It is a recurring materially defective inference whose conclusion does not follow without a distribution premise. Its differentia are the downward whole-to-part direction and the missing warrant that the predicate survives distribution to each component or member.

Fallacy of Division is the Informal Fallacy species that illicitly distributes a whole-level predicate to its parts.


The child designs as though protocols, platforms, configurations, and capabilities were uniform, then fails on exactly those variations in deployment. It satisfies the parent identity and adds a heterogeneity- specific differentia with negotiation, adapter, and compatibility remedies.

The fallacy of homogeneous networks is the idealized-substrate fallacy specialized to a distributed substrate whose omitted friction is variation among nodes and links.


The child designs as though payload size and concurrent traffic consume no scarce capacity, then fails on queues and saturation in deployment. This meets every parent condition and adds the network-capacity differentia and its byte-budgeting, compression, and backpressure remedies.

The fallacy of infinite bandwidth is the idealized-substrate fallacy specialized to a network whose omitted friction is finite shared throughput.


The child is not merely an administrative frame around a neutral pattern; it is itself the same kind of decision error. Design assumes a single- authority substrate, deployment crosses multiple independently governed domains, and failures concentrate at the enumerated seams. It adds the network dependency graph and an authority-specific corrective.

The fallacy of one administrator is the idealized-substrate fallacy specialized to a distributed dependency graph whose omitted friction is independent administrative authority.


The child designs against a timeless network graph and crosses into a deployment where addresses, routes, and membership change. It meets the full parent identity and adds a dynamic-topology differentia plus discovery, leases, and re-resolution remedies.

The fallacy of stable topology is the idealized-substrate fallacy specialized to a network whose omitted friction is change in membership, addressing, and routes.


The child designs as though requests and responses arrive exactly once and crosses into a best-effort deployment channel. Failures concentrate on the exact reliability terms dropped, satisfying the parent identity before adding idempotency, acknowledgment, and quorum machinery.

The fallacy of the reliable network is the idealized-substrate fallacy specialized to transport whose omitted frictions are loss, duplication, reordering, and outcome ambiguity.


The child designs against a trusted positional perimeter and crosses into a deployment where adversaries can observe, modify, replay, or forge. It satisfies the parent identity and adds cryptographic, identity, freshness, and per-request authorization correctives.

The fallacy of the secure network is the idealized-substrate fallacy specialized to a network whose omitted friction is adversarial observation, modification, replay, and forgery.


The child designs against remote calls behaving like local ones, crosses into a real network, and fails on the exact round-trip term set to zero. It therefore satisfies the full parent identity and adds a network-call cost model plus latency-specific diagnostics and interventions.

The fallacy of zero latency is the idealized-substrate fallacy specialized to a network whose omitted friction is positive per-hop delay.


The child designs as if moving data had no financial, serialization, energy, or operational cost and encounters those exact costs in deployment. It satisfies the parent identity and adds a per-byte movement model plus placement and locality correctives.

The fallacy of zero transport cost is the idealized-substrate fallacy specialized to data movement whose omitted friction is positive transfer cost.


Both are directional failures to reconstruct others because the reasoner's own current mental content becomes the anchor. False Consensus Effect fixes the target to a population distribution, adds a self-correlated access sample, and yields a signed overestimate of the prevalence of the estimator's own state.

False Consensus Effect is the Egocentric Bias species in which an estimator projects its own state onto a population.


It plainly: false consensus is selection_bias PLUS a self-anchored prior PLUS a fixed sign — 'mechanically, a species of selection bias' where the skew is correlated with the estimator's own profile. selection_bias is the parent. Selection Bias supplies the genus: Skewed sampling. False Consensus Effect preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Agents overestimate how widely their own beliefs and behaviors are shared, projecting a self-anchored prior across a non-randomly sampled population. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


Removing the child’s frame leaves the reusable structure named by Type I Type Ii Errors. The child’s domain vocabulary can be removed while the parent’s roles remain, so the relation records portable structural cargo rather than taxonomic identity.


The fallacy consists in choosing or weighting the wrong comparison dimension while suppressing the one that governs the judgment; without a comparison there is no imputed equivalence to audit.

False equivalence presupposes a comparison claim that places two items under an asserted shared dimension.


Without exposure-induced fluency there is no elevated familiarity to explain. Processing Fluency supplies that content-independent ease signal; the child adds a delay or divided-attention condition that weakens recollection and a fame judgment that absorbs the otherwise unexplained familiarity.

False Fame Effect contains Processing Fluency because prior exposure produces the genuine ease signal that is later misread as evidence of fame.


The memory system must distinguish familiarity caused by the study episode from familiarity interpreted as cultural fame. Reality Monitoring supplies the fallible source-classification gate and its source-reminder remedy; the child specifies the two signals, delay manipulation, and fame/non-fame landing category.

False Fame Effect presupposes Reality Monitoring because the error occurs when use-time source attribution cannot recover prior exposure and assigns familiarity to the wrong origin.


Remove the uncertainty envelope and there is no warranted resolution against which the report can be too fine. Measurement Uncertainty supplies that bounded fidelity; the child adds a numeric presentation that conceals or overstates it and an audience liable to read representational precision as knowledge precision.

False Precision contains measurement uncertainty as the evidence-bounded resolution that the displayed digits or bounds fail to honor.


Representation supplies a target, a medium, selected structure, and a faithfulness claim. False Precision specializes that relation to a quantitative report whose digits or bounds encode finer resolution than the measurement, estimate, or model can support. Every instance is therefore a representation failure, while representations can fail in many other ways or remain faithful.

False Precision is the defective numeric-representation species whose displayed resolution exceeds the fidelity its target and source warrant.


The entry operationalizes the effect as estimated prevalence minus actual prevalence and requires a consistent sign under its defining conditions. It therefore inherits Bias exactly, while adding a social perceiver, peer prevalence target, positive-trait condition, distinctiveness motive, and false-consensus mirror.

False-Uniqueness is a signed prevalence-estimation bias, downward for positive identity-relevant traits relative to their true peer base rate.


Removing the child’s frame leaves the reusable structure named by Motivated Reasoning. The child’s frame can be removed while the parent roles remain, so the edge records portable structural cargo rather than taxonomic identity.


A retrieval cue activates several associations attached to the same concept at once. Because they share a bounded activation path, increasing the fan reduces the amount reaching each target and increases latency and error in the retrieval race. This is the multiple-demands, shared-bottleneck, mutual-degradation signature. Interference and Contention is substrate-neutral; the Fan Effect adds declarative propositions, spreading activation, a countable fan, and chunking-sensitive effective fan.

The Fan Effect is the declarative-memory application of Interference and Contention in which concurrent associations divide one concept's fixed activation budget and degrade retrieval.


The fixed-budget division predicts latency only because recognition occurs when the target association reaches a criterion. More competitors lower its incoming activation, delaying or preventing that crossing; without the boundary, a smaller activation share would not by itself yield the signature verification-time and accuracy effects. Threshold supplies the general regime-separating criterion, while the Fan Effect specifies associative memory, spreading activation, and fan-dependent dilution.

A recognition Threshold is a constituent of the Fan Effect because a thinned association is retrieved only after its divided activation accumulates enough to cross the decision boundary.


Removing lock, strain accumulation, threshold failure, and sudden slip from a locked segment removes the earthquake-cycle branch but leaves the broader fault category's stable-creep branch.

A seismogenic fault contains the stress-accumulation and abrupt-release pattern, while creeping faults do not.


The live Constraint prime already treats the admissible subset, separate from the ranking objective, as first-class. Feasible Region frames that skeleton as a coordinate-space object formed by conjunction and adds polytopes, vertices, convexity, KKT boundary activity, and algorithm choice.

Removing optimization geometry from Feasible Region leaves Constraint's exact candidate-domain, admissibility-condition, and feasible-set structure.


Every feasible region applies the simultaneous-membership AND test to all constraint-defined subsets and returns their common elements, including the meaningful empty result. It adds decision variables, equality and inequality geometry, convexity and boundedness diagnostics, active constraints, and the optimization-specific interpretation of the resulting set.

A Feasible Region is the Intersection specialized to the permitted sets carved out by every constraint over one candidate space.


It inherits a bounded undertaking whose perimeter ratchets outward through individually defensible additions judged against a drifting current baseline. The child fixes the increments as product capabilities and adds an approval gate blind to their compounding interaction, test, onboarding, and maintenance costs.

Feature creep is scope creep specialized to product capabilities admitted one at a time while their system-wide interaction and maintenance costs compound.


It inherits the trace-to-design-hypothesis, contextual test, predicted maintenance consequence, and behavior-preserving refactoring probe. The child adds cross-class access fan-out, locality mismatch, change propagation, and Move Method as the discriminating intervention.

Feature Envy is the code-smell species whose cross-class access pattern provides defeasible evidence that a method's responsibility resides on the wrong class.


