remains independently identifiable by nominal rigidity, potential output, binding-constraint migration, and its expectations channel; the model adds the opposed demand block and joint intersection.

The AD-AS model strictly contains aggregate supply as its supply-side schedule with distinct short-run and long-run shapes.


The live model explicitly delivers signed qualitative effects rather than magnitudes or dynamics. Classify a disturbance, move AD or AS, re-solve the intersection, and compare the endpoints: this is the full live comparative-statics operation specialized to price level and real output.

AD-AS contains comparative statics as the operation that shifts one schedule and compares the old and new intersections while suppressing the adjustment path.


The crossing is not decorative geometry: it is the balance condition that selects both endogenous variables before and after each shift. Without a state defined by simultaneous satisfaction of AD and AS, there is no initial point, no shifted point, and no signed comparative-static readout. The model is a representation and diagnostic of equilibria, not itself a balanced state.

AD-AS presupposes equilibrium because its output is the price-output point at which the two aggregate schedules hold simultaneously.


The child maps households, firms, policy, trade, prices, and expectations onto price-level by real-output space, retaining the two aggregate schedules and discarding microfoundations, magnitudes, and adjustment paths. Reapplying the same mapping does not create new dimensions, and the entry makes the discarded content and reconstruction limits first-class rather than claiming the plane is the economy.

Removing the macroeconomic frame from AD-AS leaves a projection from a high-dimensional system onto a chosen two-dimensional target with an explicit residual.


Every ad-baculum instance requires an adverse consequence tied to the listener's refusal, so the listener retains nominal choice while the arguer manipulates its costs. Coercion alone is not the fallacy, but it is the portable structural lever left when the argumentation frame is removed.

Strip the argumentative pretense from ad baculum and its threat remains the live coercion pattern of negatively repricing another agent's options.


The child is constituted by a defective argument rather than by coercion alone: a claim is under evaluation, evidence is owed, and a payoff-altering threat occupies the evidential slot. Its fear lever and assent-belief split distinguish it from the other relevance fallacies without changing the genus.

Ad baculum is the informal-fallacy subtype that substitutes a threat to the listener for reasons bearing on the claim's truth.


The live prime exactly owns the two-channel skeleton stated throughout the child: a psychologically effective signal shifts assent while remaining irrelevant to the target proposition. The child adds the argumentation verdict, the fear lever, and the compliance-versus-belief diagnosis.

Removing the Latin fallacy frame leaves a payoff signal substituted for the truth-bearing signal on which belief should update.


Both replace evaluation of a claim's current support with information about its source that lacks a sufficient relevance bridge. Ad Hominem fixes that source to a person and the cue to character, competence, circumstance, standing, inconsistency, or affiliation.

Ad Hominem is Genetic Fallacy specialized to a person as the attacked source or origin of a claim.


The child explicitly identifies emotional reasoning as its nearest catalog home. Pity supplies the affective input and the silent inference treats the resulting feeling as support; the child adds a particular rhetorical role and a domain-specific legitimacy boundary.

Strip away the informal-logic verdict and the pity appeal retains the live emotional-reasoning pattern of affect functioning as evidence.


The move may be formally valid-looking yet fails because the offered premise is in the wrong evidential currency. Its pity lever and currency-match test distinguish it from sibling relevance fallacies while preserving the genus.

Ad misericordiam is the informal-fallacy subtype that offers elicited pity as support for a conclusion to which that affect is irrelevant.


The child's currency-match test states the live prime's exact geometry: emotion shifts acceptance even though it carries no information about the target proposition. The Latin taxonomy and normative verdict are framing; the relevant-channel versus substitute-channel structure survives them.

Removing the pity-fallacy frame leaves an affectively active signal substituted for the evidence relevant to the conclusion.


The named defect depends on an argumentation context and a relevance failure, not on invalid formal structure. Its frequency lever, evidence-per-repetition audit, and emphasis boundary distinguish it from sibling fallacies.

Ad Nauseam is the informal-fallacy subtype that offers repetition count as warrant for a claim while adding no evidence.


Every fallacious instance raises felt credibility through a signal that adds zero warrant. The child adds an argumentation verdict, an evidence-per-repeat count, and the distinction from legitimate emphasis; the channel swap is the live prime's portable skeleton.

Removing the frequency-fallacy frame leaves repetition functioning as a non-truth-bearing substitute for evidence.


The child explicitly locates its failure pole in conformity, social proof, herding, and influence cascades. The relation is typical rather than strict: an arguer can cite or fabricate a popularity signal even when the cited believers formed their judgments independently and no recipient conforms.

In the ordinary bandwagon case, stripping the fallacy verdict leaves belief aligned to a group standard through social influence.


The child's argument can retain valid form while its premise-to-conclusion relevance fails. Its distinctive popularity signal, independence test, and question-type gate separate it from other relevance fallacies.

Ad populum is the informal-fallacy subtype that offers popularity or a head count as support where claim-relevant evidence was owed.


The substitution holds in every fallacious instance regardless of whether the cited crowd is real, independent, conformist, or fabricated. The child adds the popularity lever and tests that decide when a count can legitimately carry information; the two-channel skeleton is the live prime.

Removing the popularity-fallacy frame leaves a socially forceful count substituted for the evidence relevant to the target claim.


Ad verecundiam is the credential-keyed member of the relevance-fallacy family. Its invoked title or prestige is psychologically active but becomes epistemically inadequate when domain competence, evidence access, disinterest, convergence, or audience-incapacity conditions fail. Removing the Latin taxonomy and epistemology-of-expertise checklist preserves the live prime's relevant-channel, substitute-channel, and hidden-swap roles.

Removing the expertise-fallacy frame leaves a credential signal substituted for the evidence or load-bearing conditions relevant to a claim.


The relation captures the planning taxonomy without claiming that every reused rural, military, or isolated heritage structure participates in an urban intensify-before-expand policy. Infill Development supplies the genus: Direct new construction to vacant or underused land inside the existing serviced area rather than extending the urban footprint outward, treating already-built infrastructure as sunk capital that added density amortises, and scoring the choice on servicing cost, driving, and edge land conversion. Adaptive Reuse preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Retain an existing building's physical substance — structure, envelope, site, silhouette — while replacing the function it serves, fitting a new program into the inherited constraint envelope rather than designing a building around the program. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association. The typical qualifier limits the claim to the characteristic route, not a constitutive requirement of every instance; exceptions must retain the child's identity through another mechanism.

Adaptive reuse is typically an infill subtype when it returns an underused standing building inside the serviced urban area to productive intensity instead of extending growth outward.


The whole project may add substantial new design, so it is not strictly a kind of the live no-redesign exaptation identity; its constitutive retained-shell co-option is nevertheless exaptive.

Adaptive reuse contains exaptation because retained structural features built for the lapsed program are co-opted through their latent properties to support a different program.


The accumulating quantity is surface excess rather than bulk concentration; affinity and finite sites specialize the generic stock–flow relation. After the chemistry_materials frame is stripped away, the retained structural roles are those of Accumulation: A stock grows or shrinks as the time-integral of its net inflow minus outflow, so stocks and flows live on different objects and cannot be equated. Adsorption adds the local frame and commitments expressed in its identity: Molecules partition out of a bulk fluid to concentrate on a solid surface bearing a finite population of binding sites, producing a saturating relationship between bulk concentration and surface loading captured by an adsorption isotherm. The parent pattern remains recognizable without that vocabulary, while the child is the framed realization of it. That preservation test establishes decomposition rather than taxonomic subsumption.

