Without accumulation of daily exceedance into degree-heating time or reserve depletion, equal peaks with radically different durations cannot be distinguished. Accumulation supplies an internal constituent: A stock grows or shrinks as the time-integral of its net inflow minus outflow, so stocks and flows live on different objects and cannot be equated. Marine Heatwave requires that role within this mechanism: Turn a noisy ocean-temperature record into countable events by flagging where daily sea-surface temperature stays above the 90th-percentile climatology for five-plus days, so cumulative thermal dose — not peak — predicts ecological cascade. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Marine-heatwave impact analysis contains cumulative thermal dose integrated above threshold.


Removing organism and food-web propagation leaves the bounded physical event intact but removes the bleaching, mortality, habitat, and stock-displacement branch. Applies when exposure exceeds substrate-specific biological tolerances and coupled ecological effects propagate; a formally counted event need not cause damage.

Marine heatwaves often contain dose-scaled ecological cascades after sustained forcing.


Remove the five-day persistence rule and event onset-to-end ordering, and transient spikes become indistinguishable from heatwaves despite different effects. Temporal Dynamics supplies an internal constituent: System outcomes depend fundamentally on timing, sequencing, duration. Marine Heatwave requires that role within this mechanism: Turn a noisy ocean-temperature record into countable events by flagging where daily sea-surface temperature stays above the 90th-percentile climatology for five-plus days, so cumulative thermal dose — not peak — predicts ecological cascade. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

A marine heatwave contains constitutive duration and sequencing, not merely a temperature peak.


Without the 90th-percentile boundary, warm observations cannot be classified consistently as inside or outside the event. Threshold supplies an internal constituent: Safe vs harmful levels. Marine Heatwave requires that role within this mechanism: Turn a noisy ocean-temperature record into countable events by flagging where daily sea-surface temperature stays above the 90th-percentile climatology for five-plus days, so cumulative thermal dose — not peak — predicts ecological cascade. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

A marine heatwave contains a climatology-relative percentile threshold for event detection.


Remove ocean species, home ranges, larval dispersal, no-take terminology, and fisheries examples. The remaining mechanism is a protected resource, principal-action pairs, an authorization rule, a legible boundary, and enforcement separating permitted from forbidden uses. The marine child adds conservation purpose, spatial design parameters, and ecological recovery.

A Marine Protected Area decomposes to Access Control because its operative core is an enforced policy deciding which actors may perform which extractive actions inside a bounded resource.


The entry makes dispersal kernels, larval export, and pairwise connectivity part of the network's architecture rather than outside ecological context; removing them erases the spacing rule and mutual-replenishment test that distinguish a network from a patchwork.

A marine protected area network contains larval dispersal as the current-borne connective mechanism to which reserve spacing is calibrated.


Without the individually bounded and enforced no-take or restricted-use zones, there are no nodes to space, connect, replicate, or evaluate as a conservation network. Marine Protected Area supplies an internal constituent: Recover a marine ecosystem with a purely negative, spatial lever — a legible perimeter plus an enforced use-restriction that lifts chronic extraction so the system's own already-present recovery machinery runs — its success set by five design parameters, not by drawing the line. Marine Protected Area Network requires that role within this mechanism: A deliberately designed spatial arrangement of ocean reserves whose combined performance — through spacing calibrated to larval dispersal, habitat representation across nodes, and replication against single-node failure — exceeds what any single reserve of equal total area could achieve, because conservation outcomes are set by network architecture, not aggregate area. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

A marine protected area network contains multiple marine protected areas as its reserve nodes.


Without distinct habitat classes represented across the node portfolio, the network protects a uniform subset and loses the coverage and response variation its architecture is designed to preserve.

A marine protected area network contains functional habitat diversity through its representation rule.


Both consist of nodes and relations whose architecture determines whole-system behavior beyond aggregate node count or area. The child fixes nodes to marine reserves, edges to larval transport, migration, and spillover, and design criteria to habitat representation and conservation performance.

A marine protected area network is a network specialized to ocean reserves and ecological transport.


Without multiple independently exposed nodes carrying each habitat class, one storm, spill, or bleaching event can erase that habitat from the whole system and the fault-tolerance guarantee disappears.

A marine protected area network contains deliberate replication against single-node failure.


Marine snow is the aggregated-particle transport limb by which the biological pump exports surface carbon to depth. Biological Pump supplies an internal constituent: The suite of biological and gravitational processes that transfer carbon fixed in the sunlit surface ocean down into the deep ocean and sediments, maintaining the surface-deep dissolved-inorganic-carbon gradient that keeps atmospheric CO2 far lower than it would otherwise be. Marine Snow requires that role within this mechanism: Treat the downward flux of aggregated particulate matter from the surface ocean to depth as the biological carbon pump's transport limb — where the load-bearing step is aggregation, once a floc's settling velocity overtakes the column's turbulent mixing and it sinks coherently. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.


A mere cutoff is not this cliff. Forced selling or collateral demand must worsen the price or balance-sheet measure that fired the rule, increasing breach and inducing further enforcement. That same-reference return path is an internal positive-feedback constituent of the financial mechanism.

The activated consequence feeds back into the same marked reference, pushing it farther beyond the threshold that triggered enforcement.


The marked value is the observable, a covenant, capital ratio, margin level, or rating boundary is the threshold, and forced sale, collateral call, or cross-default is the activated consequence. The cliff adds continuous valuation and contractual enforcement to the general trigger-rule structure.

A Mark-to-Market Cliff is the finance specialization of a continuous observable crossing a threshold and activating a previously dormant rule.