The smell compares a method's accesses to its own class with accesses across another class boundary. Remove those cross-boundary dependencies and the quantitative envy signal disappears; relocation follows the dependency toward the data it operates on.

Outbound dependence on another class's state and behavior is the measurable coupling constituent from which feature envy is diagnosed.


Both diagnose high delivery output with no owned or decision-gating outcome. Feature Factory adds the concrete feature-list intake, velocity dashboard, and launch-counting behavior; Build Trap states the broader measurement, calendar, and incentive regime that usually sustains it.

A Feature Factory is the characteristic request-and-throughput realization of the broader Build Trap, though the full three-dial regime is not guaranteed.


Feature count or velocity begins as an upstream indicator of delivery, becomes the rewarded operating target, and then rises independently of retention, revenue, or mission impact. The source explicitly identifies this as its portable Goodhart-family structure.

Stripped of product vocabulary, the factory is an operating apparatus closed on a controllable proxy after that proxy has decoupled from its target.


Feature scaling is the data-analysis realization of commensurability, with min-max, z-score, or robust transforms supplying the domain machinery and train-inference consistency supplying the implementation discipline.

Removing the machine-learning frame leaves the construction of a common scale on which heterogeneous quantities can be compared without unit-driven dominance.


Puzzlehood is benchmark-relative, but the quantitative prediction-observation gap is stable across replications, exceeds sampling explanations, survives single-friction corrections, and remains diagnostic rather than being tuned away.

A model predicts a saving-investment slope near zero, observation produces a persistent slope near one, and the magnitude of that gap excludes the frictionless model class while constraining the missing-friction search.


The entry explicitly guards the statistical tether from the stronger claim that domestic saving finances domestic investment, preserving the prime's directionless-association boundary as a load-bearing part of the puzzle.

The observable payload is systematic saving-investment covariation whose regression slope supports prediction but does not identify a causal financing relation or which hidden friction generated it.


The benchmark is not asserted as a realistic description. Its value is the sharp decoupling prediction and the research program generated by persistent departures, exactly preserving the prime after monetary vocabulary is removed.

The puzzle begins from a frictionless-capital benchmark with a sharp near-zero saving-investment slope, then treats the observed residual coupling as a coordinate for cataloguing and measuring omitted frictions.


Field preserves the two operations, additive group, associative multiplication, and distributive coupling of Ring while adding commutativity, distinct identities, and complete nonzero division. Ring supplies the genus: A set with two operations — an abelian group under addition and an associative multiplication coupled to it by the distributive law — whose axiom tier and ideal structure unlock a single body of theory (quotients, homomorphisms, factorization) across integers, polynomials, and matrices at once. Field (Algebraic) preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Guarantee that you can always add, subtract, multiply, and divide by anything non-zero by demanding one axiom package — two commutative-group operations bound by distributivity — which certifies the whole apparatus of linear algebra in a single membership check. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.

An algebraic Field is the commutative unital Ring in which every nonzero element has a multiplicative inverse.


The marker is an assignment artifact rather than the generic sorting process, so decomposition preserves the type distinction. Named fields, membership conventions, and routing uses are differentia over Classification.

A Field Boundary Marker is the research-administration form of rule-governed assignment to a named category for downstream action.


Recognized fuzziness does not remove the boundary; it explains why different conventions draw it differently. At the use point the cut is operationally binding even while the marker disclaims natural-kind ontology.

The marker makes a continuous and overlapping expertise space actionable by drawing a convention-bound inclusion edge around a named field.


Classification authorities, citation clusters, journals, and self-identification can disagree because the boundary is symbolic and community-constituted. The operational marker specializes that group distinction to expertise routing.

Named fields and membership conventions draw a socially maintained in/out line around expert communities, carrying both contested fuzziness and gatekeeping power.


The domain failure fixes the recorder and artifact; delay-driven loss of internal attribution is exactly the portable prime. After the ethnography_sociology frame is stripped away, the retained structural roles are those of Evidence-Fidelity Decay: Delay between event and capture lets backfill silently fuse observation, inference, and reconstruction into one uniform record. Fieldnote Backfill adds the local frame and commitments expressed in its identity: The validity threat by which a delayed field write-up silently fuses direct observation, inference, and gap-filling reconstruction into one undifferentiated register, collapsing the attribution that tells the strongest evidence from the weakest. The parent pattern remains recognizable without that vocabulary, while the child is the framed realization of it. That preservation test establishes decomposition rather than taxonomic subsumption.

Removing qualitative-fieldnote vocabulary leaves evidence-fidelity decay: delay-driven loss followed by invisible prior-shaped backfill in the same register as observation.


Backfill is the genre's specific realized lapse when memory is expanded after delay without explicit stratum markers. Fieldnote Backfill supplies an internal constituent: The validity threat by which a delayed field write-up silently fuses direct observation, inference, and gap-filling reconstruction into one undifferentiated register, collapsing the attribution that tells the strongest evidence from the weakest. Fieldnotes requires that role within this mechanism: Record what was observed as close in time and place to the moment as possible, keeping description separate from inference and observer reaction and writing for the analyst's own future self, so perishable context survives the gap between observation and analysis. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it. The conditional qualifier restricts the edge to contexts in which this mechanism is active; outside those contexts the edge asserts no dependency or ancestry.

Fieldnotes contain fieldnote backfill when delayed write-up defeats temporal proximity and fuses observation, inference, and reconstruction into one register.


The genre inherits record-now/read-later logging and narrows its payload to perishable field context, separated inference, and observer reaction. Logging supplies the genus: Record events as they occur, append-only, for inspection after the fact. Fieldnotes preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Record what was observed as close in time and place to the moment as possible, keeping description separate from inference and observer reaction and writing for the analyst's own future self, so perishable context survives the gap between observation and analysis. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.

Fieldnotes are logging specialized to a situated observer, recording events near occurrence with temporal order, contextual self-description, and deferred reading by the future analyst.


The observer-comment layer keeps self-reference distinguishable from description so later analysis can inspect how the observer helped produce the record. Reflexivity (Self-Reference) supplies an internal constituent: Self-referential systems. Fieldnotes requires that role within this mechanism: Record what was observed as close in time and place to the moment as possible, keeping description separate from inference and observer reaction and writing for the analyst's own future self, so perishable context survives the gap between observation and analysis. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Fieldnotes contain a reflexive register recording how observer position, reactions, and inferences enter the account instead of presenting it as observer-free.


Drawer Problem is the whole-study null-suppression species of the broader results-dependent publication and reporting filter. Publication Bias supplies the genus: A scientific record becomes systematically unrepresentative when the probability that a study, result, or outcome becomes publicly available depends on its direction, magnitude, statistical significance, novelty, or sponsor-favoredness. File Drawer Problem preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Recognize that studies with null results disproportionately go unpublished while significant ones enter the literature, so any synthesis treating the published record as the full population of conducted research systematically overestimates effect sizes toward the filter. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


Algorithmic narrowing persists because each recommendation changes the observations used to rank the next one; remove that return path and the system may filter once, but it does not progressively tighten a bubble around revealed preference.

A filter bubble contains the self-reinforcing loop from served items through engagement signals and model updates back to narrower serving.


A reinforcing collateral-credit-output loop is the constitutive amplification mechanism inside the financial accelerator. Feedback supplies an internal constituent: Outputs influence inputs. Financial Accelerator requires that role within this mechanism: The credit-market feedback loop by which a modest shock is amplified — falling asset prices erode collateral, raising the external-finance premium, which cuts investment and depresses prices further — its whole strength read off one elasticity: the premium's sensitivity to borrower net worth. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.


The broader paradox asks whether unitary information preservation can coexist with semiclassical evaporation. AMPS adds a smooth horizon, entanglement monogamy, and a derived Page-time onset, producing a stricter subcase rather than a separate puzzle or a constituent from which the broader paradox is built.

The Firewall Paradox is the Page-time, qubit-level species that sharpens the broader Black Hole Information Paradox into three jointly inconsistent postulates.


After the Page time, unitarity pairs a late radiation mode with the early radiation while horizon smoothness pairs that same mode with its interior partner. Remove those non-factorable joint-state relations and their monogamy constraint, and the AMPS contradiction disappears rather than merely changing its physical vocabulary.

The Firewall Paradox contains two competing entanglement relations for the same late Hawking quantum, with monogamy forbidding both from being maximal at once.


Unitarity, a smooth horizon, and monogamy of entanglement form exactly the cardinality-three impossibility geometry: retaining any pair determines which third commitment fails, while proposed dissolutions dispute the scope or independence assumptions. That forced three-corner structure is the identity of Trilemma instantiated in quantum gravity.

The Firewall Paradox is a strict trilemma because its three independently desirable postulates cannot jointly hold and every resolution must weaken one.


First-pass identity depends on ordered barrier crossing from administration site through gut wall and portal-hepatic transit before systemic arrival. An intravenous route bypasses both the absorption phase and the first-pass gate; route comparison isolates the loss or activation that occurs during entry.