Adsorption creates a surface stock whose level rises by arrival and falls by desorption until finite-site occupancy and opposing flows bound the total.


Without a bulk–surface interface the same molecules can dissolve, react, or accumulate volumetrically, but they cannot adsorb. The interface is the required exchange locus, not a kind or an internal molecular constituent of adsorption.

Adsorption requires a distinct surface phase across which bulk molecules partition and at which finite binding sites and surface chemical potential exist.


The curve is neither a kind nor a constituent of the physical partition process; it is a measurement/model artifact whose axes, parameters, and structural tests require that process to generate surface uptake.

An Adsorption Isotherm measures and models the equilibrium loading produced by Adsorption as bulk concentration varies at fixed temperature.


Breakthrough and transient uptake curves are kinetics, not adsorption isotherms. Equilibrium makes each plotted loading path-independent at the declared conditions. Equilibrium supplies the prerequisite condition: Balanced state. Adsorption Isotherm operates against that background: At fixed temperature, trace how much adsorbate accumulates on a solid surface against its bulk concentration, then fit the curve to a functional form whose shape both extracts the surface's capacity and affinity and tests whether its sites are uniform, heterogeneous, or multilayer. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption.

The isotherm requires reversible surface and bulk transfers to have balanced at each fixed temperature and concentration before loading is assigned to the curve.


Adverse Drug Event is a strict specialization of Adverse Event. An unfavorable medical occurrence is recorded in temporal association with treatment and carries seriousness, timing, and surveillance attributes. The pharmacological intervention has been attributed as the proximate cause, narrowing the causally agnostic event intake to a drug-causal harm category.


ADE fixes a declared therapeutic intervention, the patient's shared physiology, a benefit vector named by the treatment, and an additional clinically harmful state change causally attributable to the same dose or its consequences. It adds molecules, PK/PD, therapeutic margins, error-touched exposure, reportable injuries, and pharmacovigilance to the live Side Effect prime's interface-versus-actual-reach structure. Harm is mandatory in the child even though generic side effects may be benign or beneficial.

Removing pharmacology and surveillance leaves an intervention whose actual change to shared state exceeds its declared therapeutic interface and harms a dependent actor.


Both nodes require a clinically harmful event causally attributable to a pharmacological intervention. ADR narrows that genus to harm arising when drug, dose, indication, patient, and administration were appropriate, then adds the ABCDEF classification, dose-relationship discriminator, and Naranjo or WHO-UMC causality assessment. ADE also admits pharmacologic injury precipitated by a medication error, so the reverse relation fails.

Every Adverse Drug Reaction is an Adverse Drug Event specialized by the correct-use precondition and the ABCDEF mechanism-and-time taxonomy.


Pharmacological Interaction is a constitutive part of Adverse Drug Reaction. Removing the constituent makes the child incomplete although the constituent can occur independently.


The parent ADR's pivotal branch asks whether the harm is an augmented, forecastable extension of the intended receptor profile and therefore changes with dose. A Therapeutic Window is required only where that dose relationship contains a clinically relevant upper harm boundary. Type-A effects within a broad graded response, Type-B idiosyncratic and immune reactions, delayed effects, and some withdrawal reactions remain explicit exceptions.

The window-governed Type-A branch of Adverse Drug Reaction conditionally presupposes a Therapeutic Window whose upper harm margin ordinary dose-responsive pharmacology approaches or crosses.


The domain entry retains Unity and Variety's defining tension after its aesthetic vocabulary is removed: variation must remain real, yet a common organizing constraint must make the parts read as one whole. Aesthetic Coherence adds composed-artifact media, propagation discipline, and the recognize-before-analyze judgment; uniformity and juxtaposition remain its two boundary failures.

Aesthetic Coherence is Unity and Variety specialized to composed artifacts, where a shared organizing constraint integrates locally varied parts into one perceptible whole.


Agenda Building asks how entrepreneurs, focusing events, media, elites, and publics jointly generate prominence. Where media-to-public coupling participates, Agenda-setting supplies the stage in which that prominence reweights the public's issue attention; purely internal institutional docket formation is the explicit exception.

Agenda-setting is typically one downstream stage inside the broader multi- actor process that constructs issue salience and institutional dockets.


The agenda is capacity-limited: only a small subset of possible concerns can receive deliberation, staff work, and decision time. Entrepreneurs, events, and venues matter because they reallocate this scarce institutional processing capacity, not because they objectively rank issue importance.

Agenda Building contains finite institutional Attention as the resource over which candidate issues compete for docket position.


Media, entrepreneurs, elites, and publics respond partly to one another's attention. The constructed agenda therefore cannot be reduced to a one-way selection chain: its prior output becomes an input to the next allocation cycle.

The multi-actor agenda process contains a reinforcing Feedback loop in which visibility produces coverage, advocacy, elite response, and further visibility.


The characteristic languish-then-catch-fire trajectory has a low-attention regime, a focusing-event or coupling threshold, and an abruptly self-reinforced high-attention regime. Gradual agenda ascent remains possible, so the constituent is typical rather than universal.

Agenda Building typically contains a tipping transition when a focusing event closes an amplification loop and a long-latent issue rapidly reaches the docket.


It inherits the full gatekeeper-prominence-audience salience effect and adds a normative empirical differentia: selection criteria such as drama, shareability, and advertiser fit have come apart from mortality, policy stakes, or another independently defensible significance distribution.

Agenda Distortion is Agenda-setting specialized to cases where the coverage- generated salience distribution diverges from independently judged significance.


Coverage volume faithfully reports editorial or ranking selection, but an audience semantically transposes it into a claim about issue importance that the generation process never warranted. The live prime was designed around precisely this allocator-channel-interpreter geometry.

Removing media vocabulary leaves the exact standalone prime: a what-got-shown signal is misread as evidence of what matters.


Prominence changes what receives processing and becomes accessible when an audience ranks current concerns. The empirical finding is a selective attention shift without the separate attitude movement expected from persuasion.

Agenda-setting contains audience Attention as the finite processing resource that prominence cues reallocate across issues.


Editors, producers, and ranking systems occupy a passage-control point between the oversized issue space and the public channel. Their admit, suppress, repeat, and place decisions condition the prominence distribution the audience sees.

Agenda-setting contains Gatekeeping: a capacity-bounded selector applies editorial or ranking criteria to decide which issues reach the audience.


In the canonical neoclassical-synthesis construction, each price level changes real money balances, shifts LM, and selects an IS–LM equilibrium output; the locus of those outputs is AD. IS–LM supplies that derivation, while aggregate demand adds the price-level schedule and open-economy, expenditure, and horizon interpretation. New Keynesian Euler-equation and monetary-rule derivations establish a genuine exception. IS–LM model supplies the prerequisite condition: A two-curve diagram fixing short-run equilibrium in a closed economy: the downward IS curve where the goods market clears and the upward LM curve where the money market clears cross at one point (r*, Y*) that pins down the interest rate and output jointly. Aggregate Demand operates against that background: The total planned expenditure on final goods and services at a given price level, summed as C + I + G + (X − M) and matched against aggregate supply to set short-run output and the price level. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption. The typical qualifier limits the claim to the characteristic route, not a constitutive requirement of every instance; exceptions must retain the child's identity through another mechanism.

Aggregate demand typically presupposes IS–LM when the schedule is derived by tracing joint goods-money equilibrium output across price levels.


