Shelford supplies each factor's bounded response curve, while Liebig identifies the non-substitutable factor closest to its limiting boundary; the single-factor law itself does not require a comparison across inputs.

Multi-factor applications of Shelford's law presuppose Liebig's rule to select which environmental axis is currently binding.


Without operational boundaries on both sides of the optimum, the law collapses to a vague preference curve and cannot determine where persistence, impaired performance, or mortality begins.

Shelford's law contains the lower and upper thresholds separating optimum, stress-shoulder, and lethal regimes on each environmental axis.


The material, organizational, historical-chain, and role criteria are alternative operational rules for deciding whether two presentations refer to the same entity. Remove those rules and there is no criterion-relative verdict to expose. Identity Test supplies the same-or-distinct rule structure; the child constructs a philosophy-of-identity case in which the rules deliberately disagree.

The puzzle contains competing identity tests whose different sameness criteria return different verdicts over the same two claimant ships.


Remove the staged replacement of individually removable components and the competing identity criteria remain coextensive, so the thought experiment no longer bites. Turnover supplies the persisting-whole-under-member-replacement process; the child adds the Plutarchian two-claimant construction and the metaphysical demand for an identity verdict.

The Ship of Theseus contains total component turnover as the forcing process that separates material continuity from organizational continuity.


Absolute desired rate cannot predict yield; relative rate laws allocate a shared pool among mutually limiting destinations. Chemistry supplies activation barriers, catalysts, temperature dependence, and named products.

Desired and side pathways contend in parallel for the same finite substrate or intermediate, so each pathway's use reduces what remains available to the others.


The relation is conditional because some pathway pairs have monotone selectivity and an extreme optimum rather than two failure edges. Where a bounded range exists, rate is traded against miss-action and side-product formation exactly as the prime requires.

When pathway response curves cross or diverge over temperature, pH, residence time, or catalyst setting, acceptable product selectivity exists only in a bounded operating range.


Simile inherits Comparison's comparands, shared frame, selected dimension, alignment rule, and relational output. It adds a rhetorical-linguistic differentia: tenor and vehicle are overtly compared through markers such as "like" or "as," a salient attribute is projected for figurative effect, and their identities remain distinct. Analogy instead requires systematic relational role-mapping that supports inferential transfer, which an ordinary single-attribute simile need not provide.

Simile is Comparison specialized to a marked, figurative, usually single-attribute rhetorical form that preserves the distinctness of tenor and vehicle.


Stimulus-response compatibility supplies the shared agreement-versus-conflict mechanism; Simon specializes the automatically activated code to spatial correspondence between stimulus location and response side. Stimulus–Response Compatibility supplies the genus: When a stimulus automatically activates a response code, performance improves if that code agrees with the task-mandated response and degrades if the codes conflict, even when the triggering feature is irrelevant. Simon Effect preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Explain why responses are faster when a stimulus's task-irrelevant spatial location matches the response side: the perceptual system pre-attentively generates a same-side response code that facilitates selection when it agrees with the task-mandated code and costs ~30 ms when it conflicts. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.

The Simon effect is the spatial-code member of the stimulus-response compatibility family, with irrelevant stimulus location automatically activating a response side.


The principle partitions responsibilities so a module's reasons to change come from one actor or policy driver, containing each driver's blast radius behind one independently evolving boundary. Class and module machinery are the software frame over general modular decomposition.

SRP is modular boundary drawing specialized to one external change-driver per software unit.


Strip away cognition, the symbolic-versus-situated debate, learning-sciences methodology, authentic instruction, and the human examples. The preserved core is a focal operation whose content and function are jointly determined by a surrounding state, so holding the focal task fixed while varying that surround changes what the operation is. Situated Cognition adds the stronger disciplinary claim that, for the relevant competence, this context is constitutive rather than merely causal.

Removing the cognitive-science stance from Situated Cognition leaves Context's exact fixed-foreground/variable-surround structure: the same nominal task carries different competent performance under different tools, participants, and settings.


Every Situated Learning instance preserves the broader constitutive claim that knowing and skilled performance are partly of their physical, social, and material situation. It adds the learning-specific differentia of legitimate peripheral participation, authentic contribution, community recognition, and a trajectory from peripheral toward central membership.

Situated Learning is the learning-focused species of Situated Cognition, specifying how competence forms and is recognized through authentic participation in a community of practice.


It inherits Learning's durable capability-changing update from experience. The differentia fixes the experience to real contribution inside a community of practice and fixes the evidence of capability to increasing participation and recognition under that community's standards.

Situated Learning is a strict kind of Learning in which the durable experience-driven update is formed through legitimate participation in an authentic social practice.


Situational-awareness collapse is defined as failure of the perception-comprehension-projection product that situation awareness names. Situation Awareness supplies the prerequisite condition: Acting on a system that keeps moving requires three distinct cognitive products — perceiving current elements, comprehending their meaning, and projecting their near-future trajectory. Situational-Awareness Collapse operates against that background: Locate a control failure under tempo in the picture-keeping pipeline rather than in missing data — a rate problem where perception, comprehension, or projection can no longer cycle fast enough to keep the decision-maker's model current. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption.


Differential Decay supplies two coupled signals, unequal persistence in a medium, collapse of the pair's joint meaning as one component survives, and a re-pairing remedy. The Sleeper Effect specializes the pair to persuasive content and a source-discount cue, the medium to human memory, and the output to delayed attitude change. The prime itself names this effect as its canonical worked case.

The Sleeper Effect is the persuasion-memory species of Differential Decay, where a discounting cue fades faster than message content and delayed net persuasion rises or reverses.


The chain may have a valid surface form, but the premises asserting its transitions are materially unacceptable because conceivability alone does not establish likelihood, inevitability, or causal production. Its per-link mechanism audit and legitimate evidenced-chain boundary define the subtype.

Slippery Slope is the informal-fallacy subtype that rejects an initial step through a consequence chain whose load-bearing transitions lack warrant.


The argument constructs non-actual successor states, asserts an accessibility path from the initial step to an adverse terminus, and assigns excessive modal force to that path. Modal Reasoning supplies the possibility, necessity, and accessibility apparatus; the child adds a proposal-blocking conclusion, unsupported links, the mechanism audit, and the weakest-link condemnation.

Removing the fallacy frame leaves reasoning over accessible future paths that illegitimately promotes one conceivable path to likely or necessary.


The decomposition is not complete with a compensated reallocation alone. It must also account for the demand change caused by the consumer becoming genuinely richer or poorer at the new prices. Income Effect supplies that second constituent and its normal-versus-inferior sign.

Slutsky Decomposition contains the real-purchasing-power component that remains after the compensated relative-price response is isolated.


The first constructed step restores purchasing power under the new prices and records the consumer's reoptimization toward relatively cheaper goods. Substitution Effect supplies that constituent, its own-price negativity, and the Hicks-versus-Slutsky compensation distinction.

Slutsky Decomposition contains the compensated reallocation caused by changed relative prices while real purchasing power is held fixed.


The identity acts on a Marshallian demand response to a price change. Demand supplies the quantity-cost schedule and observed total movement; Slutsky Decomposition adds the compensation counterfactual that separates that movement into substitution and income terms. Without Demand there is no response for the equation to decompose.

Slutsky Decomposition contains the price-responsive demand schedule whose observed movement is divided into compensated and real-income components.


The child requires multiple study-level effect estimates, their uncertainty or precision, a size-dependent relationship, and a changed pooled estimate. Effect Size supplies the magnitude-of-difference objects. The child adds cross-study indexing, standard errors, asymmetry, causal ambiguity, and sensitivity tools.

Small-Study Effects contains effect-size estimates as the magnitude coordinate whose systematic relationship with study precision defines the pattern.


In significance-selected literatures, Small-Study Effects contains selection on noisy estimates because low-precision studies become visible only at an extreme tail. Selection on Noisy Estimates supplies an internal constituent: When noisy estimates help determine which candidates, results, or options are selected, conditioning on selection shifts the selected estimates toward the favored tail and makes them systematically overstate their latent values. Small-Study Effects requires that role within this mechanism: The meta-analytic pattern in which smaller studies report systematically larger effects than larger ones, producing funnel-plot asymmetry that inflates the pooled estimate — a shared symptom of several biases, not a diagnosis of any one cause. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it. The conditional qualifier restricts the edge to contexts in which this mechanism is active; outside those contexts the edge asserts no dependency or ancestry. The activating condition is: Genuine heterogeneity and quality-by-size differences can create the same observable without estimate-dependent selection.


Cheap-before-expensive is not automatically Optionality. The exact prime appears only when the team intentionally buys deferred choice with a bounded probe cost, a scalable upside, a later exercise decision, and no obligation to proceed.