Market power is the price-theoretic specialization of bargaining power: finite substitution makes the counterparty's exit option costly and lets the actor move terms and surplus toward itself. Remove firms, product and labor markets, prices and wages, residual demand or supply curves, marginal cost and product, Lerner indices, output restriction, and deadweight-loss accounting. One actor can reject or vary the proposed terms at lower cost because counterparties lack equally good alternatives, and that relational dependence permits a favorable shift in the attainable surplus division.


Residual-demand slope is positional: substitution frictions, isolation, network location, intellectual property, or switching moats make counterparties' alternatives worse. The position grants leverage that disappears when close substitutes return.

Removing price theory leaves an actor whose occupied position among alternatives confers terms-setting leverage independent of its absolute size.


Pull is not merely a static ranking of completed offerings. Observed need and buying response feed back into the innovation search, changing subsequent investment and variation. Feedback is therefore a constituent loop; the demand-side direction distinguishes Market Pull from supply-led Technology Push.

Demand signals return to developers and investors and alter which variants are generated, funded, and refined next.


Market Pull is the organized-innovation instance of selection pressure applied from the need side. Articulated demand and willingness to pay sort variants and redirect search. Selection carries that substrate-neutral differential-retention core; market, customer, and R&D vocabulary remain the domain differentia.

Stripping market vocabulary leaves demand-side criteria giving some candidate solutions greater retention, funding, and development than others.


The evaluator begins with a low prior for an extraordinary report and should revise it with evidence about the report's external referent. The effect occurs when the prior is treated as positive evidence of falsity and the likelihood is never investigated, collapsing the judgment onto the prior. Bayesian Updating supplies the prior-evidence-posterior discipline whose failure fixes the effect's direction and external-verification remedy.

The Martha Mitchell Effect is defined against Bayesian Updating because its error is an over-weighted low prior that substitutes for testing and integrating claim-specific evidence.


After the initial pathologizing classification, the evaluator does not process later behavior symmetrically. Insistence that would be expected from a truthful claimant is instead selected and interpreted as confirmation of delusion, so no evidence generated inside the interaction can reverse the diagnosis. Confirmation Bias supplies this same-direction evidence handling; the named effect adds a true low-prior report and clinical-forensic misclassification.

Confirmation Bias is a constituent of the Martha Mitchell Effect's self-sealing loop because every protest is reinterpreted as further support for the prior delusion diagnosis.


The actor may be correctly authenticated and authorized for the object while still lacking authority over server-managed fields such as role or owner. Mass assignment occurs when the binding layer accepts the request's own field enumeration instead of enforcing the field-action policy at the trust boundary.

The mass-assignment verdict presupposes field-level access control defining which attributes an authorized action may write by default-deny allow-list.


Both are structured movement of matter with direction and rate. The child fixes rock, regolith, or soil moving downslope under gravity as the sole transport agent.

Mass wasting is matter flow specialized to gravity-driven downslope transfer without a carrying medium.


Removing accumulated loading, strength exceedance, and abrupt release eliminates slides, falls, and topples but leaves slow continuous creep within the broader category. Applies to discrete slope failures such as slides, falls, topples, and many debris flows; slow soil creep is the explicit exception.

Rapid mass-wasting branches contain accumulated stress followed by failure and release.


Remove the resisting-to-driving-force boundary at unity and the entry loses its criterion for predicting when a specified failure surface becomes mobile. Threshold supplies an internal constituent: Safe vs harmful levels. Mass Wasting requires that role within this mechanism: Predict whether a slope fails by comparing resisting to driving force on a specified shear surface as a single factor-of-safety ratio, stable above unity and failing below it, with gravity as the sole transport agent. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Mass wasting contains a factor-of-safety threshold separating supported and failing slope states.


The candidate domain is the power set of graph edges and the defining admissibility condition is that every vertex have incidence at most one in the chosen subset. Maximum, maximal, perfect, and minimum-cost variants all retain that hard feasibility condition even when their targets differ. Constraint supplies the feasible-set distinction; matching adds the graph- incidence condition and the theorem and algorithm apparatus built around it.

Matching presupposes constraint because pairwise vertex-disjointness is the hard condition that prunes all edge subsets to the feasible matching family.


Every variant in the live matching identity begins with G=(V,E): vertices identify the entities, edges identify eligible pairs, and paths, odd cycles, bipartiteness, covers, and the matching polytope all derive from that connection pattern. Withdrawing the graph does not leave a looser matching instance; it makes the edge subset and vertex-incidence test undefined. Network supplies the structural substrate while matching adds the no-shared-vertex feasible family, target variant, certificates, and algorithms.

Graph matching presupposes a network because its object is a subset of pairwise vertex-disjoint edges selected from an explicitly stated graph.


Maximum matching searches the vertex-disjoint feasible family for greatest cardinality, and weighted assignment searches it for least cost or greatest weight. These instantiate optimization's decision variables, objective, constraints, and exact optimum. The broader matching entry also includes perfect-matching existence and merely maximal matchings, however, so the parent holds for the objective-bearing branch rather than every named variant.

Objective-bearing graph matching is a discrete optimization problem whose decision variable is the edge subset and whose target is cardinality or cost.


The best-response cycle makes mixing indispensable rather than optional. The child adds the matcher/mismatcher roles, symmetric coin actions, zero-sum payoffs, the indifference equation, and the pinned zero value.

Matching pennies contains forced fifty-fifty randomization as its unique equilibrium because no deterministic strategy profile is stable.


Across every cell, one player's gain equals the other's loss and the total remains zero. The child fixes the general fixed-total genus to a matcher and mismatcher whose best responses cycle and uniquely force uniform mixing.

Matching pennies is the minimal zero-sum game specialized to two binary actions, opposite agreement preferences, and symmetric unit payoffs.