First-Pass Metabolism presupposes the extravascular Absorption Phase whose route carries the dose through the pre-systemic compartment.


The process maps an administered molecule to a chemically altered metabolite through identifiable CYP, conjugation, or related rules while preserving some properties and changing activity or availability. It adds portal-hepatic anatomy, extraction ratio, oral/IV scaling, genotype, and route bypass.

First-Pass Metabolism is Transformation specialized to route-obligate pre-systemic enzymatic conversion before downstream use.


Public-choice analysis treats the wedge as a patterned institutional failure, but the entry also stresses that opacity may improve compliance or smoothing and that the fully informed spending benchmark is normatively contested.

Fiscal Illusion is a Government Failure when financing-induced cost opacity makes public spending worse than the informed comparative benchmark.


The relation is a branch composition, not taxonomy: money illusion applies to monetary quantities generally, while five other fiscal-opacity channels obscure cost without a nominal-real conversion error.

Fiscal Illusion contains Money Illusion in its inflation-finance channel, where nominal figures are not deflated into real fiscal burden.


Withholding versus billing, embedded versus itemized tax, and current tax versus present-value-equivalent debt alter foreground, reference point, and omission while holding the relevant burden fixed for the comparison.

Removing fiscal vocabulary leaves equivalent costs presented through different collection frames that systematically change perceived burden and choice.


Withheld, embedded, passed-through, or layered taxes fail to stand out from their surround, so the taxpayer registers the benefit more readily than its cost. Some debt and inflation channels can instead operate through discounting or failed aggregation without a pure bottom-up contrast mechanism.

Fiscal Illusion typically contains a low-contrast price signal that loses competition for processing against the visible wage, price, benefit, or current budget.


Both identities begin with a one-shot spending injection, repeated income-and-respending rounds, fixed fractional leakage, and a bounded geometric total. The child narrows the trigger to an exogenous change in government spending or taxation and defines the estimand as change in aggregate output divided by that fiscal impulse, net of monetary, exchange-rate, crowding-out, and expectations offsets. Regional, input-output, and autonomous-investment multipliers remain in the parent without being fiscal multipliers.

A fiscal multiplier is the fiscal-impulse specialization of the general economic multiplier effect, adding government instruments, causal identification, regime dependence, and offset channels.


The live fiscal-multiplier entry names Ricardian anticipation as one channel that subtracts gross from net. It is not universal: liquidity constraints, finite horizons, distortionary taxation, uncertainty, and targeting can weaken or eliminate the offset, and the spending-level multiplier remains distinct from the financing-choice multiplier.

Fiscal-multiplier models contain Ricardian equivalence as a private-saving offset only where households foresee and internalize the deferred-tax burden.


Both pin the rate at which selection shifts a population mean to the selection-relevant variance and predict slowdown as sorting consumes that variance. The child fixes the trait to fitness, the variance to its additive recombination-stable genetic component, the rate to the selection-attributable within-generation change, and the regenerators to mutation and recombination.

Fisher's fundamental theorem is variance-bounded selection response specialized to additive genetic variance in fitness in a recombining population.


Both define a population equilibrium by the inability of a rare alternative strategy to invade. The child fixes the strategy to parental sex allocation, the payoff to expected grandchildren per unit parental investment, and the stable interior point to equal total investment in each sex rather than necessarily equal head counts.

Fisher's sex-ratio principle is an evolutionarily stable strategy specialized to parental allocation between offspring sexes.


The rare-sex payoff must sort heritable allocation variants over generations; the equilibrium is not imposed by group optimization or arithmetic alone but generated by variant, differential reproduction, and retention rounds.

Fisher's principle contains natural selection because differential grandchild returns increase parental strategies biased toward the rarer sex until rarity disappears.


Aggregation is a constituent of Fishing Effort because raw fleet activity is not a single commensurate quantity. The construct chooses equivalence weights and combines vessel-days, gear deployment, engine power, or swept area into a summary that can be multiplied by catchability. Fishing Effort adds fisheries-specific calibration and the link from the composite input to fishing mortality.

Fishing effort contains an aggregation rule that collapses heterogeneous vessel, gear, power, and time inputs into one pressure variable.


Measurement supplies the instrument-procedure-scale chain needed to operationalize effort. Without rules for observing and standardizing vessel, gear, time, and power, the symbol E is only a label and qE cannot be interpreted as pressure on a stock. Fishing Effort specializes that general operation to fisheries and explicitly calibrates the resulting quantity against catchability and mortality.

Fishing effort requires a defined observation procedure and scale for turning fleet activity into a quantity with interpretable units and uncertainty.


Stripping effectors, distance, target width, and fitted motor constants leaves a capacity-limited channel whose reliable throughput constrains transmission cost. The child adds the index of difficulty and the calibrated logarithmic movement-time law.

Fitts's Law is Channel Capacity applied to aimed movement, treating target acquisition as transmission of spatial information through a noisy finite-throughput motor channel.


Every flight to quality begins with a worsened perceived outcome distribution and shifts many locally rational agents toward the proven or safe end of a quality ordering. It adds tradable assets, spread widening, the quality-versus-liquidity branch, and safe-asset provision to the broader uncertainty-driven verification premium.

Flight to Quality is the financial-market specialization of collective reallocation toward verified options when uncertainty rises.


Attention is the selective allocation of a limited cognitive resource to a subset of available inputs, gating what gets processed deeply. Flow state is the particular shape this allocation takes when challenge meets skill at the edge of capability with clear goals and immediate feedback: attention locks onto the task to the exclusion of self-monitoring, time-tracking, and distraction, and action and awareness merge. It is a structurally-particularized instance of selective allocation whose specific configuration is total task-absorption produced by the challenge-skill match.

Flow state is the specific shape attention takes when it fully fuses with a challenge-matched task and crowds out monitoring and distraction.


Flow state requires immediate feedback as a structural condition: the attentional fusion of action and awareness depends on the activity continuously returning information about its own unfolding, so that adjustment can occur without breaking the absorbed engagement. Without the feedback loop closing tightly between the performer's action and its perceptible consequence, the challenge-skill matching cannot be tracked moment-to-moment and the self-monitoring processes cannot fall silent. Csikszentmihalyi's clarity-of-goals-and-immediacy-of-feedback condition is the parent prime's structure operating as the substrate of flow.

Flow state presupposes feedback because the merging of action and awareness requires immediate, continuous return of information about the activity's progress.


Agreement, validity, termination, determinism, full asynchrony, and crash tolerance are individually intelligible commitments whose relevant conjunction the bivalency proof closes. Working protocols must weaken a timing, randomness, failure-detection, or termination premise.

FLP is axiomatic incompatibility specialized to deterministic consensus in a fully asynchronous system with one possible crash.


FLP combines that target specification with full asynchrony, determinism, one possible crash, and a bivalency-extension proof showing an adversarial scheduler can prevent termination forever. It is a theorem about the problem, not a subtype of the problem itself.

The consensus problem's agreement, validity, and termination specification is an internal constituent of the FLP impossibility theorem.


Fluency separates a stream's temporal delivery from its semantic content and asks whether production proceeds without disruptive discontinuities. Remove the continuous-versus-interrupted dimension and there is no common scale on which repetitions, blocks, or smooth production can be compared.

Output Fluency contains continuity as the unbrokenness dimension against which disruptive repetitions, prolongations, and blocks are detected.


Speech production moves linguistic information through a temporally ordered output channel. Fluency is the clinical description of how smoothly that movement proceeds; without a stream that can advance, stall, repeat, or resume, the disfluency morphology has no carrier.

Output Fluency contains the forward flow of a speech stream whose rate, direction, and interruptions can be measured separately from the content transported.


A fast stream can be disfluent through irregular cadence and a slow stream can remain fluent. The construct therefore requires patterned timing, accent, and spacing—not merely rate—to distinguish smooth delivery from cluttering or disruptive hesitation.

Output Fluency contains rhythm because appropriate temporal patterning and the distribution of breaks matter independently of raw speaking speed.


It inherits a comparable outcome, time-defined cohorts, a systematic between-cohort contrast, and the requirement to separate observation from causal attribution. Its differentia are cognitive-test raw scores, psychometric renorming, the historically large twentieth-century rise, heterogeneous gains across subtests, and later plateau or reversal in some populations.

Flynn Effect is Cohort Effect specialized to historical changes in raw standardized cognitive-test performance across successive birth cohorts.


The effect is visible only when a stable or defensibly linked instrument, scoring rule, and scale preserve raw-performance comparability across cohorts. This psychometric chain is internal to the Flynn identity and is not supplied by the broader Cohort Effect genus.

Flynn Effect contains a fixed-form psychometric measurement chain that makes raw performance comparable across successive cohorts.


The named finding depends on representing cognitive performance through specified test items, subtests, scoring procedures, and cohort contrasts. That construct-to-observation bridge remains an independent differentia even after Flynn Effect inherits the generic cohort pattern.