Millions of household, firm, government, and foreign spending decisions become a single curve with four labeled handles. Aggregation supplies the many-to-one reduction and loss discipline; the child adds the national- expenditure identity, general-price-level axis, autonomous shifters, multiplier, and nominal-rigidity horizon branch.

Removing the expenditure frame from aggregate demand leaves a many-to-one collapse of heterogeneous decisions into one schedule with declared information loss.


Aggregate demand is not a sum of micro demand curves, so subsumption would overstate sameness. It nevertheless instantiates the live demand skeleton: real output sought varies with a generalized price burden; slope channels provide responsiveness; domestic-foreign and intertemporal substitution help shape the curve; and policy, income, expectations, and complements shift rather than slide the schedule. The child adds the CIGXM identity and macro horizon machinery.

Removing the macroeconomic frame leaves demand's cost-responsive schedule, local responsiveness, conditioners, and movement-along versus shift distinction.


The child summarizes economy-wide willingness and capacity in one output- versus-price-level curve, suppressing firm and sector detail. Aggregation supplies the many-to-one reduction; aggregate supply adds nominal rigidity, potential output, supply-shock shifts, expectations, and the migration of the binding constraint with the horizon.

Removing the macro-production frame from aggregate supply leaves the many-to-one collapse of heterogeneous producer decisions into one schedule.


The live child is organized by what restricts admissible output at each horizon: sticky wages and input prices first, then capital, labor, and technology at potential output. Constraint supplies the feasible-set restriction; the child specifies its macroeconomic carriers, the curve shapes, the migration with adjustment, and the stagflationary shift diagnostics.

Aggregate supply contains a binding constraint whose identity migrates from nominal adjustment in the short run to productive capacity in the long run.


A downstream deployer trusts an upstream producer or delivery channel that cannot distinguish legitimate output from adversarial substitution. An attacker writes once upstream, the deployer voluntarily imports the hostile artifact past its own perimeter, and the payload fans out to downstream consumers. AI widens the artifact classes and adds benchmark-silent learned behavior, but it does not change the transitive-trust attack geometry.

AI supply-chain attack is trusted-intermediary compromise specialized to learned systems whose dependency closure includes data, weights, models, tokenizers, evaluation sets, packages, and inference services.


The Alabama paradox is the house-size specialization of the broader family of paradoxical allocation changes produced by apportionment rules. Apportionment Paradox supplies the genus: Recognize that integer rounding of real-valued quotas makes four fairness axioms — quota, house, population, and new-states monotonicity — jointly unsatisfiable, so choosing an apportionment rule is choosing which guarantee to surrender. Alabama Paradox preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: The failure of house-monotonicity in Hamilton's largest-remainders apportionment: increasing the total number of seats can shrink a constituency's allocation, because raising the house size reorders the fractional-remainder ranking that deals surplus seats. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


It inherits progressive response attenuation after repeated inconsequential exposure and adds the medical-monitoring substrate, false-alarm base-rate collapse, and the patient-safety consequence of missing a genuine alarm.

Alarm fatigue is habituation specialized to repeated low-specificity clinical warning signals.


Remove the exhaustive reflected-versus-absorbed split and albedo is no longer a fraction of incident flux or able to close an energy budget. Input Partition is an internal quantitative constituent; Albedo adds the radiative surface, spectral band, geometry, and reflectance measurement.

Albedo contains Input Partition because every incident shortwave unit is assigned to the reflected or absorbed channel and the two fractions close to one.


Remove the canonical label and the same string may be an uncontrolled synonym, a candidate preferred form, or a separate concept name; it no longer has the subordinate status, redirect target, or render-with-canonical behavior that constitutes an alternative label.

A form is an Alternative Label only relative to the one Preferred Label to which governance subordinates it and through which authoritative output renders.


The child records subordinate lexical variants, routes each to one canonical concept at use, prevents those variants from becoming rival identities, and keeps all retrieval and output attached to the authority form. SKOS altLabel, variant admission, and public-variant policy are the added frame.

Alternative Label preserves the prime's asymmetric many-names-to-one- authority route and adds the controlled search-versus-display discipline.


The common-consequence construction changes one option from certain to merely probable while holding the relevant prize structure aligned across the two menus. The characteristic A-over-B and D-over-C pattern is the canonical demonstration of Certainty Effect at the p=1 boundary, so that domain mechanism is internal while Expected Utility remains the independent violated benchmark.

The Allais Paradox contains the certainty-boundary overweighting isolated by its paired lottery choices.


The Allais paradox is defined by a preference reversal that can be diagnosed only against expected utility's independence axiom. Expected Utility supplies the prerequisite condition: Ranking risky options by their probability-weighted utility. Allais Paradox operates against that background: An engineered pair of lottery choices whose majority preference pattern (A over B, D over C) violates the independence axiom of expected-utility theory, isolating the certainty effect as the culprit. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption.


Both have a minimum scale separating a self-sustaining process from a below-threshold trajectory that cannot maintain itself. The child fixes the state variable to organism density and the scale-producing mechanisms to mate finding, cooperation, pollination, predator dilution, and genetic load.

The strong Allee effect is critical mass specialized to a living population whose conspecific-dependent processes fail below minimum viable density.


Removing the density-to-performance-to-density return path leaves only a one-time small-population handicap, not the density-dependent dynamic that defines weak and strong Allee effects. Feedback supplies an internal constituent: Outputs influence inputs. Allee Effect requires that role within this mechanism: Below a critical density a population's per-capita growth falls instead of rising, because the processes that need conspecifics break down — so low density itself becomes a demographic liability that can drive extinction even with ample resources. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

The Allee effect contains feedback because current conspecific density changes per-capita performance, which changes the next population density fed back into the same relationship.


The source expressly excludes direct cold stunting and momentary response: the morphology is a persistent population-level modification tuned by a heat-balance fitness criterion. Adaptation supplies an internal constituent: Systems adjust to conditions. Allen's Rule requires that role within this mechanism: Predict endotherm appendage proportions from climate via one thermoregulatory geometry — shorter, compact limbs and ears toward the cold to conserve heat; longer, vascularized ones toward the heat to radiate it. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Allen's rule contains adaptation because heritable appendage proportions are retained in the direction that improves thermal fit to sustained climate.


Both use a nonlinear surface-versus-volume relation to predict how geometry changes a system-level rate. The child fixes the system to an endotherm, the adjustable geometry to limb, ear, tail, muzzle, or bill proportions, the rate to heat exchange, and the direction to the climatic heat-balance demand.

Allen's rule is allometric scaling specialized to selection on the heat-exchange surface contributed by endotherm appendages.


The rule requires ambient temperature to vary over the lineage's range with a direction and rate, so appendage proportion can be predicted toward the cold and hot ends rather than merely compared between two unrelated populations.

Allen's rule contains a thermal gradient across geographic space against which appendage proportion forms a signed cline.


Phoneme supplies the language-relative contrast-bearing category and its minimal-pair boundary. Allophone adds physically distinct surface forms, complementary distribution, an environment-to-realization rule, and the requirement that substitution within the class not change the recognized word.

An Allophone presupposes the single Phoneme whose context-conditioned surface realization it is and whose identity its substitution preserves.


Context supplies the external surround that selects an outcome while the focal identity remains fixed. Allophone narrows that relation to voicing, stress, syllable boundary, or word position selecting one phonetic form of a phoneme, with complementary distribution and non-contrast as diagnostics.

Allophonic status presupposes the surrounding phonological Context that predicts which realization of the fixed phoneme surfaces.