The conditional relation reconciles the source seam: matrices representing linear maps or bilinear forms can be tensor components, while arbitrary data, adjacency, payoff, or storage arrays do not acquire frame-invariant tensor identity merely by having two indices.

A matrix is a rank-two tensor only when its entries are components of a multilinear object and co-vary by the tensor transformation law.


Even when an array encodes adjacencies or payoffs, treating it as a matrix equips it with a linear action on coordinate vectors. The domain node adds a concrete two-index vehicle and its algorithms; Linearity is the internal mapping property those algorithms exploit.

Matrix arithmetic contains additivity, homogeneity, and superposition as the constraint that makes basis expansion, multiplication, rank, and spectra work.


The node explicitly denies that the grid is the intrinsic object. It maps an encoded target to an array under bases and conventions, lets operations on the medium recover target invariants, and changes entries when the basis changes; rectangular-array arithmetic is its mathematical differentia.

A matrix is a coordinate- and role-relative encoding vehicle whose array stands for a map, equation system, form, relation, or adjacency structure.


Maverick spend persists because the buyer making the transaction captures the benefit of a faster local purchase while costs from lost aggregation, analytics, and control accrue to a different organizational principal. That local-versus-aggregate objective divergence is a strict Agency Problem constituent.

Local buyers optimize urgency and convenience while the organization bears dispersed discount, visibility, and compliance losses.


The approved procurement route is the work-as-imagined layer, while direct local buying and reimbursement routing are the work-as-done layer that keeps urgent work moving. Maverick Spend adds procurement-specific losses, controls, and remedies to the broader Procedure-Work Mismatch structure.

Maverick Spend is the procurement specialization of a prescribed process diverging from load-bearing enacted work under real friction.


Approvals, search restrictions, delayed confirmation, and workflow overhead are costs of using the centralized exchange channel. When those transaction costs exceed its marginal local value, buyers rationally route around it; reducing that differential is therefore the operative remedy.

The equilibrium bypass level is governed by the coordination cost imposed by the formal channel relative to local alternatives.


Without a sustainable population ceiling and the density dependence tied to it, the canonical yield-stock curve has no K parameter, no half-capacity peak, and no indefinitely renewable surplus target.

Maximum sustainable yield presupposes carrying capacity because K supplies the density-dependent regeneration envelope and fixes the K/2 operating point.


Sustainability means the removal flow is balanced by surplus production at the target biomass; without that no-net-change balance, a maximum catch may be large but cannot be repeated indefinitely.

Maximum sustainable yield contains an equilibrium where repeated harvest equals regeneration and leaves the target stock unchanged.


Both contain a response that rises with a driver, reaches one interior maximum, and falls beyond it. The child fixes the driver to standing biological stock, the response to renewable surplus production, and the peak to rK/4 at K/2 under logistic growth.

Maximum sustainable yield is the renewable-stock specialization of an inverted-U response, locating the peak of production against standing biomass.


Auditory and visual articulatory streams provide simultaneous imperfect cues to one speech event. Their influence varies with reliability and fusion occurs only while spatiotemporal coherence supports a common source. That is the Bayesian Cue Integration core. McGurk adds phoneme identity, categorical fusion into a third percept, pre-attentive impenetrability, and language-experience calibration.

Removing audiovisual-speech furniture leaves Bayesian Cue Integration's reliability-weighted fusion of simultaneous noisy cues to one latent speech event, conditional on common-source coherence.


Applies when the second rung assigns the residual arbitrary numbers or forces heterogeneous values onto one metric; a regime may instead disregard the residual without commensurating it.

Converting unlike dimensions into one numerical scale makes them comparable to the recorded proxy and enables the arbitrary-value rung. Because the canonical sequence also permits simply disregarding what cannot be measured, common-metric construction is a conditional constituent rather than a universal genus.

When the second rung arbitrary-values heterogeneous residuals, McNamara Fallacy contains Commensurability as the common-metric construction that permits the flattening.


It preserves a distant actor, a heterogeneous target, a simplifying representation, an action interface, and a discarded residual. The child fixes the scheme to measurable variables and stages the transition from honest simplification to ontological erasure.

McNamara Fallacy is the quantitative decision-regime species of Legibility in which an institution's simplified record becomes its actionable reality.


The full ratchet retains a target, a recorded proxy, an apparatus acting through that proxy, and eventual divergence while the target moves outside the record. The child adds the four graded rungs and their silent, increasingly difficult-to-reverse erasure of the unmeasured residual.

McNamara Fallacy is Proxy-Target Divergence specialized to an institution that lets a measurable stand-in displace and progressively erase its decision-relevant residual.


Every McNamara ratchet starts by measuring what can readily be measured, allocating inquiry and attention by observability before the later rungs arbitrary-value, discount, and finally erase the dark residual. The Streetlight Effect supplies that accessibility-over-relevance constituent but not the subsequent escalation.

McNamara Fallacy contains the Streetlight Effect at its first rung because institutional attention begins by concentrating on what the measurement apparatus illuminates.


Remove the loop from outer-bank erosion to longer path to narrower neck to enhanced breach susceptibility, and the slow buildup toward cutoff loses its generative mechanism.

Meander cutoff contains the reinforcing erosion loop that both enlarges a bend and narrows its neck.


Without moving water selecting and enlarging the shorter steeper path, the breach cannot capture routing or abandon the old loop. Flow supplies an internal constituent: Structured movement of energy, matter, or information. Meander Cutoff requires that role within this mechanism: Read a river's sinuous life cycle as a single feedback in which outer-bank erosion both lengthens the loop and narrows its neck until a flood breaches it, abruptly capturing flow through a shorter steeper path and abandoning the loop as an oxbow. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Meander cutoff contains river flow whose gradient advantage captures the shorter route.