Flynn Effect contains the operational lowering from cognitive performance to standardized test tasks and raw-score contrasts.


The moderator protects a remark-counterexample-reframing cascade whose group-level output is a meaning-space map rather than a count of private attitudes. Emergence supplies an internal constituent: Complex patterns from simple rules. Focus group requires that role within this mechanism: Convene six to ten people under a moderator to discuss a topic so that the interaction itself — the counters, reframings, and drawn-out silent voices — excavates collective meanings no individual held as a formed belief. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

A focus group contains emergence because its defining analytic asset is meaning generated by participant interaction that was not already present as a formed answer in any one participant.


Moderator craft protects the audibility invariant, but a poorly moderated focus group can collapse into conformity or domination. Polyphony supplies an internal constituent: Several independent lines coexist on a shared substrate, each retaining its own legible identity, while their interaction generates a coherent whole that none produces alone. Focus group requires that role within this mechanism: Convene six to ten people under a moderator to discuss a topic so that the interaction itself — the counters, reframings, and drawn-out silent voices — excavates collective meanings no individual held as a formed belief. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it. The typical qualifier limits the claim to the characteristic route, not a constitutive requirement of every instance; exceptions must retain the child's identity through another mechanism.

A well-moderated focus group typically contains polyphony when distinct participant lines remain legible while interacting on a shared topic to produce a coherent meaning-space map.


Stripping programmatic focus, DOM, assistive technology, and WCAG framing leaves a structured task forced through a one-dimensional traversal whose ordering principle differs from the consumer's required order; the domain child adds the focus model and its concrete failure channels.

Focus-Order Failure is the interface-accessibility application of Linearization-Meaning Mismatch in which DOM or tabindex order conflicts with semantic task order.


Attention supplies the scarce selection channel; Focusing Effect adds the error of treating currently active information as if it exhausted the causally relevant attribute set.

A fixed processing budget is selectively allocated to the focal attribute while the remainder is filtered below threshold, and the constructed judgment is downstream of that allocation.


The direction of error scales with the focal attribute's divergence from the unattended remainder and survives extra information about that same attribute; the human introspection and hedonic target are its differentia.

Focusing Effect is the attentional-weighting species of Bias whose judgment moves systematically toward the focused attribute and away from its measured causal contribution to the multi-attribute outcome.


The prime's full channel-and-transposition structure appears only in this branch. Self-directed top-down focus can produce the bias without any upstream surfacing process whose selection record is mistaken for significance.

When a bandwidth-limited prompt or display surfaces one attribute, the judge misreads what got shown as evidence of what matters causally to the target.


The Fudenberg-Maskin form and the live source require continuation strategies to remain equilibria after every history, rather than rest on empty punishment threats. Earlier Nash-threat members of the theorem family use a weaker equilibrium concept, so the family-level edge is real but not exceptionless.

The modern repeated-game folk theorem contains subgame perfection as the credibility standard for the punishment strategies sustaining its payoff region.


The theorem formalizes the prime and then adds a much stronger conclusion: essentially the whole feasible individually rational region becomes supportable, creating predictive underdetermination. The mechanism travels beyond the theorem even when convex hulls, minimax floors, and SPE proofs do not.

Removing repeated-game proof machinery leaves the shadow-of-the-future mechanism: patient agents use observable future punishment to sustain present restraint.


It preserves the genus's requester, target ask, deliberately staged precursor, sequence-dependent mediator, and above-baseline compliance outcome. Its differentia fixes the precursor as a small freely accepted request, the later request as larger and related, and the mediator as self-perception after the target's own compliance.

Foot-in-the-Door is a Sequential Compliance Technique specialized to small-accepted-then-large ordering, with self-attributed first compliance changing how the later request is evaluated.


Genre supplies a recurrent cultural form whose conventions guide production and activate an audience's reading and evaluative horizon. Forensic Rhetoric specializes that contract to completed action, an authorized judging audience, rules of evidentiary standing, explanation and exculpation topoi, and verdict-form output. Every defined forensic address is a rhetorical genre instance, although most genres do not adjudicate past conduct.

Forensic rhetoric is the past-action-under-judgment species of Genre, with a stable producer-audience contract governing proof, explanation, responsibility, and verdict.


Remove the adjudicative question, an audience authorized to judge, rules for evidentiary standing, and a verdict-form output and the backward-looking speech is no longer forensic rhetoric. The child adds the genre's explanation, responsibility, exculpation, and remedy topoi plus persuasive craft.

Forensic rhetoric presupposes a forum in which competing claims about past action will be resolved by a judging audience under rules of evidence.


It inherits an authored plant, a temporal gap, and a relevant later return. Its differentia is first-contact unobtrusiveness plus the “ah, of course” conversion: a visibly load-bearing preparation is setup and payoff without being foreshadowing.

A Foreshadowing Cue is the unobtrusive species of Setup and Payoff whose early meaning remains underdetermined until a later activation converts it retrospectively.


The characteristic “ah, of course” requires a partial earlier trace to be held until a later input completes the pattern. Remove that completion and the cue's meaning does not convert retrospectively, leaving preparation, coincidence, or mere repetition rather than foreshadowing.

The payoff contains a pattern-completion event in which later information activates the stored cue and makes the previously incomplete structure suddenly legible.


The technique fails if the cue is invisible to memory and changes species if it is so prominent that the audience immediately reads its later function. That relational score against the surrounding scene is therefore an internal design variable, not merely an effect.

A Foreshadowing Cue contains a deliberately calibrated salience level—detectable enough to be recoverable later but quiet enough to remain underdetermined at first contact.


It retains district mapping and enforceable parcel rules while adding regulating plans, frontage types, envelopes, and transect calibration. Zoning supplies the genus: Partition a jurisdiction's territory into spatially bounded districts and assign each a fixed rule bundle of permitted, conditional, and prohibited uses plus dimensional standards, so what may be built at any parcel resolves by a two-step map-then-ordinance lookup. Form-Based Code preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Regulate land by the physical form of buildings and their relationship to the street — height, setback, build-to line, frontage type — instead of by use, making relational geometry the controlled variable and leaving activity open by right. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.

A form-based code is zoning whose primary controlled variable is building-to-street geometry rather than parcel use.


Formalization supplies codification; the child supplies the land-use substrate and form-over-use choice. Formalization supplies the prerequisite condition: Rendering informal practice into explicit, codified, rule-governed form. Form-Based Code operates against that background: Regulate land by the physical form of buildings and their relationship to the street — height, setback, build-to line, frontage type — instead of by use, making relational geometry the controlled variable and leaving activity open by right. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption.

A form-based code presupposes formalization because intended street-form relationships must be rendered as explicit, checkable geometry, catalogues, maps, and rules.


Form Facet is the genre, media, carrier, or kind-of-object species of Retrieval Facet. Retrieval Facet supplies the genus: Expose one controlled descriptive dimension as an independently selectable and filterable axis whose values can be combined at query time with values selected on other axes. Form Facet preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Reserve one classification axis in a faceted catalog for genre, document type, or format — assigned independently of topic — so 'what kind of object is this' and 'what is it about' become separate, combinable filters. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


Strip the LIS implementation and the defining boundary remains kind or mode of expression versus what the work is about. After the linguistics_semiotics frame is stripped away, the retained structural roles are those of Form and Content: The relationship between a work's structure and its substance. Form Facet adds the local frame and commitments expressed in its identity: Reserve one classification axis in a faceted catalog for genre, document type, or format — assigned independently of topic — so 'what kind of object is this' and 'what is it about' become separate, combinable filters. The parent pattern remains recognizable without that vocabulary, while the child is the framed realization of it. That preservation test establishes decomposition rather than taxonomic subsumption.

Form Facet operationalizes the form side of the general form-content relation as a controlled, independently filterable catalog axis.


The formal system supplies the external rule-governed substrate on which a proof object can be stated and mechanically checked. Formal System supplies the prerequisite condition: Symbols, formation rules, axioms, and inference rules closed under mechanical derivation. Formal Verification operates against that background: Establish with the rigor of a theorem that an engineered artifact satisfies a precisely stated specification by producing a machine-checkable proof that holds over every input in scope at once, rather than sampling behavior on tested inputs the way testing does. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption.

Formal verification presupposes a formal system because proof obligations and mechanical derivations are defined only relative to explicit symbols, axioms, and inference rules.


Formalization may occur upstream of the checking episode, but without it no machine-checkable proof obligation can be posed. Formalization supplies the prerequisite condition: Rendering informal practice into explicit, codified, rule-governed form. Formal Verification operates against that background: Establish with the rigor of a theorem that an engineered artifact satisfies a precisely stated specification by producing a machine-checkable proof that holds over every input in scope at once, rather than sampling behavior on tested inputs the way testing does. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption.

Formal verification presupposes formalization because its artifact and desired property must already be rendered as explicit mechanically operable objects.