The probe cost can act as an option premium that caps early downside while preserving the right, without the duty, to make the larger build commitment later.


This is receiver-initiated self-revelation, so Screening is exact. Generic Signaling would reverse initiative and require a sender-chosen costly signal with type-differentiated costs and a separating equilibrium.

The uninformed product team designs a structured choice that induces people who privately know their willingness to commit to reveal it through their action.


The effect is defined as a deformation of the cost-responsive quantity schedule: prevalence changes willingness to pay and therefore shifts the segment's demand curve. Remove Demand and there is no quantity-price schedule, no leftward shift, and no inverted supply response to distinguish this named consumer effect from generic rarity preference.

The Snob Effect contains a demand schedule whose quantity sought shifts as prevalence changes the positional component of willingness to pay.


Strip away buyers, willingness to pay, luxury goods, limited editions, and the demand curve. The preserved mechanism is a focal holding whose value depends on its rank or rarity within a reference distribution, such that a common spread of ownership erodes the positional component without changing intrinsic use. Snob Effect adds a negative prevalence term and its consumer-market consequences.

Removing consumer-demand language leaves value determined partly by low prevalence and relative standing in an ordered comparison distribution.


Snowball Sampling begins from reachable seeds and expands a frontier by following referral edges, discovering the social graph while it walks it. Network Traversal retains that topology-dependent visit procedure and its reachability, degree, and frontier consequences. The child adds an unenumerable study population, participant nomination, inference concerns, RDS corrections, and referral-chain ethics.

Removing research-methodology furniture leaves a seeded traversal that discovers a partially observed network by repeatedly following eligible edges.


It inherits Selection's eligible population, operative inclusion mechanism, unequal passage, sampled output, and excluded complement. Its differentia is that inclusion is generated by a seeded walk over social ties rather than a frame-wide random rule: degree, connectivity, homophily, seed placement, and wave count determine who can enter the retained sample.

Snowball sampling is selection specialized to unequal sample inclusion generated by reachability from seeds through participant referral ties.


Remove affect, grief, mammalian neurochemistry, and the social vocabulary and the entry's portable structure remains: repeated interaction changes a relational state, that state persists after the conditions that produced it, and later attention and resource routing therefore depend on the interaction path rather than present incentives alone. This is Path Dependence expressed in an affective relational substrate. Path Dependence need not form a social tie or motivate protection, while Social Bonding adds exactly those domain-bound consequences, so decompose records the stripped structural core.

Social Bonding is the affective-organism form of Path Dependence in which accumulated interaction history becomes a durable tie that biases later routing despite changed current incentives.


Social Bonding contains a durable relational tie as a behavior-generating object between identifiable parties. Remove the relation and repeated encounters remain disconnected episodes: there is no persistent bond whose depth can be inferred from separation cost and no specific other toward whom later help, attention, or protection can be routed. Relation supplies the first-class association inside the larger formation-and-maintenance process; the affective state, history, and persistence add what a bare relation lacks.

A durable relation between identifiable parties is an internal constituent of Social Bonding; without that first-class tie there is no bond to accumulate history or redirect later behavior.


A person may know the relevant facts yet fail to model what the listener knows or to update mutual ground, producing a relational deficit with intact syntax.

Social communication tracks what interlocutors mutually recognize so deixis, inference, topic maintenance, and appropriately abbreviated turns can work.


Repair can fail independently of grammar and of turn allocation, which is why it remains a separate parent rather than being collapsed into general pragmatics.

Detecting misunderstanding, initiating clarification, restoring alignment, and resuming are a named clinical subsystem of conversational competence.


The clinical construct tests whether a listener derives intended meaning from literal form against cooperative expectations, including sarcasm and maxim flouts. After the speech_language_pathology frame is stripped away, the retained structural roles are those of Cooperative Principle and Gricean Maxims: Cooperative communication. Social Communication adds the local frame and commitments expressed in its identity: Treat the relational-pragmatic layer of language — turn-taking, relevance, politeness, repair, register, common ground — as a layer distinct from grammatical correctness that can fail on its own, so a child with clean syntax may still be unable to hold a conversation. The parent pattern remains recognizable without that vocabulary, while the child is the framed realization of it. That preservation test establishes decomposition rather than taxonomic subsumption.

Relevance, informativeness, truthfulness, clarity, and implicature form the norm-governed inferential subsystem behind topic and nonliteral-meaning competence.


The clinical bundle assesses whether the speaker can select and interpret these strategies, while the prime carries the general Brown-Levinson apparatus. After the speech_language_pathology frame is stripped away, the retained structural roles are those of Pragmatic Politeness Strategies: Maintain harmony. Social Communication adds the local frame and commitments expressed in its identity: Treat the relational-pragmatic layer of language — turn-taking, relevance, politeness, repair, register, common ground — as a layer distinct from grammatical correctness that can fail on its own, so a child with clean syntax may still be unable to hold a conversation. The parent pattern remains recognizable without that vocabulary, while the child is the framed realization of it. That preservation test establishes decomposition rather than taxonomic subsumption.

Politeness and face-management form a named subsystem of the relational layer, modulating face threats through directness, hedging, redress, and restraint.


Register is the exact one-code style subsystem. Using Code-Switching instead would falsely require alternation between distinct linguistic codes. After the speech_language_pathology frame is stripped away, the retained structural roles are those of Register (Style) Shifting: Adjust formality. Social Communication adds the local frame and commitments expressed in its identity: Treat the relational-pragmatic layer of language — turn-taking, relevance, politeness, repair, register, common ground — as a layer distinct from grammatical correctness that can fail on its own, so a child with clean syntax may still be unable to hold a conversation. The parent pattern remains recognizable without that vocabulary, while the child is the framed realization of it. That preservation test establishes decomposition rather than taxonomic subsumption.

Social communication includes selecting formality, technicality, intimacy, and deference appropriate to audience, setting, topic, and task.


The difference-versus-deficit safeguard exists because these behaviors are evaluated against locally maintained expectations rather than grammatical truth. After the speech_language_pathology frame is stripped away, the retained structural roles are those of Social Norms: Shared expectations about how members of a reference group should behave, maintained through internalization and anticipated decentralized approval, correction, or sanction. Social Communication adds the local frame and commitments expressed in its identity: Treat the relational-pragmatic layer of language — turn-taking, relevance, politeness, repair, register, common ground — as a layer distinct from grammatical correctness that can fail on its own, so a child with clean syntax may still be unable to hold a conversation. The parent pattern remains recognizable without that vocabulary, while the child is the framed realization of it. That preservation test establishes decomposition rather than taxonomic subsumption.

The relational-pragmatic layer is governed by community expectations for relevance, turn allocation, register, face, topic, and repair.


Clinical social communication operationalizes success and failure at the illocutionary and perlocutionary levels even when locutionary grammar is intact. After the speech_language_pathology frame is stripped away, the retained structural roles are those of Speech Act Theory (Illocution, Perlocution): Language as action. Social Communication adds the local frame and commitments expressed in its identity: Treat the relational-pragmatic layer of language — turn-taking, relevance, politeness, repair, register, common ground — as a layer distinct from grammatical correctness that can fail on its own, so a child with clean syntax may still be unable to hold a conversation. The parent pattern remains recognizable without that vocabulary, while the child is the framed realization of it. That preservation test establishes decomposition rather than taxonomic subsumption.

The layer distinguishes literal form from the request, promise, greeting, refusal, implication, or effect an utterance performs in context.


The clinical layer uses the same floor-allocation mechanism as ordinary conversation but turns competence in it into a diagnostic and treatment target. After the speech_language_pathology frame is stripped away, the retained structural roles are those of Turn Taking: Contenders share a one-at-a-time channel by an allocation rule that selects who goes next. Social Communication adds the local frame and commitments expressed in its identity: Treat the relational-pragmatic layer of language — turn-taking, relevance, politeness, repair, register, common ground — as a layer distinct from grammatical correctness that can fail on its own, so a child with clean syntax may still be unable to hold a conversation. The parent pattern remains recognizable without that vocabulary, while the child is the framed realization of it. That preservation test establishes decomposition rather than taxonomic subsumption.

Turn allocation, yielding, overlap management, and transition timing are a separately observable pragmatic subsystem assessed apart from grammar.


The construct inherits mutual availability for awareness and response within an effective interactional present. It adds the felt-presence variable, the fidelity/presence distinction, and the cue, disclosure, synchrony, and recognition levers of computer-mediated communication.

Social Presence is the mediated-communication specialization of Co-Presence in which another actor is experienced as currently available through a channel.


Social Presence is explicitly not fixed by bandwidth, but it is always mediated: the carrier determines which visual, vocal, textual, temporal, and contextual signals can represent the other actor. Participant behavior then determines where the interaction lands within that modality-defined ceiling.