Without a boundary separating continued loop flow from successful shortcut capture, gradual migration has no abrupt cutoff event. Threshold supplies an internal constituent: Safe vs harmful levels. Meander Cutoff requires that role within this mechanism: Read a river's sinuous life cycle as a single feedback in which outer-bank erosion both lengthens the loop and narrows its neck until a flood breaches it, abruptly capturing flow through a shorter steeper path and abandoning the loop as an oxbow. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Meander cutoff contains a breach threshold set by neck width or chute capture conditions.


Means-End Analysis is a heuristic specialized to greedily reducing the largest current-to-goal difference and recursively satisfying operator preconditions. Heuristic supplies the genus: Mental shortcuts. Means-End Analysis preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: A greedy problem-solving heuristic that repeatedly finds the most significant difference between the current and goal states, applies the operator that most reduces it, and recurses on any unmet preconditions as sub-goals. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


The converged system must let formerly channel-specific content and workflows function across devices, formats, platforms, and organizational boundaries. Mere common encoding without that cross-system operation would be digitization without the convergence identity defined here.

Cross-distribution, cross-format production, and cross-platform consumption make Interoperability a strict constituent of Media Convergence.


Print, audio, video, telephony, and computation become bit-based forms on a common carrier, weakening the medium boundaries that organized production, regulation, firms, and audiences. The domain theory adds Jenkins's technological, industrial, and cultural faces to the general substrate-driven transformation.

Media Convergence is the digitized-media specialization of boundary dissolution caused by formerly separate carrier types becoming expressible on one shared substrate.


The form-affordance profile is relational; cultural timescale, epistemological signatures, and ecological metaphor are the domain additions. After the communication_media frame is stripped away, the retained structural roles are those of Affordance: An action possibility offered by the fit between an agent and its environment. Media Ecology adds the local frame and commitments expressed in its identity: The media-studies framework (Innis, McLuhan, Postman) that treats media not as neutral channels but as environments whose form — independent of content — shapes perception, cognition, institutions, and culture over decades, asking what the substrate of saying makes possible, natural, or invisible rather than what is being said. The parent pattern remains recognizable without that vocabulary, while the child is the framed realization of it. That preservation test establishes decomposition rather than taxonomic subsumption.

Removing media ecology's scholarly frame also leaves affordance because a medium's properties enable and constrain what its inhabitants can perceive and do.


Media ecology adds symbolic-media history, long habitation, cultural recomposition, and plural displacement to the substrate-form effect. After the communication_media frame is stripped away, the retained structural roles are those of Representational Modality: Choice of medium fundamentally shapes what can be expressed. Media Ecology adds the local frame and commitments expressed in its identity: The media-studies framework (Innis, McLuhan, Postman) that treats media not as neutral channels but as environments whose form — independent of content — shapes perception, cognition, institutions, and culture over decades, asking what the substrate of saying makes possible, natural, or invisible rather than what is being said. The parent pattern remains recognizable without that vocabulary, while the child is the framed realization of it. That preservation test establishes decomposition rather than taxonomic subsumption.

Removing media ecology's canon and epochal frame leaves the representational-modality core that medium properties reshape expression, cognition, and downstream behavior independently of content.


The public live broadcast is the lifting event that turns co-attention into recursively shared awareness. This epistemic constituent is distinct from Joint Attention's shared pointer and from the ritual script it enables.

A Media Event contains Common Knowledge through the public recursive fact that the audience is watching and knows the audience knows it.


Simultaneous reception alone is insufficient. The audience's knowledge that others attend the same ceremony converts private viewing into communal witnessing; the media-event entry repeatedly marks this as constitutive.

A Media Event contains Joint Attention because dispersed viewers must share one live target and mutually register that co-attention.


Coronations, inaugurations, funerals, and conquest broadcasts suspend the ordinary while a prior status is exited and a successor status is ratified. Some contest broadcasts are extraordinary yet lack that before/after passage.

A Media Event contains Liminality when the ceremony marks a real threshold between collective or participant statuses, not merely a programming break.


The broadcaster acts as co-officiant, an authority stages a consecratory script, and the audience witnesses rather than merely receives information. Broadcast scheduling and polity formation are additional domain cargo, so the whole event is not reduced to a taxonomic ritual species.

A Media Event strictly contains Ritual: a prescribed, symbolically charged public performance whose witnessing ratifies a social or sacred transition.


The theory requires a way to locate media on a lean-to-rich scale before it can match that capacity to task ambiguity or predict under- and over-richness. The channel property is therefore an internal constituent, while the matching rule and failure regions belong only to the theory.

Media Richness Theory contains channel richness as its medium-side construct and adds the task-ambiguity matching hypothesis and mismatch predictions.


Strip the Daft-Lengel name, lean-to-rich ranking, four-dimension instrument, task-ambiguity diagonal, and under- and over-richness labels. The surviving structure is Representational Modality: properties of a medium alter which cues can be encoded and decoded, the effort and repair they require, and their suitability for a task. Media Richness Theory adds a particular human organizational-communication taxonomy and matching hypothesis to that core.

Removing the named organizational-communication theory leaves the portable claim that a medium's representational properties change what it can express and how well it supports a task.


The five dimensions and conveyance/convergence grid are theory-specific. Removing them leaves the medium-dependent encoding, processing, and action affordances of Representational Modality rather than temporal synchronization.

Media Synchronicity is the organizational-communication form of choosing a medium whose capability profile shapes what a task can express and process.


The theorem's conclusion depends on the aggregation rule, not merely on the population distribution; simple pairwise majority makes the midpoint order statistic collectively decisive under single-peaked preferences.