It retains object, criterion, procedure, evidence, and scoped verdict while fixing each role to formal proof machinery. Verification supplies the genus: Check that an object conforms to its specification via a defined procedure yielding evidence and a verdict. Formal Verification preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Establish with the rigor of a theorem that an engineered artifact satisfies a precisely stated specification by producing a machine-checkable proof that holds over every input in scope at once, rather than sampling behavior on tested inputs the way testing does. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.

Formal verification is verification specialized to a machine-checkable mathematical derivation over every input in a formally specified scope.


The domain node records a controlled metadata binding from a logical entity to one materialized encoding or carrier. Strip Dublin Core, MIME, PRONOM, RDA, and preservation workflow, and the invariant content versus its form remains. Encoding and serialization are possible production mechanisms, not what the metadata assertion itself does.

Removing catalog registries from a format relation leaves the distinction between one logical content and the concrete forms that realize it.


The already-placed node is explicitly a queryable resource-to-format binding. Its Form-and-Content decomposition preserves the structural skeleton, while this edge records the separate object genus and its catalog-specific differentia.

Format Relation is a binary Relation specialized to a logical resource and one controlled identifier for the form in which it is realized.


The child inherits selective search, interpretation, and retention that protects a prior belief. It adds a structural differentia: the believer authored the thesis, paid identity and commitment costs for it, and occupies the seat that controls how contradictory evidence reaches the plan. Generic Confirmation Bias lacks those venture and authority conditions.

Founder Blind Spot is confirmation bias specialized by thesis authorship and authority to reroute disconfirming market evidence.


Founder-Market Fit is not a founder trait but an actor-environment match. Affordance carries that portable relation; the four venture-calibrated axes and their substitutability ordering remain the domain-specific frame.

Removing venture scoring leaves the relational fit between an actor's capabilities and opportunities offered by an environment.


The credibility axis concerns standing that causes counterparties to extend trust before the product has proved itself. Reputation is therefore a constituent of the scorecard, while Founder-Market Fit adds the market-relative combination and the repairability ordering across all four axes.

Market-specific credibility lowers trust costs and is one of the construct's four required component scores.


Relationships that compress access to customers, hires, partners, and information are explicitly the network component of Founder-Market Fit. Social Capital supplies that relational resource without absorbing insight, credibility, or motivation.

The founder's market-relevant network is one of the construct's four required component scores.


The operator is a change of basis: frequency coefficients are meaningless without the generating family, its independence, spanning/completeness, and coordinate rule. Fourier adds the particular translation-eigenfunction basis and the operator identities that become diagonal in it.

Fourier analysis requires a complete independent generating family of complex exponentials against which every signal receives unique coordinates.


The whole is the signal, the parts are amplitude-and-phase weighted exponential modes, coefficient-wise analysis isolates their contributions, and the inverse transform reconstitutes the original. The Fourier differentia select one translation-diagonalizing basis and add its exact identities and bounds.

Fourier transform is the decomposition species that resolves a function into independently analyzable frequency contributions and exactly recombines them.


Time and space use the additive group of the reals; periodic and discrete cases use the circle or finite cyclic groups. The group action defines translation, its characters define complex exponentials, and only then can translation eigenfunctions and convolution be stated coherently.

Fourier analysis requires a domain with a composable invertible translation operation whose characters supply the frequency modes.


Superposition is not merely a favorable application condition. It is a constitutive algebraic property of the transform itself and makes basis-mode decomposition, coefficient-wise recombination, and diagonal operator analysis possible.

Linearity is an internal law of the Fourier operator: transforming a weighted sum equals the same weighted sum of the separately transformed signals.


The signal is the input, the integral kernel supplies a single-valued rule, the spectrum is the output, and inverse transform plus Parseval identify what remains invariant. Complex exponentials, translation eigenstructure, convolution diagonalization, and uncertainty are the Fourier differentia.

The Fourier transform is the rule-governed mapping species that sends a function to its frequency coefficients while preserving all information and energy.


It retains fluency-for-frequency substitution and adds first encounter, attention-template shift, asymmetric recording, stable base rate, and felt surge. Availability Heuristic supplies the genus: The systematic human tendency to judge how frequent or probable an event is by how easily instances of it come to mind, so retrieval fluency stands in for frequency and estimates track what is memorable rather than what is common. Frequency Illusion preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Explain the felt surge in a thing's frequency right after you first notice it as a change in the perceiver, not the world — selective attention now logs real occurrences while confirmation-biased memory counts hits and discards misses. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.

The frequency illusion is the availability heuristic specialized to a recently noticed item whose increased retrievability is mistaken for a rise in its environmental frequency.


Hit-preserving evidence weighting sustains the apparent surge; priming and availability supply separate trigger and judgment roles. Confirmation Bias supplies an internal constituent: Favor confirming evidence. Frequency Illusion requires that role within this mechanism: Explain the felt surge in a thing's frequency right after you first notice it as a change in the perceiver, not the world — selective attention now logs real occurrences while confirmation-biased memory counts hits and discards misses. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Frequency illusion contains confirmation bias in the asymmetric recording of noticed hits while the much larger pool of misses leaves no comparable memory trace.


Priming supplies the post-encounter detection shift; recording asymmetry and rate misattribution complete the compound. Priming supplies an internal constituent: Prior exposure to a stimulus transiently activates related representations in memory, biasing or speeding subsequent processing, often without awareness. Frequency Illusion requires that role within this mechanism: Explain the felt surge in a thing's frequency right after you first notice it as a change in the perceiver, not the world — selective attention now logs real occurrences while confirmation-biased memory counts hits and discards misses. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Frequency illusion contains priming because the novel first encounter transiently activates the item's representation and lowers its subsequent detection threshold.


A changed attention-selected registered sample is treated as representative of a stable event population; confirmation bias adds the tally asymmetry. Selection Bias supplies an internal constituent: Skewed sampling. Frequency Illusion requires that role within this mechanism: Explain the felt surge in a thing's frequency right after you first notice it as a change in the perceiver, not the world — selective attention now logs real occurrences while confirmation-biased memory counts hits and discards misses. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Frequency illusion contains selection bias because the post-noticing observation process admits target hits at a higher rate than the pre-noticing or miss population from which prevalence is inferred.


Stripping UX vocabulary leaves a finite supply of tolerable cost assigned among candidate uses under a feasibility ceiling and a criterion for where each unit earns the most protection. The child adds the productive-versus-destructive friction test and design interventions.

Friction Budgeting is Allocation applied to a bounded total of interaction cost distributed across the competing steps of a designed flow.


The source's authored identity fixes this mild, anticipated deflation even while distinguishing it from harmful debt deflation. The child adds the precise rate, welfare purpose, cash-bond indifference condition, and countervailing deviations; deflation supplies the negative price-level path.

The live Friedman rule contains a steady deflation at the real rate as the price-level path that implements its zero nominal-rate target.


The rate is not an output merely associated with the rule: it is the wedge between money and interest-bearing assets and the controlled quantity in the prescription. The child adds fiat money, cash demand, near-zero social production cost, the Fisher conversion, and the shoe-leather welfare benchmark.

The Friedman rule contains the nominal interest rate as the private holding cost and policy target that the rule sets to zero.


Under the precisely stated shoe-leather-only model, zero nominal interest yields the efficient result. The source does not offer that as a complete empirical recommendation; sticky prices, seigniorage, financial stability, and the lower bound are named deviations added one at a time.

Stripped of money, the rule is a sharp ideal optimum used as a coordinate origin for a separately named catalog of real-world deviations.


The nominal interest rate is analytically relevant because it is the value of the mutually exclusive alternative asset position. Setting that opportunity cost to money's near-zero social production cost is the rule's operative equality; the child specifies the monetary choice and welfare loss.

The rule contains the return forgone by holding money rather than the best available interest-bearing asset as its private marginal price.


The parent carries the size-weighted distribution; the child fixes size to degree and adds tie-network comparison and sentinel uses. Inspection Paradox supplies the genus: When sampling proceeds by encountering items rather than enumerating them, longer items are over-represented in proportion to their length. Friendship Paradox preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Explain why your friends have more friends than you as the exact consequence of edge-sampling — reaching a node by following a tie over-represents high-degree nodes by exactly the degree variance divided by the mean. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.

Friendship paradox is the network-degree species of inspection paradox, where edge traversal samples nodes in proportion to degree and raises expected degree by variance divided by mean.


Network supplies the substrate and degree structure; inspection paradox supplies the size-proportional sampling mechanism over it. Network supplies the prerequisite condition: Models interactions between components. Friendship Paradox operates against that background: Explain why your friends have more friends than you as the exact consequence of edge-sampling — reaching a node by following a tie over-represents high-degree nodes by exactly the degree variance divided by the mean. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption.

Friendship paradox presupposes a network because its node and edge distributions, degree variance, and nomination path exist only after tie-bearing edges define a connection pattern.


Every fugue retains Counterpoint's horizontal independence, vertical harmonic accountability, voice-leading legality, dissonance treatment, and parallel- motion prohibitions. The named imitative grammar and temporal landmarks are the form's differentia.