The fan is a persistent deposit and process record, not itself a transport episode, so dependency preserves the object-process distinction. Sediment Transport supplies the prerequisite condition: Loose grains are entrained by a moving fluid once shear exceeds their threshold of motion, carried in a mode set by the ratio of shear to settling velocity, and deposited as the carrier loses energy — sorting coarse-to-fine along the gradient into a graded deposit that records the flow. Alluvial Fan operates against that background: The fan-shaped sediment landform built where a confined, sediment-laden channel exits a steep upland at a slope break, loses transport competence, and deposits its load coarse-to-fine as successive lobes avulse radially around the apex. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption.

An alluvial fan presupposes sediment transport because its identity is the landform produced when a confined sediment-laden flow exits a slope break, loses competence, and sorts its load across the fan.


The phenomenon is defined by a stable known-over-unknown ranking across a choice set. It is not itself the general ordering relation: it fixes one attribute, probability precision, and one direction of tilt. Remove the comparative ordering and there is no aversion to observe, only two differently described information states.

Ambiguity aversion presupposes an agent's ordering of otherwise comparable prospects by the precision of their probability information.


The known-versus-unknown contrast needs at least one prospect whose future state is incompletely characterized and cannot be collapsed to a fully specified risk distribution. The child is an agent's response to that condition, not a species of the condition itself. Remove uncertainty and equalize probability precision, and the defining preference disappears.

Ambiguity aversion presupposes uncertainty whose governing probabilities are unknown or imprecisely specified.


The recognition event is not sufficient by itself: the hidden fact must propagate backward through the plot and reorganize how the preceding scenes, speeches, and actions are understood. Remove that reinterpretive pass and the disclosure becomes a surprise or ordinary knowledge update with no anagnorisis. Reframing is therefore an internal constituent, while identity, kinship, trigger tokens, and coupling to reversal remain the literary specialization.

Anagnorisis contains a retrospective reframe in which one recognition changes the meaning of the already-completed narrative rather than adding new events.


Candidate categories and relations are discovered by producing a constrained reading of representational evidence while analysis remains in flight. Interpretation supplies an internal constituent: Recover meaning from a representational substrate under a framework that makes some readings available and others not. Analytic Memo requires that role within this mechanism: Externalise interpretive reasoning in writing during analysis — dated, typed, indexed memos sitting between raw evidence and finished claims — so the analysis becomes generative, auditable, and revisable. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Analytic memo contains interpretation because writing it recovers and revises meaning from transcripts, fieldnotes, codes, and other evidence under an evolving framework.


The qualitative subtype adds code, theoretical, operational, and integrative memo forms, constant comparison, and a memo-to-theory progression. Memoing supplies the genus: Producing a parallel, contemporaneous, durable record of the in-flight reasoning that generates an artifact, so the trajectory survives alongside the artifact. Analytic Memo preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Externalise interpretive reasoning in writing during analysis — dated, typed, indexed memos sitting between raw evidence and finished claims — so the analysis becomes generative, auditable, and revisable. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.

Analytic memo is memoing specialized to qualitative inquiry, where the contemporaneous reasoning trace develops codes, categories, relations, and theory between evidence and claims.


Annotation drift is instrument-interpretive drift specialized to a human labeling practice whose written rubric remains nominally fixed. Instrument Interpretive Drift supplies the genus: A measurement instrument's interpretive practice silently shifts over time while its stated specification stays fixed, contaminating longitudinal trends. Annotation Drift preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: The gradual, undocumented shift over time in how annotators apply an unchanged rubric, so identical instances get different labels — a silent recalibration of a measurement instrument, invisible to within-slice agreement and detectable only by re-annotating frozen gold. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


The substitution has force because past institutional performance is compressed into a forward-looking expectation; one exposed failure updates that social memory and devalues other anonymously sourced claims carried by the same intermediary.

The intermediary's accumulated public standing substitutes for the hidden source's unavailable named credibility and is put at risk by each vouched claim.


Anonymous Sourcing is a strict specialization of Vouched Anonymity. The parent supplies the genus and can occur without the child; the child preserves it while adding commitments the parent does not require.


The quartet fixes means, variances, correlation, and regression summaries while curvature, leverage, and outlier geometry vary freely. Removing the named datasets and pedagogy leaves a many-to-one projection from rich point clouds to a lower-dimensional descriptor whose pre-images are qualitatively different; Dimensionality Reduction owns that portable structure and already reaches Compression through its canonical parentage.

Anscombe's Quartet is a constructed demonstration of dimensionality reduction collapsing visibly different data geometries onto the same low-dimensional summary vector.


Each agent closes one path to growth; resistance to one component alone is benign while the others remain active. Full escape requires the AND of independently rare resistance determinants to be present together under simultaneous exposure, making the joint barrier much stronger than any one mutation. Poor adherence, sequential addition, or sub-therapeutic levels can open one edge at a time and destroy the conjunction, which is why the source treats combination therapy as a conditional double-edged intervention rather than a universal feature of resistance selection.

Under genuinely simultaneous independent combination therapy, escape becomes a conjunctive path that conducts only when resistance to every active mechanism co-occurs in one transmissible lineage.


The child fixes variants to microbes, the pressure to antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, or antiparasitics, retention to chromosomal or mobile resistance, and control to prescribing, stewardship, surveillance, and infection control. Its portable mechanism is nevertheless exact Natural Selection: a heritably variable population, differential survival and reproduction under an applied pressure, retained resistant traits, repeated rounds, and cumulative enrichment without any organism learning or foresight. Pesticide, herbicide, tumour, and vaccine-escape cases are true siblings under that parent.

Removing clinical microbiology leaves the exact variation-selection-retention engine: antimicrobial exposure differentially preserves heritable resistant variants and shifts population composition over microbial generations.


Biofilms, poorly penetrated tissues, gut or soil microbiomes, environmental reservoirs, and spatial concentration gradients can create a durable low- contestation compartment. Resistant or tolerant populations persist and reproduce there, cross into the treated zone cheaply, and cause repeated rebound even when each exposed population is suppressed. This is the live prime's non-uniform control field and positive steady-state invariant, but it is not universal: well-mixed selection without a protected regenerative base remains antimicrobial resistance selection.

Resistance selection conditionally contains a Sanctuary Effect when an untreated or sub-inhibitory niche lets variants regenerate beyond effective drug reach and reseed the treated compartment after suppression.


The public-health half of the child fixes a shared depletable stock of effective antimicrobial options, a broad pool of users who cannot capture the future value they consume, a private cure or production benefit, a tiny externalized selection increment per use, and aggregate prescribing beyond the stock's effective renewal by new discovery. Stewardship, prescribing limits, infection control, and coordinated surveillance are governance of that overuse dynamic. The relation is typical rather than strict because resistance selection can be observed in a closed experiment or within one host without a multi-user appropriation problem.

In its ordinary prescribing and agricultural regime, each locally rational use consumes a small part of shared future antimicrobial effectiveness, while the diffuse resistance cost is borne by other users and later generations.


Antithesis is contrast specialized to opposed content delivered through a parallel grammatical frame. Contrast supplies the genus: Emphasized difference. Antithesis preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Sharpen a contrast by fusing two primitives — parallel grammatical form and opposed content — so a matched syntactic frame delivers the opposition at a controlled, audible beat. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


It inherits an utterance whose illocution performs an action and whose perlocution changes audience uptake. The child fixes that action to reputational defense and adds denial, bolstering, differentiation, transcendence, their exclusion constraint, and a verification environment.