The channel's representational modality is a strict constituent because its cue inventory sets the ceiling within which participants jointly produce Social Presence.


The total market-welfare area is defined as consumer plus producer surplus. Buyer reservation-value gains are therefore an internal term, not a sibling merely associated with the total.

Social surplus contains consumer surplus as its buyer-side welfare component.


The geometric area can be drawn without a welfare verdict, but calling it total social benefit and ranking policies by its change requires the distribution-blind potential-compensation criterion.

Social surplus presupposes Kaldor-Hicks because summing monetized gains and losses treats positive net benefit as an efficiency improvement despite losers.


The total market-welfare area includes the gap between price received and every transacting seller's reservation cost. Excluding it leaves only the buyer slice rather than total net benefit.

Social surplus contains producer surplus as its seller-side welfare component.


Social surplus cardinalizes the whole gains-from-trade ledger inside a priced market. Its demand/supply areas and deadweight calculations are the economic frame added to that mutual-benefit exchange core.

Stripping price-curve accounting from Social Surplus leaves the positive-sum value realized by mutually beneficial exchange.


Social surplus uses demand and supply inputs, integration boundaries, units, and a transfer-versus-destruction interpretation. It is the cardinal readout of market welfare rather than the exchange mechanism itself.

Removing welfare-economics terminology leaves a procedure mapping aggregate net benefit onto a common monetary scale with a benchmark and loss budget.


Individually tolerable modifications over-perturb design structure, invisible damage accumulates while visible behavior still works, and maintainability later collapses unless preventive restoration offsets the trajectory. Code intent, coupling, and refactoring are the differentia.

Software entropy is gradual deterioration specialized to silent structural damage accumulated through locally expedient edits.


Without stocks integrating weathering inputs, biological additions, leaching, erosion, and deposition over time, profile thickness, maturity, and formation-versus-loss rate cannot be defined. Accumulation supplies an internal constituent: A stock grows or shrinks as the time-integral of its net inflow minus outflow, so stocks and flows live on different objects and cannot be equated. Soil formation requires that role within this mechanism: Model a soil profile as a function of five interacting drivers — climate, organisms, relief, parent material, and time — so that holding four fixed and varying one lets the landscape run a controlled experiment, with the horizon sequence recording which processes dominated and for how long. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Soil formation contains time-integrated growth and loss of mineral, organic, and translocated profile stocks.


Removing the formation-versus-loss timescale asymmetry removes the claim that an eroded profile cannot be restored on the decision horizon even though pedogenesis continues geologically. Applies after substantial erosion or degradation when the relevant recovery horizon is human or institutional; over geological time new soil can form.

Soil formation contains operational irreversibility when rapid loss outruns geological re-formation.


Without depth-ordered O-A-E-B-C-R zones and their property contrasts, the profile cannot record where eluviation, illuviation, organic enrichment, or parent material dominates. Stratification supplies an internal constituent: Layered separation of a system. Soil formation requires that role within this mechanism: Model a soil profile as a function of five interacting drivers — climate, organisms, relief, parent material, and time — so that holding four fixed and varying one lets the landscape run a controlled experiment, with the horizon sequence recording which processes dominated and for how long. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Soil formation contains vertical stratification into horizons with distinct properties and interfaces.


Both map an input through interacting processes into a restructured output while retaining traceable invariants of the starting material and history. The child fixes the input to geologic parent material, the rules to CLORPT-conditioned weathering, biology, leaching, and sorting, and the output to a soil horizon profile.

Soil formation is the rule-governed transformation of parent material into a living differentiated profile.


The Solow computer paradox is the information-technology instance of the broader productivity paradox produced by deployment-to-impact lags. Productivity Paradox supplies the genus: The observation that economy-wide investment in a new general-purpose technology fails to show up in aggregate productivity statistics for years or decades, because measured gains lag the complementary intangible investment — process redesign, skills, restructuring — the technology's payoff actually depends on. Solow Computer Paradox preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: The puzzle that heavy IT investment coincided with a productivity slowdown, not an acceleration — resolved as a deployment-to-impact lag: the headline measure waits on the complementary intangible stocks (process redesign, retraining, standards) a general-purpose technology must accumulate first. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


It preserves the family frame of productive state, production mapping, accumulation and depreciation, labor or population, technology, closure, and a long-run path. Its differentia are a neoclassical production function, diminishing returns to capital, exogenous technological progress, and conditional convergence to a parameter-pinned steady state.

Solow–Swan is the strict Economic Growth Model species with exogenous technology and diminishing returns stabilizing capital per effective worker.


Given common saving, depreciation, population, technology, and production parameters, diminishing returns make lower-capital economies close the gap to their shared steady state. Remove the approach-to-limit result and the model loses its defining transition prediction.

Conditional Convergence toward a parameter-pinned steady state is a strict result inside the Solow–Swan Model.


Diminishing marginal returns to capital are the constitutive mechanism that drives Solow-Swan convergence to a steady-state level rather than perpetual capital-led growth. Diminishing Returns (Law of) supplies an internal constituent: Reduced output gains. Solow–Swan Model requires that role within this mechanism: The neoclassical growth model whose diminishing-returns structure drives each economy to a parameter-pinned steady state, yielding conditional convergence — economies sharing fundamentals close their gaps at a rate set by the capital share, while saving raises the level of income but not the long-run growth rate. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.


At the steady state, investment per effective worker exactly offsets depreciation, population dilution, and technological dilution, leaving no net movement in the normalized capital state. This fixed long-run reference is constitutive rather than merely typical for Solow–Swan.

A stable steady-state Equilibrium of capital per effective worker is a strict constituent of the Solow–Swan Model.


The value is not an arbitrary capacity label: it is the stable coexistence point whose displacement with temperature, pressure, pH, or composition follows from the same opposing-flow and perturbation logic as other equilibria.

Solubility is fixed where transfer between dissolved and undissolved states balances and their chemical potentials are equal under declared conditions.


Below the value more solute dissolves without phase separation; at it the system is saturated; above it a metastable or precipitating regime becomes possible. Threshold supplies the genus: Safe vs harmful levels. Solubility preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Specify the maximum amount of a solute that can dissolve in a solvent as a function of temperature, pressure, pH, and ionic strength — the equilibrium point where dissolved and undissolved chemical potentials equalize and net transfer ceases. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.

Solubility is the condition-indexed phase-boundary species of Threshold at which additional guest material ceases to remain stably incorporated in the host.


Somatotopy is the body-to-neural-substrate specialization of a neighborhood-preserving topographic map with non-uniform magnification. Topographic Map supplies the genus: A source space is laid out on a substrate by a neighbourhood-preserving map with non-uniform magnification, so positions encode relationships and damage to a substrate region predicts a localised source deficit. Somatotopy preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Represent the body surface on neural tissue as a continuous neighbourhood-preserving map — adjacent body regions projecting to adjacent neural loci — with magnification set by receptor density and behavioural importance rather than body size, and reshaped by an activity-dependent plasticity rule. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


Parent-in-child direction is deliberate: Development Section is contained by Sonata Form between exposition and recapitulation. It works already-heard material through fragmentation, sequence, modulation, and combination so the home-key return becomes necessary.

The Development Section is the internal middle division that transforms inherited material and intensifies instability inside Sonata Form.


It retains the long work, sectional divisions, section identities, relations among sections, conventional template, expectation arc, and scale-indexed parsing of Musical Form. Its differentia are exposition, development, recapitulation, and the home-key return of the second group.

Sonata Form is the Musical Form species whose sectional plan poses, intensifies, and tonally reconciles a second-group key conflict.


Exposition is the build, Development Section is the sustain/intensification, and recapitulation is the release. Without the coupled cycle the source says the result is not Sonata Form but mere stopping or a different section scheme.

Sonata Form deliberately opens tonal instability, intensifies and sustains it, then earns closure by reconciling the displaced second group at home.


It supplies admissible input, a determinate terminating procedure, correctness against an ordered-output postcondition, and time and space costs. It adds comparison or key structure, stability and memory axes, the decision-tree lower bound, and a repertoire of sorting procedures.

A sorting algorithm is an algorithm specialized to rearranging a finite sequence into a key-defined total order under explicit resource bounds.


A receiver cannot independently monitor every claim and therefore gives a communicator's messages more or less uptake on expectations about competence, honesty, and goodwill. That is Trust's willingness-to-accept-vulnerability structure specialized to information reception. Source Credibility adds the Hovland-McCroskey instrument, peripheral-route setting, borrowed-credibility tactics, and sleeper-effect dynamics.

Source Credibility is the persuasion-research framing of Trust in which vulnerability is accepting and acting on a communicator's message under incomplete verification.