The Median Voter Theorem contains Aggregation because pairwise majority rule collapses a distribution of individual ideal points into one collective choice.


The Condorcet winner is the stable rest point of the competitive dynamic: any move away can be defeated by a move closer to the median, while no alternative can dislodge the median under the theorem's assumptions.

The Median Voter Theorem contains Equilibrium because the median ideal point is the unique pairwise-unbeatable position toward which competing platforms converge.


Removing the child’s frame leaves the reusable structure named by Swiss Cheese Model. Remove clinicians, patients, diagnoses, treatments, procedures, medication, adverse-event reporting, standard of care, and healthcare institutions. A hazard or deviation traverses imperfect serial defenses and produces loss only where holes align, while latent system conditions and active acts are separated and near-misses reveal a layer that still blocked the path. Applies to layered clinical processes with serial defenses. Some isolated diagnostic judgment or knowledge errors lack a developed layered-defense topology even though they remain preventable medical errors.


Medication Error is a strict specialization of Medical Error. A preventable deviation in planned clinical care occurs whether or not it reaches or harms the patient and is analyzed through system conditions and interception opportunities. The planned action is specifically medication use, and the child fixes the stages to prescribing, transcribing, dispensing, administration, and monitoring plus the drug/dose/route/timing/patient deviation dimensions.


Stage location is constitutive: prescribing, transcribing, dispensing, administration, and monitoring form an ordered transformation chain, and the error analysis must identify both origin and every downstream catch. Without the staged handoffs there is no upstream-catch metric, no escape product, and no distinction among error dimensions at different points of control.

Medication Error contains the ordered prescribing-to-monitoring Pipeline on whose stages deviations originate and later defenses operate.


The five prescribing-to-monitoring stages are serial imperfect defenses; an originating deviation produces harm only when each later check leaves a hole on the same trajectory; shared operational stress can correlate those holes; and retrospective analysis traces the full path rather than blaming the active error. The child adds drugs, five deviation dimensions, CPOE, dispensing, barcodes, reconciliation, patients, near-miss reporting, and the upstream-catch-rate metric to the exact live Swiss Cheese identity.

Medication Error is the medication-use realization of layered imperfect defenses whose aligned holes let a deviation escape every downstream catch.


Meeting Inflation is coordination-overhead inversion specialized to recurring knowledge-work meetings whose aggregate calendar load crowds out the work they coordinate. Coordination-Overhead Inversion supplies the genus: A support scaffold recursively reproduces its own coordination demand until the supporting layer consumes more capacity than the activity it was meant to support. Meeting Inflation preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: The organizational pathology in which coordination meetings multiply until they consume more capacity than the work they coordinate — driven by coordination cost scaling super-linearly with dependency density while each scheduler prices a meeting linearly. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


The protected input is set membership; the trained system discloses predictions whose distributions differ for seen and unseen points; the attacker's matched non-member population or shadow models supply the prior; and the estimator reconstructs the bit to a measurable fidelity. Channel narrowing and prior denial are the same two defense families in ML dress.

Membership inference is hidden-information reconstruction specialized to recovering a one-bit protected input—whether a record contributed to training—from model outputs plus an off-set prior or reference distribution.


The declared interface exposes predictions, not training-set membership. Finite-sample learning nevertheless leaves a state-dependent trace in loss, confidence, calibration, or output sharpness. An observer compares that trace with matched non-members and infers the protected bit without reading a record or violating the query policy.

Membership inference is the learned-model form of a side-channel attack in which an unenumerated seen-versus-unseen behavioral residue carries the protected membership bit to a measuring observer.


It inherits stored items, an index, retrieval cues, a query occasion, and failures of acquisition, indexing, or access. The child fixes the store to an orator's arguments, examples, and passages and adds the method of loci, occasion-sensitive indexing, and retrieval under performance pressure.

Rhetorical memory is search and retrieval specialized to a pre-acquired performance repertoire indexed for accurate access under live pressure.


Memory Management is resource management specialized to allocating and safely reclaiming a finite address-space pool while respecting liveness and ownership. Resource Management supplies the genus: Allocation of finite assets. Memory Management preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: The policy and machinery by which a running program acquires regions of a finite address space at the point of use and safely releases them once no longer reachable or owned — bridging the gap between logic-driven allocation and reachability-driven reclamation against a memory budget. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


Mental Rotation is transformation specialized to an internal, rate-limited analog change of a represented object's orientation before comparison. Transformation supplies the genus: A rule-governed mapping that restructures an input into a different output, holding certain invariants fixed while altering others. Mental Rotation preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: The cognitive process of imagining an object rotating continuously through intermediate orientations to align it with a comparison object before judging a match — diagnosed by reaction time that scales linearly with angular disparity. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


Mere Ownership retains the parent's positively valued self, associative link, valence transfer, and preference readout while fixing the link to possession. Its defining experimental controls remove threatened loss, pricing, and effort, leaving self-tagging rather than the Endowment or IKEA mechanisms to explain the evaluative lift.

The Mere Ownership Effect is the possession-tagged instance of Implicit Egotism: marking an object as mine links it to the self and transfers self-positivity into evaluation.


Without a shared prior state, parallel divergence, and an attempted merge, there is no three-way comparison and therefore no merge conflict. Branching and Merging supplies that substrate; the conflict is the localized failure of its reconciliation rule when both descendants changed the same region incompatibly, not a species of the full fork-and-rejoin cycle.

A merge conflict presupposes branching and merging because it is the unresolved-overlap condition that appears only after independently changed descendants of a common state are brought back to a reconciliation step.