Fugue is the contrapuntal species that organizes independent voices by a recurring subject, answer, countersubject, episodes, stretto, and return.


It preserves the full genus: an evaluated act, real use context, operational outcome, many possible forms, and verification by the result. Its differentia is a human communicative actor, partner, short function inventory, and clinical measurement apparatus.

Functional Communication is the speech-language-pathology species of adequacy defined by an outcome achieved in context while realization form remains open.


It preserves the parent's problem representation, familiar interpretation, suppressed alternative search, avoidable failure, and representation-disrupting intervention. It adds an object-level differentia: a conventional function label crowds out the raw property list from which a nonstandard use could be recovered.

Functional Fixedness is Problem-Solving Fixation specialized to an object's conventional function, which suppresses retrieval of properties supporting a novel affordance.


The source and target categorical frames determine both assignment domains and the two preservation equations. Without categories there are no typed arrows or composition laws for the object and morphism maps to respect; the remaining correspondence is only an ordinary mapping.

A Functor requires source and target Categories because its entire content is preserving their objects, arrows, identities, and composition.


Function Mapping supplies the single-valued assignments on objects and on morphisms. Functor adds two categorical carriers, endpoint compatibility, identity preservation, composition preservation, and a preservation profile; neither constituent function alone is the whole functor.

A Functor contains deterministic object and arrow functions whose coordinated images are constrained by the identity and composition laws.


The live condition requires a continued-funding equilibrium and a run equilibrium on the same balance sheet, with beliefs about other funders selecting the outcome. This multiple-equilibria game is an internal constituent; maturity mismatch and finance-specific claims are additional.

Funding fragility contains the run-versus-roll coordination problem in which identical fundamentals support two self-consistent funding equilibria.


The condition cannot exist without two sides on incompatible clocks: the long position cannot accelerate while the short funding side repeatedly comes due and can cease to roll. Confidence sensitivity and financial plumbing add further constituents but do not replace this term gap.

Funding fragility contains a maturity mismatch between long or illiquid commitments and short, revocable financing that must be repeatedly refreshed.


Funnel Plot Asymmetry encodes study-level effect estimates against precision, defines a symmetric inverted-funnel null, and supplies visual and statistical diagnostics. Small-Study Effects supplies the retained observable: effect magnitudes differ systematically with study size or precision, often with the small-study end displaced toward larger estimates, without requiring that the pattern already be plotted or assigned one cause.

Removing the funnel-plot encoding and named diagnostic apparatus leaves the size-dependent effect-estimate pattern named by Small-Study Effects.


The plot has two sides relative to the pooled or true-effect axis, a transformation exchanging those sides, and a directional density or missing- mass imbalance that fails the swap test. The child adds study estimates, precision, an inverted-funnel null, interpretability limits, and a fixed differential of publication selection, reporting, heterogeneity, and chance.

Funnel Plot Asymmetry is the effect-by-precision species of directed non-interchangeability around an expected symmetry axis.


Gambler's fallacy contains representativeness because a short streak that looks unlike the expected long-run pattern is treated as evidence that reversal is due. Remove the expectation that a short sequence should resemble its source distribution and the observed imbalance no longer creates a balancing obligation for the next independent trial. parent_in_child


The true next-trial probability remains flat under independence while the judge's reversal estimate moves farther in the opposite direction as the streak grows. That is a repeatable signed deviation. The child adds the short-sample representativeness mechanism, aggregate-to-trial scale error, independence gate, and due-outcome direction.

Gambler's fallacy is bias specialized to a systematic next-trial estimate displaced toward reversal after a streak under an independence premise.


Gambler's fallacy contains a misapplied law-of-large-numbers intuition, turning asymptotic aggregate convergence into a finite next-trial obligation. Remove the expectation that long-run frequencies must be enforced by short-run correction and a streak supplies no reason for the opposite outcome to feel due under independence. parent_in_child


The live entry makes independence the verdict gate: equal conditional and marginal next-trial distributions make the streak evidentially inert. Without that factorization, an urn, Markov process, or regulated system can make reversal rational, and the same surface statement no longer instantiates the fallacy.

Gambler's fallacy presupposes statistical independence because the due judgment is erroneous only when the streak carries no information about the next trial.


The effect requires one receiver-side weighting attached to a multi-topic communicator and a diagnostic observation that should change that weighting. Instead, the observation is quarantined to the checked topic, so the next message inherits the unrevised credibility weight. Source Credibility supplies the communicator, receiver, perceived-quality weight, and message-uptake gate; the Gell-Mann effect adds the cross-topic filing error and immediate reset.

Source Credibility is the state variable the Gell-Mann Amnesia Effect fails to revise when a checkable article exposes errors in the source's process.


The child fixes the encoding intervention to learner-produced rather than presented material and adds the meaningfulness, constraint, and prior-knowledge moderators. Its stated mechanism is the richer trace produced by activating and binding existing knowledge during encoding, which is exactly the domain parent.

Generation Effect contains Elaborative Encoding because producing a target from a meaningful cue binds it to prior associations and creates additional retrieval routes.


The phenotype expressed in one generation changes reproductive success; differential reproduction changes the frequencies of heritable variants controlling the phenotype's threshold or reliability; those changed frequencies alter how readily the phenotype is expressed in later generations. Remove that return path and plastic expression cannot ratchet into increasing trigger independence.

Genetic Assimilation contains a cross-generation return path from plastic expression through differential reproduction to later expression propensity.


It contains the full variation-selection-retention mechanism: organisms differ heritably in how readily an induced phenotype is expressed, that phenotype affects reproductive success under a sustained selective regime, and variants requiring less induction increase across generations. Its differentia are the initially plastic phenotype and the progressive loss of dependence on the original environmental trigger.

Genetic Assimilation is Natural Selection specialized to heritable differences in the trigger dependence of an initially plastic phenotype.


Both are named recurring defective arguments whose failure lies in relevance or premise acceptability rather than formal validity. Genetic Fallacy fixes the defective material to source, history, motive, era, process, or circumstances of discovery asserted as a verdict without an adequate criterion-relevance bridge.

Genetic Fallacy is the informal-fallacy subtype that substitutes source or origin information for evaluation on present merits.


Remove the argumentative and evaluative frame while retaining a target owed assessment, an origin signal, a criterion-relevant signal, and blind uptake through the former in place of the latter. That remainder is Relevance Substitution. The edge is conditional because a knowingly deployed, immediately recognized, or unsuccessful genetic argument remains a fallacy even when no recipient updates through the substitute channel.

When an origin cue successfully and blindly displaces the merits signal, removing the fallacy frame leaves Relevance Substitution.


A genre's convention cluster is retained as structured knowledge on both sides of its producer-audience contract. For the producer it supplies expected roles, moves, forms, and resolutions; for the audience it supplies defaults for recognition, interpretation, and judgment. Remove those slot-and-expectation schemas and recurrent artifacts no longer establish a usable generic horizon, leaving only a retrospective pile of similarities.

Genre contains linked production and reception schemas whose slots, defaults, and expectations guide how an instance is made, recognized, and evaluated.


Geographic Facet is the governed-place species of Retrieval Facet. Retrieval Facet supplies the genus: Expose one controlled descriptive dimension as an independently selectable and filterable axis whose values can be combined at query time with values selected on other axes. Geographic Facet preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Treat spatial location as a separable description axis in a faceted catalog — assigning place independently of topic, form, and period, and binding it to a controlled place authority so the same location is referenced consistently and can be filtered on its own. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


Named places may encode regions rather than coordinates, but they still locate resources in a governed space and support place-only and combined retrieval. Authority and facet-interface machinery are the domain accent.

Geographic Facet is the controlled-catalog specialization of organizing items by spatial position so location becomes a retrieval handle.


The source makes authority binding constitutive and uses France, French Republic, and misspellings as its test. The authority mapping is external resolution machinery the facet depends on, not a kind of geographic facet.

The geographic facet requires variant place labels to resolve many-to-one to a stable authority identity before the place filter can aggregate reliably.


It inherits transported matter, direction, rate, driving potential, path, and continuity. The child fixes the material to erupted lava, the principal drive to gravity and supply pressure, and adds evolving temperature-dependent viscosity, crystallization, crust formation, topographic confinement, and arrest when resistance exceeds driving stress.

A geological lava flow is directional matter flow specialized to cooling, crystallizing molten rock moving from a volcanic vent across terrain.


Gibrat's Law retains the complete Multiplicative Random Growth skeleton: a positive size is repeatedly multiplied by independent, identically distributed proportional shocks; taking logarithms converts the product into an additive random walk; and finite-variance log increments yield an approximately normal log-size distribution over long horizons. It adds the industrial-organization frame of firms, size-growth regressions, minimum-efficient-scale departures, survival selection, and upper-tail deviations.