Pseudonyms, compartmentalization, encrypted submission, metadata controls, and privilege rules all implement a gate over who may reach the protected identity. Without such authorization boundaries, the promised shield does not exist.

Source Protection contains Access Control because the source's identity must be available only to explicitly authorized people, systems, and legal processes.


The protection relationship is not a momentary preference for secrecy. It is a present promise that constrains later disclosure even under subpoena, pressure, convenience, or personnel change, so others can rely on the channel.

Source Protection contains Commitment because the receiver binds its future conduct to a promise not to expose the source.


The practice deliberately keeps an internal identity unavailable while allowing selected claims and evidence to cross a stable public boundary. Protecting a vulnerable upstream provider and preserving the future channel supply the domain-specific differentia.

Source Protection is the investigative-journalism specialization of Information Hiding, concealing a provider's identity behind a controlled public reporting surface.


The future channel exists only while prospective sources are willing to be vulnerable under incomplete monitoring of the newsroom's conduct. A single breach changes that expectation across sources not yet contacted, making Trust a strict constituent.

Source Protection contains Trust because a vulnerable provider accepts exposure risk based on the receiver's credible promise to keep the identity shielded.


Source prestige alone is explicitly nonportable across claims; the ladder is selected by the evidentiary architecture of the claim at hand. Without a claim-support relation to weight, there is no higher-rung-wins rule or confidence ceiling to apply.

A Sourcing Ladder presupposes Evidence because its ranks have meaning only relative to how strongly sources support a particular claim.


The construct's invariant form is an asymmetric rank relation over sources: higher and lower levels have different evidentiary consequences. Its directness, independence, expertise, accountability, and confidence rules provide the evidence-evaluation differentia.

A Sourcing Ladder is a hierarchy specialized to claim-specific source reliability, organizing sources into ordered rungs that govern conflict and confidence.


Every sourcing ladder distinguishes evidence generated by direct contact from reports that reprocess prior material, then refines that cut with additional reliability dimensions and rungs. The primary/secondary distinction is therefore a strict component, not the whole ladder.

A Sourcing Ladder contains Primary vs. Secondary Sources as its direct-versus-derived two-level slice inside the wider multi-rung ordering.


Its graph can be computed before observation, but the method's distinctive interpretation includes aggregate movement or co-presence as the predicted transported quantity. Flow supplies the prerequisite condition: Structured movement of energy, matter, or information. Space syntax operates against that background: Represent a spatial layout as a graph of sight-and-movement lines and compute centrality measures like integration and choice, so a space's pedestrian use, vitality, and encounter rates are predicted from its configurational position rather than its local design. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption.

Space syntax presupposes flow because its defining empirical claim maps graph configuration to the directional rate and distribution of pedestrian movement through the layout.


Domain-specific spatial decomposition supplies the graph; nodes, edges, paths, closeness, and betweenness supply its internal structural machinery. Network supplies an internal constituent: Models interactions between components. Space syntax requires that role within this mechanism: Represent a spatial layout as a graph of sight-and-movement lines and compute centrality measures like integration and choice, so a space's pedestrian use, vitality, and encounter rates are predicted from its configurational position rather than its local design. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Space syntax contains a network because it converts embodied spatial layout into nodes and intersections and computes integration and choice as graph centralities.


Informal edges accumulate across declared units until each part depends on many others and change cost scales with the whole. Goto, globals, cycles, static-analysis density, and behavior-preserving refactoring are the code frame over the general interdependence relation.

Spaghetti code is high, boundary-violating coupling in a software dependency graph, where local change ceases to remain local.


Spatial coverage publishes a bounded validity region for an artifact and lets a consumer compare a query region against it before use. Strip DCAT, GIS, polygons, coordinates, and the space axis, and the artifact, dimension, bounded region, publication channel, scope check, and says-versus-applies separation are exactly the live applicability-scope roles.

Removing geographic metadata vocabulary leaves a forward-published, machine-checkable applicability envelope on one dimension.


The self-motion estimate is not read from one isolated cue. Incremental vestibular, proprioceptive, efference-copy, and optic-flow changes are added over the traverse, and each update begins from the state left by the previous one. Remove Accumulation and the mechanism cannot carry displacement through time or explain why uncorrected error compounds monotonically until an external fix resets it. The stock-like accumulated estimate is a constituent of the larger object-location update.

Accumulation is an internal constituent of Spatial Updating because incremental heading and displacement signals are integrated into the current self-motion estimate, with error accumulating as drift.


Spatial Updating maintains where surrounding objects lie relative to the observer's head, eyes, or body and must distinguish that egocentric frame from an allocentric map. Remove the Frame of Reference and a stored coordinate has no origin or axes to change as the observer moves, so there is no determinate old-to-new viewpoint update to perform. The frame is contained in the biological mechanism; Frame of Reference itself is substrate-neutral and applies far beyond navigation.

A body-anchored Frame of Reference is an internal constituent of Spatial Updating because every stored location is expressed relative to the moving observer.


After estimating self-motion, Spatial Updating applies the corresponding translation and rotation to the stored layout so each object's coordinates are re-expressed in the new egocentric frame without a fresh view. That is a rule-governed Transformation: the representation changes while the objects' world positions and identities remain fixed. Remove this transform-all- locations step and only path integration remains; the defining surplus of updating the remembered surrounding layout disappears.

A coordinate Transformation is an internal constituent of Spatial Updating because the estimated viewpoint change is applied to every stored object location while object identity and world location remain invariant.


Special pleading's symmetry test is not merely a suggested remedy. The fallacy exists because identity or allegiance determines whether one covered case receives the rule while a relevantly like favored case does not. Strip the speaker, fallacy name, temporal invocation requirement, and burden-of-proof practice, and the remaining relation has ordered sides, a named swap, and non-invariance under that swap: the exact live asymmetry core.

Removing the argumentative verdict leaves a rule application whose result changes under a swap of favored and opposing parties.


Every instance is a named defective argument whose failure depends on content and context rather than invalid logical form: a speaker first invokes a general rule, then withholds it from a favored covered case without an independently principled exception. The child adds the prior-invocation sequence, favored-case direction, role-swap test, and dischargeable burden to the live informal-fallacy genus.

Special pleading is an informal fallacy specialized to an unprincipled exemption from a rule the arguer previously invoked.


Both express a property as a characteristic power of system size and use the exponent as the structural fingerprint. The child fixes the response to species richness, the size variable to bounded habitat area, the exponent to sublinear ecological ranges, and the mechanisms to sampling, habitat diversity, and island colonization-extinction dynamics.

The species-area relationship is the ecological count-versus-size specialization of allometric power-law scaling.


It inherits a visible trace, hidden design-cost hypothesis, contextual defeaters, predicted maintenance consequence, and refactoring probe. The child adds absent consumers, an unexercised option on variation, YAGNI and rule-of- three tests, and inlining the speculative boundary.

Speculative Generality is the code-smell species whose unused flexibility provides defeasible evidence that anticipated variation imposed present complexity before earning it.


A one-subclass hierarchy, unused parameter, or unexercised strategy surface is only a smell because the current problem can be solved by a less capable, more analyzable mechanism. Rule of least power supplies exactly that minimum-sufficient-capability comparison while the software entry adds YAGNI, rule-of-three timing, and frozen-interface exceptions.

The speculative-generality verdict presupposes the least-power discipline: unused expressive capability is present structural debt until a real variation requires it.


It retains the modifiable synapse, lasting efficacy change, joint activity history, bidirectional potentiation/depression, molecular induction, and stability problem of the family. Its differentia is an order-asymmetric biphasic rule implemented by spike timing and NMDA/calcium dynamics.

STDP is the synaptic-plasticity subtype whose direction and magnitude axis is fixed by the signed millisecond interval between endpoint spikes.


Multiple agents with local state must decide one authoritative leader and write history despite communication failure. The child fixes the failure to a network partition, makes symmetric silence trigger dual self-authorization, and uses quorum, fencing, or epochs as repairs.

Split brain is a consensus problem specialized to partitioned replicas that independently elect write authority and create divergent histories.


The failure is more than divergent data: each isolated fragment treats its own leader as authorized to bind the whole. Quorum, fencing, epochs, and an external witness work by ensuring only one claim remains accepted under the system's authorization rule.

Split brain presupposes a legitimacy rule identifying which fragment may rightfully act as the continuing write authority.


It inherits privileged first-person access, an inferred other-perspective, the self as default anchor, and insufficient adjustment. It adds a visible self-feature, observer attention as the estimated target, a fixed upward notice error, and the clinical anxiety consequences of that error.

The Spotlight Effect is the Egocentric Bias species whose judgment axis is how much observers notice a salient feature of the self.


The availability route is the canonical receiver-side mechanism, but a reasoner can explicitly count channel coverage and naively treat it as representative without relying on subjective retrieval ease. The constituent is therefore typical rather than identity-universal; Selection Bias remains strict.