Without a temperature-salinity-bearing parcel isolated from ambient water, the eddy has no coherent cargo and cannot support discrete advective tracer budgets. Water Mass supplies an internal constituent: A body of ocean water identified not by its location but by a conservative temperature-salinity signature set at its formation region — so a sample drawn anywhere in the interior can be matched back to origin and read as a mixture of a few named source waters. Mesoscale Eddy requires that role within this mechanism: Treat a rotating ocean structure 10-500 km across as a discrete carrier that seals a water parcel inside closed streamlines and translates it across the mean flow, so basin-scale heat, salt, and nutrient transport becomes bookkeeping over a census of carriers rather than a diffusive smear. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

A mesoscale eddy contains and transports a distinct water-mass parcel as its cargo.


Without an inside-outside demarcation defined by rotational coherence, fluid passes through rather than rides with the feature and the carrier identity fails. Boundary supplies an internal constituent: Defines system limits. Mesoscale Eddy requires that role within this mechanism: Treat a rotating ocean structure 10-500 km across as a discrete carrier that seals a water parcel inside closed streamlines and translates it across the mean flow, so basin-scale heat, salt, and nutrient transport becomes bookkeeping over a census of carriers rather than a diffusive smear. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

A mesoscale eddy contains a closed-streamline boundary separating trapped interior from ambient ocean.


Without flow paths that return around the center, there is no rotational closure, trapped interior, or distinction from a meander or wave. Cycle supplies an internal constituent: A closed path in a network that returns to its origin, opening return, foreclosing ordering, and creating a loop invariant. Mesoscale Eddy requires that role within this mechanism: Treat a rotating ocean structure 10-500 km across as a discrete carrier that seals a water parcel inside closed streamlines and translates it across the mean flow, so basin-scale heat, salt, and nutrient transport becomes bookkeeping over a census of carriers rather than a diffusive smear. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

A mesoscale eddy contains closed streamline cycles around its rotating core.


Both are structured movement of matter with a velocity field, direction, and transport rate. The child fixes closed streamlines, coherent rotation, a trapped interior, finite lifetime, and translation across the mean ocean flow.

A mesoscale eddy is a coherent rotating and translating flow specialized to trapping a parcel.


Framing varies which aspects of equivalent or contested material are made salient. Message Sidedness fixes that general operation to one dimension of a persuasive artifact: whether the opposing position is omitted, acknowledged, or acknowledged and answered, with audience response supplying the child's empirical differentia.

Message Sidedness is the persuasion-specific framing choice that varies how many opposing positions are surfaced and how deeply they are rebutted.


Both map an input to an altered output through an identifiable rule while changing some properties and preserving others. The child fixes the input to a biologically active compound, the rule to phase-I or phase-II enzymatic machinery, the changed property to biological activity and polarity, and the output to a less-active metabolite.

Metabolic inactivation is a transformation specialized to enzyme-governed conversion of a biologically active substance into a less-active product.


Both require external pressure or constraint, selective internal restructuring, preservation of the system's identity, and a new coherent configuration fitted to the changed conditions. The child fixes the system to solid rock, the reconfiguration to silicate reactions and recrystallization, and the readout to facies, index minerals, fabric, and thermobarometry.

Metamorphism is the rock-bound specialization of accommodation in which an existing body internally reconfigures under external pressure, temperature, or reactive-fluid constraints while preserving continuity.


Without a balance criterion among mineral phases and reactions, there is no stable assemblage, facies map, index reaction, or thermobarometric inverse target, even though kinetics may preserve metastable relics.

Metamorphism presupposes mineral equilibrium because facies and reaction curves are defined by which assemblage is stable at each pressure-temperature-fluid condition.


Both restructure a persisting input under rules while preserving specified invariants and altering form and properties. The child fixes the input to a protolith, the rules to pressure-temperature-fluid mineral reactions, the preserved invariant to material continuity and bulk composition, and the output to a new assemblage and fabric without melting.

Metamorphism is the solid-state, equilibrium-petrology specialization of transformation.


Method-as-Metadata is the production-procedure species of Retrieval Facet. Retrieval Facet supplies the genus: Expose one controlled descriptive dimension as an independently selectable and filterable axis whose values can be combined at query time with values selected on other axes. Method-as-Metadata preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: The cataloging move of recording how a resource was produced or what procedure it employs as a first-class, controlled-vocabulary field — orthogonal to topic, creator, date, and form — so a corpus becomes filterable by technique without reading each item. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


The unambiguous internal action is represented by one or two words that omit distinctions about scope, consequence, reversibility, or destination. That information-reducing encoding is internal; a divergent receiver prior selects among the readings the shortened surface leaves open.

Microcopy ambiguity contains the lossy compression of a multi-clause system action into a label whose bit budget does not exclude plausible wrong readings.


A crisp system action is encoded into a short label using the designer's assumed scheme, then decoded into an action clause through the user's scheme. The surface code remains intact; the short encoding loses distinctions and the receiver recovers a different content.

Microcopy ambiguity contains a sender-side encoding of an intended action and a receiver-side decoding under a mismatched scheme or prior.


Remove the opposed option frame and no midpoint is defined for the fallacy to privilege. Framing supplies the selected endpoints and their salience; the child adds the positional operation that mistakes between-ness for evidential support, whether the endpoints arose naturally or were strategically planted.

Middle Ground contains a two-pole framing that fixes the reference positions from which the apparently credible midpoint is read.


The argument can be formally well shaped while its material warrant fails because the midpoint inherits credibility from the existence and geometry of two positions rather than from evidence bearing on it. The opposed pair, midpoint operation, and unsupported-pole counterfactual provide the child's differentia.

Middle Ground is the informal-fallacy species that treats location between two opposed claims as warrant for a conclusion.