Stripping Gibrat's firm-growth framing leaves Multiplicative Random Growth's size-independent proportional shocks, log-additive random walk, and conditional log-normal limit.


Remove consol yields or an equivalent long nominal rate and there is no first variable in the defining correlation and no Fisher-theory violation. The child adds the price-level series, British gold-standard sample, shared-driver candidates, and regime contrast.

Gibson's paradox contains the long-term nominal interest-rate series whose co-movement with the price level constitutes the historical anomaly.


The anomaly cannot be stated as simply rates moving with prices: it depends on nominal long rates being decomposable into real rates plus expected inflation and on distinguishing a price-index level from its rate of change. The child adds the historical sample, regime, correlation, and driver search.

Gibson's paradox contains the nominal-versus-real rate and level-versus- change distinctions that make its correlation violate the Fisher relation.


The core empirical fact is positive long-run co-movement. Its candidate resolution through a shared real-side driver reinforces rather than weakens correlation's silence about direct mechanism. The child adds exact variables, regime, period, theory conflict, and disappearance under fiat money.

Removing the monetary history leaves systematic co-variation between two observed series with no licensed causal direction.


Direct rate effects, expectations, and a shared gold-productivity driver can yield observationally similar level correlations. More observations of the same two series cannot choose among them; the gold-to-fiat contrast or an exogenous driver supplies the additional observation channel.

Stripped of the monetary frame, the same observed co-movement is compatible with multiple internal causal structures and cannot uniquely recover one.


It inherits the defining negative income response of an Inferior Good and adds a large budget share, limited substitutes, and an income effect whose magnitude exceeds the ordinary substitution effect, reversing the own-price demand slope.

Every Giffen good is an inferior good whose negative income effect is large enough to outweigh the substitution effect after an own-price increase.


The upward slope cannot be identified from inferiority alone. Slutsky Decomposition supplies the compensated substitution term, the real-income term, and the exact adding identity whose magnitude comparison defines the Giffen regime. The child adds the large budget share, weak substitutes, and observed upward-sloping demand.

A Giffen Good contains the Slutsky two-term decomposition and is the regime in which the inferior-good income effect outweighs the own-price substitution effect.


Algebraic mean-difference formulas are equivalent computation routes, not different target objects. The coefficient remains a many-to-one readout of the same cumulative-share concentration structure the curve exposes.

Gini presupposes the Lorenz concentration object because its defining scalar is twice the area between that curve and the equality diagonal.


Tail-heavy and bottom-heavy distributions can share the output precisely because aggregation preserves a chosen concentration functional while discarding the rest of the input vector. After the economics_finance frame is stripped away, the retained structural roles are those of Aggregation: Deliberately collapsing many items into a single summary, choosing which information to discard to gain tractability. Gini Coefficient adds the local frame and commitments expressed in its identity: Collapse a whole distribution of a resource into one number on a 0-to-1 scale by measuring how far its Lorenz curve bows away from perfect equality. The parent pattern remains recognizable without that vocabulary, while the child is the framed realization of it. That preservation test establishes decomposition rather than taxonomic subsumption.

Gini strips to a deliberate many-to-one collapse of a complete distribution into one comparable scalar at the cost of shape information.


The coefficient fixes a target, a computation, a unit-free scale, endpoint references, and known sensitivity and uncertainty limits. That is an exact domain-framed measurement operation rather than inequality itself.

Removing Lorenz and inequality terminology leaves a procedure mapping a distributional concentration attribute onto a calibrated zero-to-one scale.


Players condition actions on privately observed signals and optimize against beliefs about other signal types. The surviving threshold profile is a Bayesian Nash equilibrium, while the child adds the perturbation and uniqueness theorem.

A Global Game contains a Bayesian equilibrium over signal-conditioned strategies; its uniqueness result selects one threshold member of that solution class.


The private-signal perturbation alone does not deliver the selection. The proof repeatedly removes strategies that are inferior across the remaining opponent contingencies until only the threshold policy survives.

Global Games contains iterated deletion of dominated strategies as the engine that moves inward from extreme-signal dominance regions.


Global Games supplies one domain-specific solution to equilibrium multiplicity: perturb common knowledge with noisy local evidence, anchor dominance at the extremes, and propagate inward until one cutoff survives.

Removing private-signal game machinery leaves a method for selecting one outcome from several self-sustaining coordination equilibria.


Global Games compresses the strategy profile to a critical signal value; agents act on one side and refrain on the other, with noise and payoffs shifting that boundary through comparative statics.

The selected equilibrium contains a cutoff that separates the signal region in which each of the two actions is optimal.


Mechanistically supported clines retain pigmentation variants that perform better in the local environment, but a raw humidity association can also arise through shared latitude, phylogeny, or another coincident variable and therefore does not always establish adaptation.

Gloger's rule typically contains adaptation when darker pigmentation improves bacterial resistance, crypsis, or another humidity-linked fit criterion.


Both assert systematic co-variation without making the observed association alone prove a causal mechanism. The child fixes the variables to plumage or pelage melanin and humidity or its environmental bundle, scopes the comparison to endotherms, and carries a small menu of adaptive explanations to test.

Gloger's rule is correlation specialized to positive covariation between melanin pigmentation and environmental humidity within endotherm taxa.


The rule's wet-equatorial to dry-arid cline requires humidity to be a scalar field with an ordered direction and rate, while correlated latitude and temperature are explicitly treated as possible confounders of that field.

Gloger's rule contains a humidity gradient over geographic space on which pigmentation changes directionally.


The wedge contains the Beachhead Market sequence: concentrate on a narrow entry, dominate it, accumulate enabling assets, and expand into adjacencies. The child adds the startup-specific mechanism that the segment must look unimportant enough for incumbents to ignore, plus product, channel, and use-case variants of the foothold.

Stripping incumbent-dismissal and go-to-market vocabulary leaves the narrow defensible foothold used to fund staged expansion.


Fan-in, fan-out, responsibility, comprehension, and change traffic become heavily concentrated at one provider. That distribution makes system fragility depend on the hub independently of local quality, while extract- and-distribute refactoring is the software repair.

A god object is dependency-weight concentration specialized to one software class, module, service, or table becoming the outlier integration hub.


Agency Problem supplies delegated action, divergent preferences, unequal observability, and residual cost borne by the principal. Gold Plating inherits those commitments and adds a delivery producer who inserts unauthorized quality or features whose downstream burden was neither requested nor budgeted by the principal.

Gold Plating is an Agency Problem specialized to a producer who unilaterally expands delivery scope beyond the principal's authorization.


Without a contract, specification, or other authorized boundary there is no principled distinction between legitimate refinement and unilateral excess. Boundary supplies the inside/outside partition against which the added feature or quality can be identified as beyond scope.

An authorized scope envelope is an internal constituent of Gold Plating because the excess is defined by crossing it.


The child fixes the apparatus to a predictor, diagnostic, or measurement system and the reference to a mutable label treated as a gold standard. Its distinctive emphasis is loss of the reference's standing relative to the construct while metrics can remain stable. Strip that methodological frame and the live prime's apparatus, role-bearing standard, hidden revision clock, internal fixedness, and external-audit requirement all remain intact.

Removing supervised-validation vocabulary from gold-standard erosion leaves an apparatus scoring against an authoritative reference that silently drifts.


The team has accumulated fluency, hiring, operations, and infrastructure around one capability. A new problem is therefore evaluated from a history-shaped option set in which switching cost is immediate and the existing tool's misfit cost is deferred, causing selection by trajectory rather than present fit.

Path dependence is a constituent of golden-hammer selection because past investment in one tool constrains the present feasible and salient tool set.


Without a closed growth model there is no steady or balanced capital stock, no depreciation and dilution requirement, and no mapping from a saving decision to the consumption flow being maximized. The benchmark spans Solow, overlapping- generations, endogenous-growth, climate, and optimal-tax variants, so the family is stricter than any one canonical model.

The Golden Rule Savings Rate presupposes an Economic Growth Model that maps saving into an intertemporal capital path, maintenance burden, output, and consumption.


As capital rises, its marginal product falls while depreciation and dilution continue to scale with the maintained stock. Their crossing produces the Golden Rule condition and makes both under- and over-accumulation possible.

Diminishing Returns are the strict constituent that creates an interior consumption-maximizing capital stock rather than making more accumulation always better.


The decision variable is saving or the capital stock, the objective is steady-state consumption, and the constraint is the capital law of motion with depreciation and population dilution. The first-order sign test and welfare reversal at the peak preserve Optimization's objective-variable-constraint core.

Removing macroeconomic vocabulary leaves a strict Optimization problem that chooses an accumulation rate to maximize a sustained flow under maintenance constraints.