Apologia is a speech act specialized to answering a public charge before an adjudicating audience through a constrained defensive-strategy set.


Apportionment paradoxes arise because natural allocation desiderata cannot all be guaranteed together, specializing axiomatic incompatibility to integer seat allocation. Axiomatic Incompatibility supplies the genus: A small set of individually plausible axioms is provably jointly unsatisfiable, forcing a chosen trade-off. Apportionment Paradox preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Recognize that integer rounding of real-valued quotas makes four fairness axioms — quota, house, population, and new-states monotonicity — jointly unsatisfiable, so choosing an apportionment rule is choosing which guarantee to surrender. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


Simultaneous market clearing is the model's central object and theorem; Equilibrium supplies the mutually consistent fixed state that the commodity-space and excess-demand apparatus prove exists.

The Arrow–Debreu Model contains Equilibrium because its existence theorem establishes a price vector at which every market clears and all individually optimal plans are mutually consistent.


The First and Second Welfare Theorems are load-bearing results of the canonical model; the assumptions make the relation conditional, not optional. Pareto Efficiency supplies an internal constituent: Optimal allocation. Arrow–Debreu Model requires that role within this mechanism: Prove that a competitive economy has a set of prices at which every market clears at once, by treating each date-and-state-indexed good as its own priced commodity and applying a fixed-point argument to joint excess demand. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

The Arrow–Debreu Model contains Pareto Efficiency because its welfare theorems connect competitive equilibrium allocations to the Pareto frontier under the model's explicit assumptions.


Prices are the coordinating variables through which independently chosen consumption and production plans become mutually feasible; removing the price system leaves neither the excess-demand correspondence nor the decentralized-allocation claim.

The Arrow–Debreu Model contains the Price Mechanism because a vector of decentralized commodity prices coordinates agents' separate optimizing plans and clears every market.


Arrow's theorem is the social-choice specialization of the cross-domain pattern in which individually attractive axioms are jointly unsatisfiable. Axiomatic Incompatibility supplies the genus: A small set of individually plausible axioms is provably jointly unsatisfiable, forcing a chosen trade-off. Arrow's Impossibility Theorem preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Prove that no ranked-preference voting rule over three or more alternatives can jointly satisfy four minimal fairness axioms — certifying the 'fair in every respect' region of design space empty and reducing the debate to which axiom to knowingly sacrifice. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


Under parent-in-child direction the whole qualifier mechanism points to the descriptor it contains. Removing the descriptor leaves a modifier with no standing, no asserted topic, and no retrievable pair.

A Controlled Descriptor is the topic-bearing internal constituent to which an Aspect Qualifier attaches; the indexed claim exists only as their governed pair.


Scope notes, slash syntax, and MeSH values are domain accent. The surviving structure is an explicit predicate partitioning possible pairings into admissible and inadmissible sets and narrowing which interpretation is allowed.

The qualifier and its applicability rule jointly restrict a descriptor to an admissible sense and forbid unlicensed descriptor-qualifier pairings.


Applicability rules constrain which horizontal combinations are legal but do not erase the alternatives-within-slot versus combination-across-slots core. This avoids the stronger and false claim that the whole space is Cartesian.

A closed vertical set of alternative aspect values fills a qualifier slot and the selected value combines horizontally with a descriptor.


The second retrieval handle is constitutive, not merely a downstream use. Strip MeSH syntax and a query still states criteria, searches a collection, and returns the information-bearing items matching both topic and aspect.

Descriptor-qualifier pairs locate resources treating a topic in one requested aspect while excluding the same topic under other aspects.


The Assembly Bonus Effect is synergy specialized to interacting human groups whose performance exceeds a best-member baseline through mutual error correction and partial-insight combination. Synergy and Antagonism supplies the genus: Amplified or diminished effects. Assembly Bonus Effect preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: The small-group finding that on the right task types a group's output exceeds even its best member's predicted performance — a positive interaction residual from mutual error-correction and partial-insight combination that no aggregation of individual scores captures. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


It inherits multiple self-enforcing equilibria and the need for mutually aligned expectations to select one. The child adds the stag-hunt payoff ordering, a payoff-dominant cooperative equilibrium, a safer defection equilibrium, and best responses conditioned on confidence in the other players' cooperation.

An assurance game is an equilibrium-selection problem specialized to payoff-dominant cooperation and risk-dominant defection under trust-conditioned best responses.


Emphasis supplies a foregrounded signal, a contrast background, a prominence vehicle, and the resulting differential allocation of attention. Asymmetric- Amplitude Error Correction specializes that structure to an original and its repair under one publisher's control, with systematically greater emphasis and distribution for the original and an issuance-matching intervention. Removing the editorial frame leaves the parent prominence structure intact.

Removing the publisher and correction vocabulary leaves two related signals receiving unequal gain in the same channel, with the original amplified relative to its repair.


It inherits the unsupported promotion of a part-level predicate to a whole-level conclusion. Its differentia are hierarchical data, an individual-level estimate, a group- or population-level target, and unmodeled contextual variance that can change magnitude, sign, or mechanism.

Atomistic Fallacy is Fallacy of Composition specialized to projecting an individual-level statistical relationship onto a group or population.


The error cannot occur without crossing from lower-level units to a higher-level aggregate or context. Aggregation supplies that level boundary; Fallacy of Composition supplies the broader argumentative genus.

Atomistic Fallacy presupposes a level-forming aggregation from individual observations to a group or population target.


Its distinctive failure concerns the scope of an empirical estimate and the unmodeled contextual variance between nested levels. That statistical apparatus is independent of the general part-to-whole fallacy inherited from Fallacy of Composition.

Atomistic Fallacy presupposes an estimate or relationship inferred at one statistical level and projected to another.


Its equalizing discipline, expressive denial, and listener frame-shift are relational to Tonality. Remove the learned hierarchy and its cadential pulls and no-tonic organization remains descriptively centerless but loses the distinctive atonal property, perception, and intervention vocabulary.

Atonality is constituted by continually withholding the tonal center and resolutions that an internalized tonal grammar makes available.


Tonal culture supplies the expectation; the work supplies an instrumented stream in which tonic confirmation could occur; free-atonal judgment or a row supplies the absence-generating process; and the sustained gap is read as evidence that pitch hierarchy is being deliberately withheld rather than as missing data or random omission.

The continuously missing tonic and cadence are detected against an active expectation and positively identify the equalizing organization.


Attachment is a strict specialization of Social Bonding. The broader domain mechanism forms a durable affective tie whose accumulated history continues to bias help, protection, and behavior after the immediate conditions that formed it have changed. Attachment retains that bond and adds the caregiving-system differentia: a vulnerable individual regulates proximity to a selected figure, uses that figure as a safe haven under threat and a secure base for exploration, and carries learned expectations forward as an internal working model. Bonds among peers, mates, and groups can satisfy Social Bonding without this safe-haven/secure-base architecture, so the direction is Attachment to its broader domain genus.

Attachment is the safe-haven and secure-base species of Social Bonding, specialized to a vulnerable party, selected protective figure, and history-tuned working model.


Strip away the caregiver labels, attachment styles, sensitive period, and Strange Situation apparatus and a control structure remains: disturbance activates proximity-seeking, access to the selected support reduces distress, and restored security releases exploration away from that support. That regulated return toward a viable security band is the Homeostasis skeleton inside every attachment system described by this entry. Homeostasis does not by itself imply affection, caregiving, or a working model, so this is a framed-to-structural decomposition rather than taxonomic subsumption.