Middle-Income Trap is the development-economics specialization of Regime Transition Plateau. Its factor-accumulation engine produced the ascent, those inputs now yield diminishing gains, and continued development requires qualitatively different innovation, institutional, financial, and human-capital capabilities that are not yet built. Removing GDP bands, national accounts, factor markets, and the policy apparatus leaves that portable conjunction without remainder.

Removing the national-development apparatus leaves the old-engine-exhausted/new-capability-absent plateau exactly.


Progress Illusion supplies the mistake of reading a visible activity or completion proxy as movement in a harder-to-observe outcome. Milestone Theater inherits that structure and adds a named milestone, a multi-clause readiness state, deferred clauses, and an audience that reads green status as if the underlying readiness had been achieved.

Milestone Theater is the milestone-readiness species of Progress Illusion, substituting a markable completion signal for the state it was meant to certify.


If the audience could inspect every readiness clause as cheaply and directly as the reporter, a hollow green milestone would be immediately distinguishable from a genuine one and could not function as theater. Information Asymmetry supplies the unequal observability that lets the reportable signal separate from the state it purports to certify.

Milestone Theater requires the party receiving the green signal to have less direct access to the underlying readiness clauses than the party producing it.


Remove closure and the method becomes an open multi-stop route rather than the repeating loop that consolidates pickup or delivery flows and resets for the next cadence.

A milk run contains a closed route that visits distributed points and returns to its origin on every circuit.


Predictable cadence is not incidental: it is the contract that lets each point stage a small load and reduce buffer while accepting less routing flexibility.

A milk run contains a fixed schedule that assigns its circuit and each stop's arrival window to recurring times.


The law's durable contribution is the separation of bounded unit count from unbounded information per unit. Removing the human integer and historical span frame leaves exactly the learned grouping, unit encoding, retrieval, and effective-capacity gain named by Chunking.

Miller's Law decomposes to Chunking: recode lower-level elements into denser meaningful units to fit more information within a fixed item budget.


The cap is not merely a frequently observed correlation; it partitions simultaneous item sets into within-span and over-span regimes and produces a characteristic non-graceful failure when crossed. The exact number may be revised while the binding restriction remains.

Miller's Law contains a hard small-integer Constraint on the number of independently active units admitted to immediate recall or judgment.


Mimesis is representation specialized to a selective artistic re-presentation whose omissions and amplifications serve a revelatory aesthetic aim. Representation supplies the genus: Model complex ideas. Mimesis preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: The classical aesthetic concept of selective, shaped representation of action or reality in art, where dropping some features and amplifying others is not failed copying but the mechanism that makes the subject more visible than raw experience would. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


The minimum covers expected lead-time demand plus a safety margin selected for a target fulfillment probability; the maximum and band width separately govern holding cost and cadence.

Min–max inventory contains a target service level that calibrates the safety-stock component of its minimum reorder threshold.


Replenishment fires before lead-time demand drives stock to zero; that potential failure is the condition guarded against, not an event assembled inside successful policy operation.

A min–max policy presupposes the stockout condition whose lead-time risk gives the minimum reorder point its lower-bound meaning.


Downward crossing of the minimum triggers replenish-to-maximum, after which the system stays inactive in the band; inventory, service-level, lead-time, and order economics are the differentia.

Min–max inventory is hysteresis specialized to stock control with a lower reorder trigger, an upper reset level, and in-band inaction.


Distinct history-to-action rules respond differently to the same public state. Their effective variety determines crowding, overlap, volatility, and the alpha phase transition rather than merely decorating the agent population.

The model contains a repertoire of functionally distinct strategies whose size relative to population is the load-bearing control parameter.


Agents update virtual scores and choose locally successful rules; the crowded or efficient aggregate volatility, phase structure, and coordination are higher-level properties of those interactions.

Removing the game labels leaves a macroscopic volatility and regime pattern arising from simple local adaptation without any agent selecting the collective state.


The lookup tables, virtual scores, and action selection are a specialized adaptive strategy apparatus embedded in an interdependent-payoff game. After the mathematics frame is stripped away, the retained structural roles are those of Game-Theoretic Strategy: Strategic interaction analysis. Minority Game adds the local frame and commitments expressed in its identity: Model any anti-coordination setting as an odd population repeatedly choosing between two actions where only the minority side wins, reading collective volatility off one control parameter — strategy diversity relative to population — that fixes a sharp crowded-versus-dilute phase transition. The parent pattern remains recognizable without that vocabulary, while the child is the framed realization of it. That preservation test establishes decomposition rather than taxonomic subsumption.

Removing the statistical-mechanics notation leaves agents using policies from public histories to actions while accounting for the payoff-relevant choices of others.


The game makes each action a congestible access channel: too many agents selecting the same channel degrade its payoff and shift advantage to the less-used channel. The exact game genus remains missing, but the resource-contention skeleton is live.

Removing the binary payoff and statistical-mechanics apparatus leaves concurrent demand crowding a shared option until its value falls relative to the alternative.


Strategy-space diversity relative to population is the control parameter; crossing alpha-c changes the macroscopic volatility and predictability regime even though individual update rules remain the same.

Minority Game contains a critical alpha at which collective volatility changes sharply between crowded and dilute regimes.


Strip away balance sheets, rollover, hedge/speculative/Ponzi finance, margin calls, and fire sales and the invariant remains that successful suppression of small disturbances breeds the capacity failure exposed by the next stressor. Stability-Induced Fragility is that portable core; Minsky supplies the financial accumulation and deleveraging machinery.

A Minsky Moment is the leveraged-finance form of stability-induced fragility, in which prolonged calm licenses hidden loss of robustness until a modest trigger causes collapse.