Spotlight typically contains the Availability Heuristic when repeated or vivid coverage makes surfaced cases easy to retrieve and that ease is used as a frequency proxy.


The named argument can be formally plausible while its material premise fails because a channel-selected sample is read as representative. The child adds a newsworthiness or visibility filter, a population-frequency conclusion, directional inflation, and the provenance-of-sample diagnostic to the Informal Fallacy genus.

Spotlight is the informal-fallacy species that treats prevalence in attention-allocated coverage as evidence of prevalence in the covered population.


Remove the nonrepresentative inclusion mechanism and coverage prevalence can become evidence about the base rate, eliminating the defining error. Selection Bias supplies the distorted sample-to-population relation; the child adds an attention-allocating channel and the inference that salience measures prevalence.

Spotlight contains selection bias because its attention channel admits cases by newsworthiness or visibility rather than by population frequency.


The abstraction includes the move from expected money to expected utility: transform each payoff through the agent's value function before weighting it by probability, yielding a finite certainty equivalent under suitable curvature or bounds. Expected Utility is therefore an independent internal constituent, not merely a remote descendant of Expected Value.

The St. Petersburg Paradox contains the probability-weighted utility repair that replaces linear money value with a concave or bounded valuation of outcomes.


The canonical gamble assigns probability 2^-n to a payoff growing as 2^n, so every term contributes the same amount and the expected monetary value diverges. That expectation is one side of the paradox's defining wedge. Remove Expected Value and there is no infinite valuation to contrast with the few-coin entry price.

The St. Petersburg Paradox contains the raw monetary expectation whose divergent sum creates the conflict between the gamble's formal price and observed willingness to pay.


The geometric decline in probability is exactly offset by exponential payoff growth, producing a Pareto-like tail at the boundary of finite expectation. Remove that tail behavior and the expected monetary value becomes finite, so the canonical paradox no longer arises.

The St. Petersburg gamble contains a heavy payoff tail whose rare exponentially large prizes dominate and ultimately destroy the ordinary monetary mean.


Concave utility is the historically central repair and turns the observed modest entry price into evidence about curvature and a risk premium. It is typical rather than strict because the paradox can also be resolved by a hard utility bound, a finite bankroll, or another transform that restores a finite valuation without making ordinary risk aversion the unique mechanism.

The canonical Bernoulli resolution usually contains concave utility and its certainty preference, although bounded or otherwise sublinear utility can tame the tail without that exact interpretation.


The payoff-dominant and risk-dominant equilibria are the game-specific form of the live prime's multiple-stable-outcome selection problem. The child adds Rousseau's labels, the abandoned-hunter cell, a confidence threshold, and evolutionary dynamics; the portable coordination structure remains intact.

Stripping the stag-and-hare matrix leaves multiple self-enforcing equilibria whose outcome depends on aligning expectations rather than changing incentives.


A Staging Area is buffering specialized to a bounded, prepared reserve adjacent to active use that decouples preparation and consumption cadences. Buffering supplies the genus: A maintained intermediate capacity that absorbs excess and releases it during shortfall, smoothing variation and decoupling a source from a consumer whose rates do not match. Staging Area preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Hold prepared resources in a ready-to-deploy state in a zone adjacent to the point of need but outside the active flow, so preparation cadence and consumption cadence can each run at their own rate across one buffer. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


Strip Bolam, non-inferiority trials, and guideline bodies and the remaining operation pairs an observed candidate or action with a declared reference and makes the deviation the operative fact. The domain entry adds a socially maintained moving reference and its dual efficacy and accountability uses.

Standard of Care applies Baseline Deviation to a time-stamped reference practice, interpreting treatments and conduct by their departure from that maintained baseline.


Guidelines and peer practice normally supply a default that can be departed from with defensible reasons, while malpractice doctrine can convert the applicable floor into a binding accountability rule. The distinction explains why the same reference can guide ordinary practice and adjudicate breach.

Standard of Care combines a defeasible professional default with a legally binding negligence floor, instantiating the mandatory-versus-default distinction.


The concept is not only a neutral trial comparator. One of its two defining roles is an evaluative threshold for what a practitioner ought to have done, enforced through professional and legal judgment, making normativity an internal constituent.

Standard of Care contains Normativity because its accountability face partitions professional conduct into acceptable and negligent relative to an authoritative standard.


Remove memory traces, pharmacological or affective states, encoding, retrieval, and cue-reinstatement language. What remains is a two-by-two response in which the effect of the focal retrieval condition reverses across levels of the encoding condition, with matched cells outperforming mismatched cells. Crossover Interaction supplies that qualitative interaction; the child adds the encoding-specificity mechanism.

State-Dependent Learning is the memory form of a crossover interaction because each retrieval state helps material encoded in the matching state and hurts relative recall of material encoded in the other state.


Both require storage with context, later cue-context overlap, and differential accessibility of the same target under matched versus mismatched conditions. The child fixes the relevant context to bodily or affective state and adds the content-neutral, graded, symmetric 2x2 crossover that distinguishes matching from a main effect of impairment.

State-dependent learning is encoding specificity specialized to an internal physiological or psychological state serving as the bound and later reinstated retrieval cue.


Switching often consumes extra deliberation and justification budget, but low-effort cases retain loss and regret mechanisms. Cognitive Load supplies an internal constituent: Mental effort. Status Quo Bias requires that role within this mechanism: Model the systematic over-choosing of whatever option is framed as current — the same two alternatives chosen at different rates depending only on which is the default — as a content-independent departure surcharge built from loss aversion, regret aversion, and decision cost. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it. The typical qualifier limits the claim to the characteristic route, not a constitutive requirement of every instance; exceptions must retain the child's identity through another mechanism.

Status-quo bias typically contains the cognitive load of evaluating and justifying a switch, a cost the unexamined continuation avoids.


Holding content fixed while changing only the current label creates the signature choice-rate displacement. Framing supplies an internal constituent: Presentation shapes perception. Status Quo Bias requires that role within this mechanism: Model the systematic over-choosing of whatever option is framed as current — the same two alternatives chosen at different rates depending only on which is the default — as a content-independent departure surcharge built from loss aversion, regret aversion, and decision cost. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Status-quo bias contains a framing operation that labels one unchanged option current and thereby changes reference-relative evaluation and choice.


The current option becomes reference and movement away is overweighted as loss; other mechanisms and the frame-only signature remain additional. Loss Aversion supplies an internal constituent: Losses felt stronger than gains. Status Quo Bias requires that role within this mechanism: Model the systematic over-choosing of whatever option is framed as current — the same two alternatives chosen at different rates depending only on which is the default — as a content-independent departure surcharge built from loss aversion, regret aversion, and decision cost. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Status-quo bias contains loss aversion applied to the incumbent state, making an equal departure loss weigh more than the corresponding gain from change.


The anticipated actual-versus-forgone comparison often raises the departure surcharge, but some instances require no measurable regret term. Regret supplies an internal constituent: Disvalue from comparing an outcome against a better forgone alternative. Status Quo Bias requires that role within this mechanism: Model the systematic over-choosing of whatever option is framed as current — the same two alternatives chosen at different rates depending only on which is the default — as a content-independent departure surcharge built from loss aversion, regret aversion, and decision cost. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it. The typical qualifier limits the claim to the characteristic route, not a constitutive requirement of every instance; exceptions must retain the child's identity through another mechanism.

Status-quo bias typically contains anticipated regret that assigns more self-blame to a bad active switch than to an equally bad continuation.


The trap fixes the bias to a single actor, exposes unequal justification burdens, and adds an incumbency-removing counterfactual. Status Quo Bias supplies the genus: Model the systematic over-choosing of whatever option is framed as current — the same two alternatives chosen at different rates depending only on which is the default — as a content-independent departure surcharge built from loss aversion, regret aversion, and decision cost. Status Quo Trap preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Frame status quo bias as a named trap a single deliberating actor can counter: recognise that the current course wins only because the switch must be defended while the staying is not, then run the fresh-start counterfactual that forces it to compete on its merits. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.

The status-quo trap is status-quo bias specialized to one deliberator's stay-or-switch episode and packaged with a fresh-start corrective.


The p-at-least-three boundary is not incidental context but the theorem's defining branch; at one or two dimensions the ordinary sample-mean estimator remains admissible. The paradox therefore requires a parameter space with a counted number of independent degrees of freedom.

Stein's Paradox presupposes Dimension because the dominance result appears only when the jointly estimated parameter space has at least three independent coordinates.


Removing the James-Stein formula, the p-at-least-three boundary, and squared-error theorem leaves the regularization move of accepting controlled component-wise bias to reduce aggregate variance. The paradox supplies a particularly strong proof of that broader operation.