Attachment is a biopsychological application of Homeostasis in which proximity to a selected figure regulates felt security under threat and releases exploration when security is restored.


The bias is not a detached downstream verdict: its object is the attention gate itself. Attention supplies the perceptual field, selection operation, finite processing resource, and attended-versus-filtered partition that the child's perceiver-specific driver displaces.

Attentional Bias contains the selective Attention allocation whose candidate-to-selected mapping is systematically tilted.


It has an explicit neutral allocation target, a stable direction keyed to anxiety, reward history, depression, or expertise, and a displacement that persists across trials rather than averaging away. It adds the perceptual- selection stage, a finite attention pool, a perceiver-specific driver, and downstream propagation into memory and judgment.

Attentional Bias is Bias specialized to a repeatable perceiver-side displacement in which inputs win pre-conscious selection.


Attenuation bias under the live definition arises from classical additive measurement error in an explanatory variable. Rewriting the model in terms of the observed noisy regressor places that measurement error in the composite error and correlates the observed regressor with it, violating exogeneity. The resulting coefficient shrinkage is a consequence of that condition, not a taxonomic subtype or an internal constituent of it.

Classical regressor-measurement attenuation presupposes the endogeneity created when the noisy observed regressor correlates with the composite error.


Attribute substitution replaces a hard target attribute with an easier, accessible correlate under absent monitoring. When that accessible attribute lacks evidential bearing on the target through the channel the evaluator believes it is using, removing the dual-process psychology frame leaves relevance substitution's full blind irrelevant-channel structure. The relation is conditional because some correlated accessible attributes are genuinely informative, though imperfect, proxies.

Attribute substitution exposes relevance substitution only when the accessible attribute lacks evidential bearing on the target; truth-tracking but imperfect correlated proxies are excluded.


Attrition Warfare supplies the four-rate theory that operational losses will exhaust adversary capacity before one's own capacity or political tolerance. The trap is the realized state in which that doctrine's conversion assumption has been falsified but the contestant cannot freely change theory or exit.

An attrition trap presupposes the attritional theory of victory whose depletion-to-strategic-transition conversion has failed.


A bad loss-exchange or tolerance forecast is an error, not yet a trap. The defining trapped state additionally requires that switching theory or exiting now costs more politically, organizationally, or reputationally than continuing, even though continuation no longer advances the strategic objective.

Lock-In is the constituent that turns a falsified attritional theory into a trap: political and reputational exit costs keep the failed path active.


Attritional decision is not mere continuous depletion. The doctrine predicts victory when capacity or political will crosses the critical continuation boundary, and explicitly warns that this boundary is above literal exhaustion.

The four-rate ledger contains a breaking threshold below which the adversary can no longer continue, normally reached before physical stock falls to zero.


Atwood's Law strips to the demand-side increasing-return mechanism named by Network Effect: each additional developer, library, integration, and employer increases the substrate's usefulness to subsequent adopters, allowing its ecosystem advantage to outweigh a specialist's technical edge. JavaScript and programming-language vocabulary supply the domain frame; the self-reinforcing installed-base mechanism survives their removal.

Atwood's Law is the programming-ecosystem form of a network effect in which accumulated users, libraries, tooling, and hiring depth make a general-purpose substrate progressively cheaper to adopt in adjacent niches.


The authored five-commitment pathway assesses capability, matches modality, designs the symbol or text system around a core vocabulary, trains partners, and iterates. Core Vocabulary is therefore an internal design constituent, not a taxonomic supertype of AAC. Direction is parent-in-child.

AAC contains Core Vocabulary design as the lexical architecture that makes its alternative communication system generative rather than a survival board.


The clinical system would remain a hardware and production-form catalogue if it did not relocate success to ecological communication with a real partner. Functional Communication supplies that evaluative orientation while AAC adds residual-capability assessment, modality matching, vocabulary, partner training, and longitudinal migration.

AAC presupposes Functional Communication's outcome criterion so a gesture, picture, sign, or device utterance counts by the function it accomplishes.


Removing the child’s frame leaves the reusable structure named by Fallback Path. The child’s frame can be removed while the parent roles remain, so the edge records portable structural cargo rather than taxonomic identity.


Functional Redundancy is more exact than identical-component Redundancy because the channels are structurally different but converge on communication. The edge is conditional: alternative AAC may replace an absent speech path rather than maintain several sufficient paths at once.

In the augmentative branch, a distinct sign, gesture, picture, text, or device pathway supplements unreliable speech while preserving the same function.


Strip the clinic, devices, diagnoses, and partner-training protocol and the invariant is still that properties of a visual, auditory, tactile, gestural, or textual medium determine what can be encoded and reliably decoded.

AAC specializes the choice of expressive medium to one matched against a communicator's residual motor, sensory, cognitive, and linguistic capacities.


The failure occurs before downstream authorization: evidence is missing, wrong, replayable, forgeable, or insufficiently bound to the claim, so an impostor is accepted as the principal and inherits every control conditioned on that identity.

Authentication failure presupposes an authentication procedure whose asserted-identity-to-evidence binding yields an incorrect acceptance verdict.


Authority bias retains the general pattern of systematic directional distortion and adds the source-specific differentia that perceived authority receives excess epistemic or decision weight. Bias supplies the genus: Systematic, directional error distinct from random noise. Authority Bias preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Decompose any act of deference into a content term and a source-cue term, and flag the upward tilt as bias whenever authority signals — titles, uniforms, confident bearing — inflate credence beyond the authority's genuine expertise in the specific claim. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.

Authority bias is systematic directional error specifically keyed to authority cues.


The record's variant set is not uncontrolled prose: each admitted form is stored as a subordinate access surface that resolves to the record's one authorized identity. The parent supplies that governed non-preferred-label role; the record adds persistent identity, scope notes, relation fields, and change history.

Authority records typically contain governed Alternative Labels for aliases, transliterations, former names, pseudonyms, and misspellings.


The source explicitly distinguishes the two artifacts: the access point is the rule-built string records carry and indexes use, while the authority record is the maintained registry entry that contains and governs that string alongside the rest of the identity apparatus.

The sanctioned heading string is a strict internal constituent of the full Authority Record, which additionally stores variants, notes, identifiers, and history.


Cross-reference Relation supplies an internal constituent: Connect two controlled-vocabulary entries with a typed directed half-edge drawn from a small closed inventory (USE, UF, BT, NT, RT, SA), each carrying a stipulated direction, symmetry, inverse-pairing obligation, and system action — turning a flat term list into a maintainable navigable graph. Authority Record requires that role within this mechanism: Fix one governed identity per entity in a curated registry — preferred label, variant set, disambiguating notes, and a persistent identifier — so every catalog entry cites it rather than re-spelling the name, and one edit propagates everywhere. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it. The typical qualifier limits the claim to the characteristic route, not a constitutive requirement of every instance; exceptions must retain the child's identity through another mechanism.

Cross-reference Relation is typically an internal constituent of Authority Record; removing that role breaks part of the child's defining mechanism.


The authority record's deferral discipline requires an opaque, durable key whose resolver continues to return the same governed identity across label, location, and custody changes. The record contains that key but is not reducible to it: it additionally curates labels, notes, cross-references, and lifecycle history.

A Persistent Identifier is the record's strict machine-stable constituent, cited by descriptive records so name edits propagate without rewriting citations.


It maps a target entity into a distinct structured record under an interpretation convention and an explicit faithfulness scope: identity, authorized form, variants, disambiguating attributes, and selected relations are preserved while most properties of the entity are omitted. Bibliographic governance is its differentia.