The Google effect is cognitive offloading specialized to remembering where digitally retrievable information can be found rather than retaining its content. Cognitive Offloading supplies the genus: Moving capacity-bounded internal work onto an external substrate, trading internal load for an external dependency that must be maintained. Google Effect preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: The memory phenomenon in which people encode where information can be retrieved rather than its content whenever they expect it to stay available in an external digital store — a substitution of address for substance, not a general loss of memory. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


Removing knowledge-organization standards leaves a structured type framework with declared slots, admissible values, and integrity rules for relation instances. Remove SKOS, thesauri, authority files, catalog retrieval actions, mapping grades, and named metadata standards. A formal framework still declares allowed relation types, their fields, constraints, inverses, and rules for validating conforming instances.


Removing the named link codes leaves common adoption of one controlled relation vocabulary so producers and consumers interpret edges identically. Remove SKOS, ISO thesaurus codes, catalog systems, exact relation names, and institutional maintenance bodies. Independent producers and consumers converge on one explicit vocabulary and rule set, making exchange and integrity checks interoperable.


The failure catalogue becomes systematic only after the public-choice lens supplies actors with private objectives, institutional constraints, and equilibrium responses. Public Choice is the upstream research program, not an internal failure mode or a taxonomic genus of failures.

Government Failure depends on Public Choice's move of modeling the state as self-interested role occupants rather than a benevolent unitary planner.


Voters, legislatures, and agencies form delegated layers whose objectives, observability, and rewards diverge from the public mandate. The political catalogue adds elections, budgets, regulators, and matched institutional remedies to that portable delegation failure.

Removing state vocabulary leaves the mandate-versus-private-agenda wedge of the live Agency Problem, which already aliases principal-agent.


Government Failure is not an absolute anti-state verdict. Its discipline is the co-framing, dimension selection, alignment, and relational read-off that makes two institutional mechanisms commensurable enough to compare.

Its portable analytical operation places market and state mechanisms on one failure-cost surface and reads off which fails less in the case at hand.


When an intervention rewards or punishes a measured behavior, actors move the metric along the cheapest wedge while the underlying public objective stagnates or worsens. That is an exact internal mode, not the whole catalogue.

Its cobra-effect branch contains Goodhart's proxy-under-pressure mechanism, while capture and electoral-myopia branches need not target a proxy.


Several catalogue modes turn on material knowledge held by one institutional layer that another cannot cheaply observe or verify. Other modes, such as a short electoral horizon under common knowledge, need no information gap.

Government Failure contains Information Asymmetry in its centre-periphery, regulator-industry, and voter-official information-loss branches.


The branch supplies a specific institutional inversion and inherits the live Rent Seeking route. Government Failure also includes non-regulatory modes, so capture is a conditional constituent rather than its genus or universal core.

Regulatory Capture is an internal branch of the Government Failure catalogue when regulated interests redirect the agency meant to constrain them.


A generic interface between amorphous phases can be high-energy and transport- active, but it lacks grain misorientation, lattice periodicity, and special- boundary crystallography and is therefore not this domain abstraction.

Grain Boundary requires two regions of translational crystal order whose relative orientation makes their shared interface a misregistered lattice zone.


The demarcation is physically operative rather than a drawn line: its character determines permeability, identity of the adjacent grains, cross-interface exchange, and where stress or chemistry localizes.

Grain Boundary is the crystallographic species of Boundary that demarcates two ordered grains and regulates transport, slip transfer, segregation, and fracture across them.


It inherits regular structure, localized deviation, concentration, propagation channels, macroscopic leverage, and deliberate defect engineering. Two adjoining grains, crystallographic misorientation, planar extent, and boundary character are its differentia.

Grain Boundary is the planar misorientation species of Defect whose broken periodicity concentrates diffusion, segregation, nucleation, and cracking.


Its central guarantee is the ADT contract-versus-implementation split: algorithms depend on graph operations and invariants while adjacency list, matrix, edge list, and compressed sparse row remain substitutable behind the interface and are selected by profiling rather than client rewrites.

A graph data type is an abstract data type specialized to node-edge traversal, mutation, and query contracts over swappable representations.


The graph type makes a network executable but is not the modeled network itself. Its representations and complexity profiles are domain accent; nodes, edges, paths, adjacency, and connection-pattern analysis survive extraction as the live network prime.

Removing the in-memory interface and representation layer from a graph data type leaves network's substrate-neutral node-and-edge pattern.


The source identifies a three-stratum chain from network to in-program graph representation to persistence-with-query. The database adds durable stores, a query language, optimizer, direct edge access, and ACID mutation, but those facilities operate over the graph traversal/mutation contract.

A graph database contains a graph data type as the node-edge operational layer that persistence, queries, optimization, and transactions extend.


Planarity supplies the crossing-free embedding and definite face structure. Graph Duality adds the face-to-vertex construction, edge bijection, translation table, involutive round trip, and primal-dual algorithmic payoff.

Graph Duality requires a fixed planar embedding because its dual vertices are the primal faces and its dual edges cross their corresponding primal edges.


Both sides uniquely determine one another, a named structure is preserved, claims translate systematically, and a double application returns the original up to the accepted equivalence. The child adds fixed planar graph embeddings and its specific combinatorial translation table.

Graph Duality is the Duality species whose exact involutive pairing swaps vertices with faces while preserving edges and translating paths with cuts.


The buyer knowingly pays above fundamental value because a later buyer is expected to pay more. That is the Keynesian Beauty Contest's higher-order-belief rule specialized to a sequential resale chain, with an exit horizon, transaction spread, and a finite pool of successors that makes the chain self-terminating.

Greater Fool Theory is the resale-market specialization of choosing on expectations of others' future expectations rather than one's own valuation.


It inherits a channel-selective boundary that produces net retention and accumulation under incoming forcing. It adds shortwave transparency, longwave absorption and re-emission, radiative forcing, feedbacks, and a higher planetary equilibrium temperature.

The Greenhouse Effect is Asymmetric Flux specialized to wavelength-selective atmospheric transmission and infrared re-radiation.


Both nodes require an embedded subsystem to re-create facilities already available at the host level because incoming requirements exceed the narrower surface it was given. Greenspun's rule adds the programming-language differentia: the missing facilities are Lisp-like expressivity and the accreted copy is an informal, bug-prone language implementation. The parent now names the single surviving software-architecture abstraction after the former prime/domain duplicate identities were consolidated.

Greenspun's Tenth Rule is the programming-language species of the inner-platform effect, where a program lacking sufficiently expressive host abstractions grows an ad hoc, incomplete language implementation inside itself.


A Grey Swan is risk specialized to a rare, high-consequence event foreseeable in category but uncertain in timing, magnitude, and exact form. Risk supplies the genus: Exposure to a known distribution of possible outcomes. Grey Swan preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: A high-impact event whose category is foreseeable and reasoned about in advance but whose specific timing, magnitude, and form are unpredictable — the intermediate cell that calls for scenario planning and stress testing, not antifragility or actuarial insurance. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


After the medicine_healthcare frame is stripped away, the retained structural roles are those of Frame of Reference: Observational perspective. Grid Cell adds the local frame and commitments expressed in its identity: Supply the brain's spatial metric with entorhinal neurons whose firing fields tile the environment as a hexagonal lattice — a reusable coordinate scaffold, updated odometrically by path integration and stacked into modules, sitting beneath the place-cell layer that supplies location identity. The parent pattern remains recognizable without that vocabulary, while the child is the framed realization of it. That preservation test establishes decomposition rather than taxonomic subsumption.

Grid Cell is the framed or domain-specific realization of Frame of Reference; removing the local frame leaves the parent's structural relation intact.


The child inherits the parent mapping from observed game history to prescribed action. Its differentia are one trigger event, an absorbing punishment state, zero forgiveness, and an effectively infinite horizon.

Grim trigger is a game-theoretic strategy specialized to a two-state history rule: cooperate until one defection, then defect forever.


Grim trigger is one exact implementation of the prime's horizon-times- observability mechanism. The child adds permanent punishment, zero forgiveness, a two-state automaton, and catastrophic noise fragility.

Stripping the absorbing trigger rule leaves a visible, sufficiently weighted future that makes the discounted cost of retaliation exceed present defection gain.


Millions of goods, services, firms, transactions, and income claims are deliberately reduced to one total. The final-goods rule blocks duplicate counting and the expenditure and income decompositions preserve selected handles, while unpaid production, distribution, and depletion are discarded.

GDP strictly collapses heterogeneous final production into one scalar while declared construction rules determine which distinctions and items disappear.


Apples, legal services, software, and construction cannot be summed as physical quantities. Transaction prices place them on a common monetary scale. The child adds final-output, boundary, time-window, and three-account identities, while its unpaid-production blind spot follows from the metric.

GDP makes heterogeneous final goods additive by expressing them in one market-price metric, with predictable silence where no admissible price exists.


GDP maps productive activity onto a monetary scale using market prices, a geographic boundary, a final-goods filter, and a fixed period. The three approaches triangulate the value and localize discrepancy; the child adds the specific economic target, institutional rules, and named exclusions.

Removing national-accounting vocabulary from GDP leaves a declared target mapped to a scale by explicit boundary, valuation, and counting procedures.