Stein's Paradox is the Gaussian-means dominance result that proves deliberate shrinkage toward a shared reference can lower joint error.


Bias-variance tradeoff is already a canonical alias of Trade-offs. The theorem fixes its two coupled dimensions to coordinate bias and joint variance under squared loss and proves an operating region where sacrificing the former strictly improves the latter.

Stein's Paradox realizes the bias-variance trade-off by accepting bias in each coordinate to obtain lower expected total error.


Remove anxiety management, self-monitoring, intrusive thought, and their demand on cognitive resources, and stereotype salience no longer has the mechanism that converts a social cue into a performance decrement. Cognitive Load is therefore a constituent of this narrower process rather than merely a frequent accompaniment.

Threat-induced monitoring and intrusive thought consume the task-relevant cognitive resources whose diversion produces the defining decrement.


Identity Threat supplies the exact genus: a valued identity component is made vulnerable to devaluation, and the defensive response competes with the primary task. Stereotype Threat fixes that identity to social-group membership, the devaluing content to a negative competence stereotype, the setting to diagnostic performance, and the principal cost to a temporary performance decrement.

Stereotype threat is identity threat specialized to a negative group-competence stereotype made salient during diagnostic performance.


The defining performance mechanism depends on a finite active holding-and-manipulation supply. Threat-related processing can impair the focal task because both demands draw on that shared working-memory capacity; without the finite supply, the displacement mechanism would not follow.

The effect presupposes a finite active cognitive budget that stereotype-related processing can occupy at the task's expense.


Strip away named social groups, cultural stereotype content, diagnostic testing, and identity stakes. What remains is a predictive concern about an outcome becoming a causal input to that outcome through attentional, cognitive, and physiological response. The domain entry is the socially framed performance specialization of that portable structure.

Removing group-identity and stereotype content leaves an expected outcome recruiting a response that shifts realization of that same outcome.


Stereotype threat requires that the individual derive part of their self-concept from membership in a stereotyped social category and that the evaluative setting make that category salient. Without social identity theory's machinery — categorization of the social world, identification with categories, and the binding of self-concept to category membership — there would be no group identity for the negative performance stereotype to attach to, no self-relevance to the diagnostic situation, and no motivational stakes in confirming or disconfirming the group's reputation.

Stereotype threat presupposes social identity theory because it requires that group membership be a salient, self-concept-relevant category before performance-suppression can arise.


Stereotype threat cannot arise without stereotyping already in place: the threat requires a negative performance stereotype attached to a group, made salient in an evaluative setting, that the individual fears confirming. Stereotyping supplies the category-to-prototype projection on which the whole mechanism rests — without an antecedent shared belief that group X performs poorly at task Y, there is nothing to be threatened by. Stereotype threat thus presupposes the cognitive-economy compression that stereotyping names as the prior condition for its self-confirming loop.

Stereotype threat presupposes stereotyping because the threat only operates on individuals whose group is targeted by a pre-existing stereotype.


The law preserves the genus's measurable physical continuum, operationalized perceptual response, modality-specific parameter, fitted stimulus-response relation, and threshold-to-saturation validity range. It adds magnitude estimation and the power form psi = k times I to the beta, with beta selecting compression, expansion, or near-linearity.

Stevens's Power Law is the magnitude-estimation species of Psychophysical Scaling, fitting perceived intensity to physical stimulus intensity over a bounded sensory range.


Stevens's law instantiates the substrate-free power-law skeleton Y proportional to X to the beta. Allometry and Scaling Law owns the live `power_law` surface and supplies that mathematical form; Stevens adds physical stimulus, perceived magnitude, psychophysical estimation, modality-specific exponents, and sensory operating-range limits.

Removing the sensory modality and magnitude-estimation procedure leaves a power-law relation whose characteristic exponent governs how one quantity scales with another.


Automaticity supplies the low-supervision code activation that creates facilitation or conflict before deliberate task control selects the required response. Automaticity supplies an internal constituent: Execute a trigger-to-output pathway with little contemporaneous stepwise supervision, gaining speed and low control cost while sacrificing inspectability, interruptibility, and rapid adaptation. Stimulus–Response Compatibility requires that role within this mechanism: When a stimulus automatically activates a response code, performance improves if that code agrees with the task-mandated response and degrades if the codes conflict, even when the triggering feature is irrelevant. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

An irrelevant stimulus dimension must automatically activate a response code for compatibility to affect performance despite instructions to ignore it.


Generic compatibility supplies agreement between coupled structures; this node adds a perceiver, task rule, automatically activated response code, response selection, and behavioral congruency effect. Compatibility supplies the genus: The relational condition under which two or more entities can coexist or compose without breakage, interference, or contradiction. Stimulus–Response Compatibility preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: When a stimulus automatically activates a response code, performance improves if that code agrees with the task-mandated response and degrades if the codes conflict, even when the triggering feature is irrelevant. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.

Stimulus–response compatibility is the cognitive response-selection specialization of generic compatibility between interacting codes or mappings.


Response-code interference is an internal constituent of the incompatibility cost rather than a separate contextual association. Interference and Contention supplies an internal constituent: Competing demands for shared bottleneck degrade throughput. Stimulus–Response Compatibility requires that role within this mechanism: When a stimulus automatically activates a response code, performance improves if that code agrees with the task-mandated response and degrades if the codes conflict, even when the triggering feature is irrelevant. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Incompatible trials contain contention between the automatically activated response code and the task-mandated code.


Scarcity's insufficient-supply relation is narrowed to zero available supply for one SKU-location pair under continuing demand, with replenishment lead time and fulfillment response added as inventory differentia.

A stockout is scarcity specialized to the zero-on-hand event for one item and location while demand continues to arrive.


The exact min relation and no-gain-from-improving-nonbinding-inputs core survives removal of chemistry; fixed molar ratios and conserved atoms supply the differentia. After the chemistry_materials frame is stripped away, the retained structural roles are those of Bottleneck: The single limiting stage that caps an entire system's throughput. Stoichiometry adds the local frame and commitments expressed in its identity: Fix the exact amounts of reactants consumed and products formed from a balanced equation's integer molar ratio and conserved mass, so the reactant shortest in proportion — the limiting reagent — alone caps the theoretical yield. The parent pattern remains recognizable without that vocabulary, while the child is the framed realization of it. That preservation test establishes decomposition rather than taxonomic subsumption.

The limiting reagent is the input with the smallest supply-to-required-share ratio and alone caps total product regardless of all excess inputs.


Conservation supplies the noncreation bookkeeping constraint; Stoichiometry adds discrete molecular identities, balanced integer molar ratios, limiting reagent, excess inventory, and actual-versus-theoretical yield. Conservation Laws supplies the prerequisite condition: Quantities remain constant. Stoichiometry operates against that background: Fix the exact amounts of reactants consumed and products formed from a balanced equation's integer molar ratio and conserved mass, so the reactant shortest in proportion — the limiting reagent — alone caps the theoretical yield. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption.

Stoichiometric coefficients and theoretical yield require conserved atoms and mass to be accounted across a declared reaction boundary.


Strain localisation is an instability subtype in which a local deformation perturbation amplifies by attracting a growing share of subsequent strain. Both require a perturbation whose response grows rather than decays under the system dynamics. The child fixes the amplified quantity to strain rate or deformation and fixes the result to concentration on a progressively narrower spatial support.


It inherits deliberate preservation of selected behavior and continuity across a discontinuous platform migration. The child adds a façade or router, parallel legacy/replacement operation, independently reversible route cutovers, equivalence validation, and retirement when no route reaches the legacy.

The Strangler Fig Pattern is legacy integration specialized to incremental software replacement behind a stable interception layer with route-by-route validation and retirement.


Every straw man substitutes Q-prime for Q and supplies an argument that may genuinely defeat Q-prime while leaving Q untouched. Its same-issue weakened proxy, opponent-arguer-audience triad, and integrity-gap credit transfer provide the differentia absent from generic off-target reasoning.

Straw man is irrelevant conclusion specialized to refuting a weakened proxy of the contested position and transferring the victory to the original.


Each record or window has an event or arrival time and an observable output time; operators, buffering, watermark delay, and recovery impose an irreducible gap. The engine's contract controls that delay while trading it against completeness for late data.

Stream processing presupposes an explicit arrival-to-output latency bound that distinguishes incremental emission from deferred batch recomputation.


Records traverse an ordered dataflow graph whose stages consume upstream outputs and maintain incremental summaries. The child adds unbounded input, event-time versus processing-time separation, watermarks, keyed state, triggers, replay, and delivery guarantees.

Stream processing is a pipeline specialized to continuous record arrival, stateful transforms, event-time windows, and recoverable low-latency output.