An Authority Record is a Representation whose target is one entity and whose governed record medium preserves identity-relevant labels, notes, and relations.


The whole record establishes one governed form per entity, records variants, resolves them to one identity, preserves routes through renames and merges, and aggregates every citation at the authority. MARC/RDA fields, scope notes, institutional curation, and exchange formats are the added domain frame.

Strip bibliographic standards from an Authority Record and one maintained identity with many variant routes remains—the Alias-to-Authority Mapping core.


The authority record's identity is not a timeless snapshot. Its change-history section tracks successive states and the transitions that preserve, merge, split, or retire identity bindings. The record adds entity-specific curation and propagation semantics to the general change-tracking mechanism.

Versioning is an internal constituent of the maintained record: corrections, preferred-form changes, merges, splits, and retirements are logged over time.


Preferred label supplies the genus: Among the many surface forms that could name one concept, have a vocabulary authority choose, declare, and protect exactly one per language as the form the vocabulary speaks in its own voice, demoting the rest to aliases recognized at input but suppressed at output. Authorized access point preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Assign each entity one rule-built, human-readable string that serves at once as heading, retrieval key, and cross-reference anchor — with a disambiguating qualifier carried in the string so two namesakes never collapse into one index entry. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.

Authorized access point is a specialization of Preferred label, retaining the parent's defining structure while adding the child's specific commitments.


Naming Convention supplies an internal constituent: Names or identifiers are minted not freely but by explicit generative rules a community commits to, buying predictability, parseability, and collision-avoidance. Authorized access point requires that role within this mechanism: Assign each entity one rule-built, human-readable string that serves at once as heading, retrieval key, and cross-reference anchor — with a disambiguating qualifier carried in the string so two namesakes never collapse into one index entry. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Naming Convention is an internal constituent of Authorized access point; removing that role breaks part of the child's defining mechanism.


Automation bias retains authority bias's systematic over-weighting of a source cue beyond the source's warranted expertise or reliability. It adds an automated source, a human supervisory setting, rare anomalies against a reliable common case, reliability-driven trust calibration, and the commission and omission failure modes. The automation entry repeatedly identifies authority bias as its umbrella, making this genus and differentia rather than merely shared machinery.

Automation bias is authority bias specialized to an automated source that has acquired machine-says-so authority for a human supervisor.


It fixes the general hard-target/easy-proxy swap to frequency and retrieval fluency and adds the characteristic ecology and repair. Attribute Substitution supplies the genus: The dual-process mechanism behind a whole family of judgment biases: when a target attribute is hard to assess, the mind unconsciously swaps in an easier, correlated attribute and reports its value — producing a confident but directionally biased answer. Availability Heuristic preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: The systematic human tendency to judge how frequent or probable an event is by how easily instances of it come to mind, so retrieval fluency stands in for frequency and estimates track what is memorable rather than what is common. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.

The availability heuristic is attribute substitution specialized to replacing frequency or probability with the felt ease of retrieving an instance.


It inherits approximate shortcut reasoning and fixes the rule to a human memory-accessibility cue. Heuristic supplies the genus: Mental shortcuts. Availability Heuristic preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: The systematic human tendency to judge how frequent or probable an event is by how easily instances of it come to mind, so retrieval fluency stands in for frequency and estimates track what is memorable rather than what is common. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.

The availability heuristic is a heuristic specialized to using retrieval ease as a fast proxy for frequency or probability.


Felt retrieval ease rather than instance count moves the judgment, but target substitution and frequency-specific content add further structure. Processing Fluency supplies an internal constituent: Cognitive ease with stimulus influences judgment independent of content. Availability Heuristic requires that role within this mechanism: The systematic human tendency to judge how frequent or probable an event is by how easily instances of it come to mind, so retrieval fluency stands in for frequency and estimates track what is memorable rather than what is common. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

The availability heuristic contains processing fluency because the metacognitive ease of retrieving an instance is the cue read as evidence of frequency.


Accessibility-dependent inclusion skews canonical memory samples, but subjective effort can alter fluency without altering the selected set. Selection Bias supplies an internal constituent: Skewed sampling. Availability Heuristic requires that role within this mechanism: The systematic human tendency to judge how frequent or probable an event is by how easily instances of it come to mind, so retrieval fluency stands in for frequency and estimates track what is memorable rather than what is common. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it. The typical qualifier limits the claim to the characteristic route, not a constitutive requirement of every instance; exceptions must retain the child's identity through another mechanism.

Availability typically contains selection bias when the memory sample used for a rate estimate over-includes vivid, recent, publicized, or personal instances relative to the target event population.


ATP stores prior promises as dated claims and creates a new binding promise only when its deduction leaves the forward residual non-negative. Commitment supplies an internal constituent: An agent binds itself in the present to a future course of action or to the truth of a proposition, creating a new constraint on future behavior that others can rely on. Available-to-Promise requires that role within this mechanism: Gate every new delivery commitment against a date-bucketed residual curve — on-hand plus scheduled receipts minus prior promises — so a request is accepted only if no future bucket goes negative, distinguishing what is physically present from what is contractually free. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Available-to-promise contains the standing and proposed delivery commitments whose dated deductions define contractual rather than physical availability.


The gate evaluates dated capacity and claims and, on failure, searches forward for the earliest feasible assignment or split. Scheduling supplies an internal constituent: Organizing tasks over time. Available-to-Promise requires that role within this mechanism: Gate every new delivery commitment against a date-bucketed residual curve — on-hand plus scheduled receipts minus prior promises — so a request is accepted only if no future bucket goes negative, distinguishing what is physically present from what is contractually free. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

ATP contains a constrained scheduling calculation that assigns an acceptable request to its requested or earliest feasible delivery bucket.


Without that record the work applies a relational scaffold but lacks the memoing apparatus in axial coding's named methodological identity. Analytic Memo supplies an internal constituent: Externalise interpretive reasoning in writing during analysis — dated, typed, indexed memos sitting between raw evidence and finished claims — so the analysis becomes generative, auditable, and revisable. Axial Coding requires that role within this mechanism: Re-link the fragmented categories from open coding around a fixed relational paradigm (conditions / phenomenon / context / intervening conditions / actions / consequences), turning an atomised code list into a relational map ready for theoretical integration. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Axial coding contains analytic memoing because the grounded-theory procedure externalizes proposed relations, comparisons, revisions, and the density-to-core handoff while its map develops.


It inherits directional transfer, transported quantities, rates, paths, and failure under interrupted movement, while fixing the substrate to an axon, the carriers to kinesin and dynein, and the endpoints to soma and synaptic terminal.

Axonal Transport is the neuronal specialization of Flow in which motor proteins carry material and signals bidirectionally along polarized microtubule tracks.


The live child makes the identity-attack reframe constitutive: a belief does membership work, a challenge puts that valued self-aspect at evaluative risk, and defense displaces ordinary updating. Identity Threat supplies this already-obtaining threat condition; Backfire adds an explicit correction, counter-arguing, and the flat or perverse belief-update outcome.

Backfire requires disconfirming evidence to threaten an identity-bound belief before the correction is defensively resisted or reversed.


Removing the child’s frame leaves the reusable structure named by Motivated Reasoning. The child’s frame can be removed while the parent roles remain, so the edge records portable structural cargo rather than taxonomic identity.