The property is an explicit contract over which interleavings of replicated reads and writes observers may see. It narrows the general contract to linearizability, adds the coordination round and partition-unavailability price, and excludes the anomaly sets admitted by weaker ladder rungs.

Strong consistency is a consistency model specialized to legal histories equivalent to one real-time-respecting total order.


Stimulus-response compatibility supplies the shared code-agreement mechanism; Stroop specializes it to an overtrained word-reading code intruding on color naming. Stimulus–Response Compatibility supplies the genus: When a stimulus automatically activates a response code, performance improves if that code agrees with the task-mandated response and degrades if the codes conflict, even when the triggering feature is irrelevant. Stroop Effect preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Measure cognitive control by the extra time and errors it costs to name a color word's ink when the word disagrees — a competition between an over-trained automatic pathway and a weaker task-relevant one, resolved by top-down inhibition. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.

The Stroop effect is the semantic-pathway member of the stimulus-response compatibility family, with word meaning automatically activating a response code that can agree or conflict with the required ink-color response.


Inhibitory override is a recurrent constituent of Stroop performance, but it is marked typical rather than strict because pathway competition, attention, and conflict monitoring accounts do not all assign inhibition the same exclusive role.

Resolving Stroop conflict typically recruits inhibition of the stronger word-reading response, although competing models distribute the control burden differently.


It is a conventional plan relating repeated sections across a song and compresses the whole by a recognized template. Its differentia are complete verse-music invariance, recurring stanzas, and lyric-only variation.

Strophic Form is the Musical Form species that repeats one invariant musical section-frame while successive lyric payloads change.


The musical setting supplies form and the successive lyric supplies content. The analytical payoff depends on keeping the two axes separate so changes in text become legible against non-changing structure.

Strophic Form separates a stable structural frame from the varying substance carried by each recurring instantiation.


Strict strophic identity is decided on this invariant: alter the music for a particular verse and the instance moves toward modified-strophic or through- composed form. The musical variables specify the domain implementation.

Across the verse-to-verse transformation, the complete musical frame is the property held fixed while only the payload changes.


Strophic Form is the song-domain instantiation of one invariant frame filled by successive variable lyric payloads. The child’s frame can be removed while the parent roles remain, so the edge records portable structural cargo rather than taxonomic identity.


The method recovers a system by asking both which alternatives could occupy each position and how the selected elements combine in an actual chain. Remove that vertical selection axis and horizontal combination axis and the source loses one of its four explicit commitments and the main analytical bridge from Saussure to narrative, myth, and culture. The two-axis prime is the portable constituent; Structuralism adds relation-over-element priority, synchronic bracketing, and the human-sciences research programme.

Structuralism contains the paradigmatic-versus-syntagmatic decomposition as its two-axis grammar of selection and combination.


Stuttering is not fluent delivery and therefore is not a taxonomic species of Fluency. It is a disorder built around that dimension: remove the scored temporal disruptions and the primary clinical layer disappears, while Fluency still independently includes cluttering, neurogenic disfluency, and typical production.

Stuttering contains a specific breakdown of Output Fluency—sound or syllable repetitions, prolongations, and blocks in the forward speech stream.


The same speaker may be fluent in singing, choral, or solitary speech and markedly disfluent minutes later under time or social pressure. This spread is a structural feature used in diagnosis and treatment evaluation, not measurement noise that can be averaged away.

Stuttering contains large context-dependent variability, so severity must be characterized across listeners, tasks, sounds, and pressure rather than from one sample.


The event and its exhaustive extension are held fixed while only the description changes. Naming the sub-events recruits additional cognitive support and raises the summed judgment, so presentation rather than underlying facts determines the response. Framing supplies description-dependent evaluation; Subadditivity adds an exhaustive probability partition, support theory, and a known upward sign.

The Subadditivity Effect is Framing specialized to probability elicitation, where logically equivalent packed and unpacked descriptions produce predictably different judgments.


The comparison is not between an event and an arbitrary list. The named sub-events must form disjoint, collectively exhaustive blocks of the same event so that probability additivity supplies the normative equality. Partition provides that exact set structure; the effect adds separate elicitation and support-driven inflation of the block judgments.

An exhaustive Partition is a constituent of the Subadditivity Effect because the unpacked alternatives must be non-overlapping and collectively cover the packed event.


Packed and unpacked responses are numerical likelihood judgments over events, and the discrepancy is meaningful because a probability measure assigns the whole the sum of its disjoint exhaustive parts. Without normalization and additivity there is no normative equality for the elicited judgments to violate. The effect concerns human judgments rather than computed measures, but Probability supplies the benchmark that defines the error.

The Subadditivity Effect presupposes Probability because its signature is a directional violation of additivity among judged probabilities for one event and its exhaustive partition.


Removing slab mineral reactions and facies change eliminates density evolution, volatile release, and the pressure-temperature record explicitly used to read the descending plate. Metamorphism supplies an internal constituent: Read a rock's solid-state mineral and textural transformations as a legible record of the temperature, pressure, and fluids it passed through — recovering its conditions and tectonic history from equilibrium silicate assemblages via facies, index minerals, and thermobarometry. Subduction requires that role within this mechanism: Explain a whole catalogue of convergent-margin phenomena — trench, volcanic arc, deep earthquakes, mountain-building — as expressions of one cold dense lithospheric plate sinking into the mantle, driven by density contrast and self-sustained by slab pull. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Subduction contains solid-state metamorphism of the descending slab under rising pressure and temperature.


Removing volatile release, solidus depression, melt ascent, and arc eruption removes the volcanic-arc branch while leaving non-volcanic or temporally immature subduction possible. Volcanism supplies an internal constituent: Explain how internally generated magma ascends and releases at a planetary surface by placing every eruption in a two-parameter space of silica (viscosity) and volatile content (explosivity), with melt generated by three solidus-crossing routes bound to tectonic setting. Subduction requires that role within this mechanism: Explain a whole catalogue of convergent-margin phenomena — trench, volcanic arc, deep earthquakes, mountain-building — as expressions of one cold dense lithospheric plate sinking into the mantle, driven by density contrast and self-sustained by slab pull. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it. The typical qualifier limits the claim to the characteristic route, not a constitutive requirement of every instance; exceptions must retain the child's identity through another mechanism.

Established hydrous subduction contains arc volcanism generated by slab dehydration and mantle-wedge flux melting.


Both specify transported matter, direction, rate, a driving potential, a path, and conservation across source, transit, transformation, and sink regions. The child fixes the transported matter to coherent lithosphere, the driver to negative buoyancy and slab pull, and the path to a convergent plate boundary descending into mantle.

Subduction is the negative-buoyancy specialization of directional matter flow, carrying lithosphere from a surface boundary into the mantle.


Remove slab descent and recycling and the trench, dipping seismic zone, megathrust, volatile release, and arc geometry no longer form a subduction zone. Subduction supplies an internal constituent: Explain a whole catalogue of convergent-margin phenomena — trench, volcanic arc, deep earthquakes, mountain-building — as expressions of one cold dense lithospheric plate sinking into the mantle, driven by density contrast and self-sustained by slab pull. Subduction Zone requires that role within this mechanism: The convergent plate boundary at which a denser plate descends into the mantle along a dipping megathrust, coupling trench, great earthquakes, arc volcanism, prism, and back-arc deformation to one slab — so a margin's whole hazard suite reads off a few slab parameters. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

A subduction zone contains the density-driven descent process that constitutes the plate-boundary setting.


Without the low-angle compressional interface on which the overriding plate rides over the descending slab, the defining locked megathrust and its earthquake cycle disappear. Thrust Fault supplies an internal constituent: A compressional fault on which the hanging wall rides up and over the footwall along a low-angle plane in response to horizontal crustal shortening, diagnosed by its inverted stratigraphic signature — older rocks resting on younger — the fingerprint of a block transported from greater depth or farther back in a shortened stack. Subduction Zone requires that role within this mechanism: The convergent plate boundary at which a denser plate descends into the mantle along a dipping megathrust, coupling trench, great earthquakes, arc volcanism, prism, and back-arc deformation to one slab — so a margin's whole hazard suite reads off a few slab parameters. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

A subduction zone contains a megathrust, the plate-scale subtype of thrust fault.


SPE inherits the no-profitable-unilateral-deviation condition and narrows its extension by applying it to every continuation game. The added sequential-credibility differentia removes Nash profiles sustained by actions a player would not rationally carry out once the node is reached.

Subgame-perfect equilibrium is the Nash species that also requires Nash play in every proper subgame, including subgames off the equilibrium path.


Subject-Expectancy Effect is the controlled-trial measurement face of the general expectancy-to-outcome coupling. After the psychology_cognitive_science frame is stripped away, the retained structural roles are those of Expectancy-Mediated Outcome: An explicit expectation or learned predictive state about an outcome becomes a causal input to that outcome, with the response channel and coupling sign determining whether realization moves toward or away from what was expected. Subject-Expectancy Effect adds the local frame and commitments expressed in its identity: Treat a participant's beliefs about an intervention as a genuine driver of their reported and physiological responses, so any unblinded measurement confounds the manipulation with anticipation until blinding, placebo control, or a balanced-placebo design pulls the two apart. The parent pattern remains recognizable without that vocabulary, while the child is the framed realization of it. That preservation test establishes decomposition rather than taxonomic subsumption.


Removing buoyancy compensation removes flexural and tectonic-loading descent while leaving groundwater withdrawal, mining, karst collapse, and permafrost-thaw branches. Isostasy supplies an internal constituent: Explain how the lithosphere adjusts vertically over a deformable denser substrate until buoyancy balances mass columns, producing crustal roots, load-driven subsidence, and post-unloading rebound. Subsidence requires that role within this mechanism: Explain the downward descent of the ground surface as loss or rearrangement of subsurface support, routed through one channel — a change in the Terzaghi effective-stress state — so any driver's cause and reversibility read off a single ledger. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it. The typical qualifier limits the claim to the characteristic route, not a constitutive requirement of every instance; exceptions must retain the child's identity through another mechanism.

Isostatic adjustment is a constituent of subsidence driven by lithospheric loading or thinning.


Without the recoverable, partially recoverable, and irreversible branches, the framework cannot infer whether stopping the driver restores elevation or only halts further loss. Reversibility and Irreversibility supplies an internal constituent: Actions or transitions may or may not be undone or reverted. Subsidence requires that role within this mechanism: Explain the downward descent of the ground surface as loss or rearrangement of subsurface support, routed through one channel — a change in the Terzaghi effective-stress state — so any driver's cause and reversibility read off a single ledger. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Subsidence contains a constitutive reversibility partition separating elastic rebound from permanent skeletal collapse.


Removing settling and emplacement removes the layered sediment record used for basin inversion, but water-filled or newly opened accommodation can exist before substantial deposition. Deposition supplies an internal constituent: The process by which material carried by a transporting medium is laid down where the medium's carrying capacity falls below its load — coarsest and densest first — so the deposit's geometry records the energy history of the transport that ended there. Subsidence Basin requires that role within this mechanism: Read a region's buried history by treating it as a lithospheric floor that lowered — its shape diagnosing the mechanism and the supply-to-subsidence ratio setting how it filled — so the preserved strata can be run backward to thermal, tectonic, and erosional history. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it. The typical qualifier limits the claim to the characteristic route, not a constitutive requirement of every instance; exceptions must retain the child's identity through another mechanism.

Sediment-filled subsidence basins contain deposition as the process that emplaces and preserves their stratigraphic archive.


Remove depth creation by thermal contraction, flexure, withdrawal, or collapse and the object becomes a pre-existing topographic hollow rather than a subsidence basin. Subsidence supplies an internal constituent: Explain the downward descent of the ground surface as loss or rearrangement of subsurface support, routed through one channel — a change in the Terzaghi effective-stress state — so any driver's cause and reversibility read off a single ledger. Subsidence Basin requires that role within this mechanism: Read a region's buried history by treating it as a lithospheric floor that lowered — its shape diagnosing the mechanism and the supply-to-subsidence ratio setting how it filled — so the preserved strata can be run backward to thermal, tectonic, and erosional history. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

A subsidence basin contains active or historical floor lowering that creates its accommodation space.


Without a stock whose thickness and facies integrate net inflow through time, the supply-to-subsidence ratio cannot classify overfilled, balanced, or underfilled histories. Accumulation supplies an internal constituent: A stock grows or shrinks as the time-integral of its net inflow minus outflow, so stocks and flows live on different objects and cannot be equated. Subsidence Basin requires that role within this mechanism: Read a region's buried history by treating it as a lithospheric floor that lowered — its shape diagnosing the mechanism and the supply-to-subsidence ratio setting how it filled — so the preserved strata can be run backward to thermal, tectonic, and erosional history. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

A subsidence basin contains fill accumulation governed by supply into accommodation minus bypass and removal.


Strip away the consumer, utility function, price vector, budget constraint, and Hicksian or Slutsky compensation. The preserved structure is that one option can replace another while maintaining the relevant use, and behavior shifts toward it when its relative terms improve. Substitution Effect adds the compensated-demand construction and signed microeconomic restrictions.

Removing prices, budgets, and compensation leaves reallocation toward an option that can replace the one whose relative cost increased.


Supplier concentration risk applies dependency-distribution concentration to a buyer's critical inputs. Removing supplier contracts, qualification cycles, inventory buffers, and sourcing remedies leaves a dependent system, weighted upstream providers, concentration and common-mode failure structure, substitution exposure, and downstream fragility governed by top-k dependency weight. That neutral graph property is the portable core, while the procurement apparatus is the frame.

Removing procurement vocabulary leaves a downstream system whose fragility is governed by the concentration and common-mode structure of dependency weight across upstream providers.


Remove markets, producers, prices, marginal cost, and comparative-statics vocabulary. What remains is a mapping from an input value and held-fixed conditions to an output quantity. Supply adds the producer side, own-price-versus-shifter distinction, horizon, and production-cost structure.

Supply decomposes to Function Mapping because its schedule assigns each admissible price and background condition the quantity producers would bring to market.


The doctrinal label adds priority direction and a yield rule, but without the underlying reliance relation there is no mediated value and the activity is a parallel objective rather than support.

Supporting effort is defined over a directed enabling relation: the main effort relies on a condition or capability the supporting activity supplies, with a specifiable failure if that support is absent or cut below its functional floor.


Importance alone does not set the order. Commander's intent supplies the value metric, the main effort occupies the first rank, and supporting efforts are kept, redirected, or accepted as risk down the resulting constrained sequence.

The main/supporting label ranks competing claims on scarce fires, lift, reserves, sustainment, and attention by contribution to one decisive outcome, settling in advance which work is fed first and which yields.


The surrogate-endpoint problem specializes proxy-target divergence to interventions whose biomarker response decouples from the clinical outcome of interest. Proxy-Target Divergence supplies the genus: An apparatus calibrated against a proxy keeps operating on it after the proxy-target relationship has silently decoupled. Surrogate Endpoint Problem preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: The failure that arises when a trial's biomarker surrogate diverges from the clinical endpoint it stands in for — because the intervention acts through off-pathway mechanisms the surrogate cannot see — so individual-level correlation does not license an intervention-level claim. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


Surrogation is proxy-target divergence specialized to an accountable evaluator who mentally substitutes a concrete measure for its strategic construct under load. Proxy-Target Divergence supplies the genus: An apparatus calibrated against a proxy keeps operating on it after the proxy-target relationship has silently decoupled. Surrogation preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Explain why a well-designed metric drifts from its purpose even absent any gaming: under load an accountable manager mentally replaces the strategic construct with its measure, treating the number as the thing itself rather than a partial proxy for it. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


The defining operational test is whether evolution or a coordinate change pulls the two-form back to itself. Strip away manifolds, forms, momenta, brackets, and mechanics; the preserved feature, the transformation, and the exact unchanged-under-transformation relation remain: the structural core of Invariance.

Removing differential-geometric vocabulary leaves a structure preserved exactly under its admissible Hamiltonian flows and canonical transformations.


The form must attach to tangent vectors at every point and vary smoothly across overlapping local charts. Remove the manifold and there are no points, tangent spaces, charts, or global carrier on which non-degeneracy and closedness can be stated.

Symplectic Structure contains an even-dimensional smooth manifold as the carrier on which its closed non-degenerate two-form is defined.


Classical, optical, accelerator, and numerical Hamiltonian applications place the form on a complete state space and read evolution as a trajectory through it. The relation is typical rather than strict because abstract symplectic manifolds need not already be interpreted as the phase space of a physical system.

In its canonical physical use, Symplectic Structure contains phase space as the state manifold whose position-momentum directions the form pairs.


Without signal transfer across the synapse there is no transmission efficacy for potentiation, depression, timing dependence, or homeostatic scaling to modify. Neurotransmission supplies the operation whose parameters plasticity changes.

Synaptic plasticity presupposes neurotransmission because plastic change is defined as a lasting alteration in how a synapse transmits signals.


The weight-changing connection, endpoint activities, local correlational update, cumulative history record, optional neuromodulatory gate, and required normalizing partner are the prime's complete portable role set. Synaptic Plasticity adds receptors, calcium cascades, spines, LTP/LTD, and cellular axes.

Removing cell biology leaves modifiable couplings updated by joint endpoint activity history, optionally third-factor gated and bounded against runaway.