Current unavailability supplies the precipitating condition; backorder adds binding acceptance, a visible waiting ledger, promised resupply timing, allocation, and cancellation. Stockout supplies the prerequisite condition: Pin inventory's central failure to a precise binary event — on-hand stock for one SKU at one location reaching zero while demand still arrives — whose heterogeneous, mostly-unobservable cost, weighed against holding cost, drives every safety-stock and service-level decision. Backorder operates against that background: The fulfilment arrangement in which an order is accepted as a binding obligation despite a stock-out, becoming a queued claim against future supply tracked in a visible ledger and clocked against an estimated resupply, rather than being refused as a lost sale. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption.

A backorder presupposes a stockout because it is the accept-and-defer policy response to demand that cannot be filled from current stock.


Acceptance creates the present bind, owed future action, beneficiary, cancellation release, and breach cost recorded in the backorder ledger. Commitment supplies an internal constituent: An agent binds itself in the present to a future course of action or to the truth of a proposition, creating a new constraint on future behavior that others can rely on. Backorder requires that role within this mechanism: The fulfilment arrangement in which an order is accepted as a binding obligation despite a stock-out, becoming a queued claim against future supply tracked in a visible ledger and clocked against an estimated resupply, rather than being refused as a lost sale. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Backorder contains the seller's present binding acceptance of an order as a future fulfillment obligation despite current unavailability.


Accepted unfilled units wait for resupply, accumulate delay and cancellation risk, and clear under FIFO or priority allocation; backorder adds external obligation and stock semantics.

Backorder contains a visible waiting line of accepted obligations that incoming resupply serves under an allocation discipline.


The framework's macro result follows only because many individually rational debt repayments withdraw consumption and investment from total planned spending, reducing output and income. Aggregate demand supplies that summed expenditure object. The child adds prior debt-financed asset inflation, impaired private stocks, objective flip, inert borrowing lever, fiscal counterpart, and repair-keyed endpoint.

A balance-sheet recession presupposes aggregate demand as the total expenditure channel collapsed by simultaneous private deleveraging and supported by fiscal absorption.


The parent explicitly uses balance-sheet recession as its economic instance. Liability-minus-asset impairment moves private actors outside the regime where lower borrowing cost changes behavior; pushing the rate lever harder therefore fails, and effectiveness returns only when the balance-sheet stock is repaired. The child adds debt, private saving, central banking, fiscal absorption, and macroeconomic contraction.

Removing debt and policy vocabulary leaves the canonical stock-disabled- control pattern: an impaired state disables the ordinary flow lever until the stock is repaired.


The mechanism requires one sector open to price equalization and another protected by non-tradability; Generalized Arbitrage supplies the equalizing channel and the friction boundary that stops it on the other side.

The Balassa–Samuelson Effect contains Generalized Arbitrage because cross-border equalization reaches tradable prices but cannot reach non-tradable prices, creating the asymmetric boundary on which the effect depends.


Without the shared labor input, the two sectors could move independently and tradable productivity growth would not raise non-tradable costs; labor mobility and wages are the international-economic realization of Coupling.

The Balassa–Samuelson Effect contains Coupling because mobile labor transmits a tradable-sector productivity and wage shock into non-tradable wages and prices.


It inherits Genetic Assimilation's initially plastic phenotype, heritable variation in expression propensity, selection, and progressive reduction of trigger dependence. Its differentia are that the precursor is learned, practiced, or behaviorally acquired and that selection acts on the speed, cost, or reliability of acquisition. Learning itself is never inherited.

Baldwin Effect is Genetic Assimilation specialized to a learned, practiced, or behaviorally acquired fitness-relevant precursor.


In the exposure branch of Baldwin dynamics, plastic expression makes otherwise latent heritable acquisition differences visible to selection. When plasticity exposes rather than shields variation, removing expression of the acquired phenotype prevents selection from differentiating genotypes by the cost or reliability of producing it. parent_in_child Applies to the exposure regime in which plasticity holds the phenotype under selection; plastic buffering can instead shield genetic differences, and the Baldwin source remains blocked on its coordinated split with genetic assimilation.


Channel supplies the bounded source-to-receiver conduit inside the mechanism: ballast tanks and a commercial route give the transfer a finite capacity, a selective carrier medium, two endpoints, and a route-specific distortion and survival filter. Removing that conduit leaves no way for the donor community to cross the biogeographic barrier. Ballast-water transfer adds the marine payload, uptake and discharge operations, and establishment filter; it is not merely the channel itself.

Ballast-water transfer requires the ship-and-route conduit that carries an entrained biological payload from a donor port to a recipient port.


Remove short, revocable, confidence-sensitive claims against assets that cannot satisfy simultaneous par withdrawal and the first-mover race disappears. Funding Fragility is the pre-event condition; Bank Run is the withdrawal event it enables.

A bank run presupposes runnable short-funded claims against assets that cannot meet simultaneous withdrawal at par.


Remove banks, deposits, rollover contracts, par redemption, and liquidity pools from an equilibrium-selection run. A belief about what others will do changes the claimant's action; those actions change the shared outcome in the direction of the belief. The qualifier remains typical because some observed withdrawals primarily reveal already-realized insolvency rather than create the bad outcome through expectations.

Bank runs typically instantiate expectancy-mediated outcomes because anticipated withdrawal by others makes early withdrawal individually attractive and thereby helps produce the run that was anticipated.


Personal-intent framing activates a held hypothesis that the profile is an accurate account of the reader. The reader searches for supporting episodes, interprets vague clauses through those episodes, and asymmetrically retains matches over misses. That is the live Confirmation Bias evidence-search, interpretation, and recall mechanism as a producing constituent, not merely a downstream association.

Barnum Effect contains a confirmatory autobiographical search in which matching memories register as hits while nonmatching contexts leave no comparable trace.


The effect requires a presentation layer that selects the reference class and cues self-application. Holding the text fixed while changing only the claimed source from generic to individually produced changes endorsement; this is Framing's logically equivalent content, selected context, salience, and measurable judgment-shift structure inside the child.

Personal-intent framing is an identity-constitutive part of Barnum Effect: equivalent generic content is evaluated differently when presented as an individually generated assessment.


The evaluative target is whether the description uniquely and accurately characterizes this reader. The relevant channel is cross-person comparison or other discriminant evidence; the psychologically active but irrelevant channel is the ease with which the reader supplies private matching exemplars. The reader experiences that substituted channel as evidence that the description itself was specific, satisfying the prime's blindness role.

Removing personality-feedback vocabulary leaves felt personal endorsement substituted for the externally relevant test of discriminant specificity.


Capital, brand, learning, license, input control, and switching-cost barriers differ in substrate but share the exact entry-asymmetric tax the live prime names. After the economics_finance frame is stripped away, the retained structural roles are those of Access Friction: An entry-asymmetric cost paid only by those crossing a membership boundary, shaping who is present rather than who is qualified. Barrier to Entry adds the local frame and commitments expressed in its identity: Read market power off the durable, asymmetric cost of joining a market rather than the current count of firms — sorting each barrier into structural, strategic, or legal to select the remedy that can actually remove it. The parent pattern remains recognizable without that vocabulary, while the child is the framed realization of it. That preservation test establishes decomposition rather than taxonomic subsumption.

Removing market furniture leaves a durable cost borne at the outsider-to-insider boundary that shapes who can enter rather than incumbent operating ability.


Base-rate fallacy contains representativeness because resemblance or vivid likelihood evidence supplies the proxy estimate that displaces the prior. Remove the typicality-for-probability substitution from the live child and vivid evidence no longer explains why the posterior tracks the likelihood while the known prior drops out. parent_in_child