A playback store would preserve the original event separately from later input and could not produce the effect's silent contamination. Reconstructive Memory supplies the multi-input assembly architecture; the child specializes it to an identifiable post-event input that is misassigned to the original event.

Misinformation Effect contains Reconstructive Memory because later, weakly source-tagged information is integrated when a past event is assembled from partial traces at retrieval.


The reported numerator is the sharply tracked foreground; population, exposure, time window, comparator, and baseline are the loosely tracked surround. Holding the count fixed while changing that surround changes the rate, risk, and warranted magnitude judgment. The domain child adds a denominator-shaped omission, public-reporting locus, predictable rhetorical direction, and out-of-how-many repair to the live context skeleton.

Removing the quantitative-reporting frame from missing denominator leaves the context relation: a fixed focal signal changes inferential content with its surrounding reference.


The numerator can be arithmetically true and still under-informative. The child is constituted by the gap between literal truth and the reference information a cooperative report must supply for its purpose. Innocent abbreviation violates the norm accidentally; strategic suppression flouts it deliberately. The maxim supplies the reporting standard, while the child supplies the quantitative truncated-ratio mechanism and uniform repair.

Missing denominator presupposes the Gricean informativeness norm because a correct count becomes a reporting failure only relative to what the audience needs to interpret it.


Missing Denominator presupposes an intended ratio because the reported numerator is defective only when a reference quantity is required to form its quotient. Ratio supplies the prerequisite condition: Compare one quantity with a nonzero reference quantity by division, so the quotient states how much numerator obtains per unit of denominator and stays interpretable only while both quantities, their units, and their scope are named. Missing Denominator operates against that background: Expose a count that only looks like information by firing one substrate-independent question — out of how many? — since a numerator reported without its reference population wears the shape of a rate while blocking every quantitative inference the reader needs. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption.


The child retains the option axis, populated poles, empty middle, differential-burden rule test, historical reversibility counterfactual, and change-the-rule intervention, then fixes them to residential typology and land-use law.

Missing middle housing is the building-scale specialization of the intermediate-scale-option diagnostic, with single-family zoning as the removable rule that hollowed the continuum.


The single-family district designation plus setbacks, lot coverage, height, parking, and use rules is the producing mechanism and the code amendment is the intervention target.

Missing middle housing presupposes zoning because its defining diagnosis is that a spatial rule bundle made named intermediate residential forms illegal or impractical while leaving the poles available.


Maintenance supplies preventive work that preserves function ahead of degradation or failure. Mitigation Neglect adds a characterized hazard, a cost-effective mitigation menu, institutional budget accounting, and the reactive premium paid after prevention is deferred.

Mitigation Neglect is the risk-reduction species of Maintenance, where preventive work loses because its visible present cost competes against an invisible avoided future harm.


Time Preference / Discounting the Future supplies the asymmetric weighting of present and future consequences. Without that temporal asymmetry, routine accounting would not structurally privilege immediate competing uses over cost-effective prevention whose benefit arrives as non-events.

Mitigation Neglect requires delayed avoided harm to be systematically weighted below a concrete present mitigation cost.


Randomized strategies supply the objects over which the Nash no-deviation condition is evaluated. The child adds joint profile consistency, opponent-indifference equations, and a fixed-point existence guarantee.

A mixed-strategy equilibrium contains one probability distribution over pure actions for each player as its strategy-profile constituents.


The child retains Nash's no-profitable-unilateral-deviation fixed point in expected payoff and adds independent randomization, positive-probability support, and the indifference equations that determine mixing proportions. Nash Equilibrium supplies the genus: A strategy profile in which no agent can improve its payoff by unilaterally changing strategy, given the others' choices — the fixed point of the joint best-response correspondence. Mixed Strategy Equilibrium preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Solve a game with no stable deterministic play by having each player randomize over their actions in exactly the proportions that leave every opponent indifferent, so no one can profitably deviate. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.

A mixed-strategy equilibrium is a Nash equilibrium whose strategy profile permits probability distributions over pure actions.


Mixed-use development contains co-location because its distinct land uses must occupy one building, block, corridor, or district during overlapping daily cycles. Separate every use into a different non-overlapping district and the development becomes single-use zoning at each place, losing the mixed-use identity. parent_in_child


The child adds physical co-location, frontage allocation, zoning context, and staggered activation to functional variation. Diversity supplies an internal constituent: Maintaining functionally distinct types within a system so that variation provides resilience and coverage that uniformity cannot. Mixed-Use Development requires that role within this mechanism: Keep a district alive across the whole day by co-locating complementary land uses whose activation peaks stagger to cover the off-hours, tuned through frontage allocation. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Mixed-use development contains diversity because its land uses are functionally distinct types whose daily rhythms provide activity coverage a single-use district cannot.


A modal controller selects which behavior bundle interprets an input and the operator fails to register that selection. With a stable one-mode mapping the fixed gesture has only one interpretation and the defining believed-versus-actual mode divergence cannot arise.

A mode error presupposes a system that switches among discrete context-selected mappings before the user's believed mode can diverge from the active one.


The operator represents the active mode and its action mapping, predicts the gesture's result through that representation, and acts correctly relative to it. The error is the mismatch between this locally coherent model and the system's current state.

Mode error contains the operator's internal model of the active mode whose prediction is correct for the believed state but mismatched to the system's actual state.


It inherits formal all-scope conformance and adds finite-state closure, exhaustive reachability, temporal logic, and counterexample traces. Formal Verification supplies the genus: Establish with the rigor of a theorem that an engineered artifact satisfies a precisely stated specification by producing a machine-checkable proof that holds over every input in scope at once, rather than sampling behavior on tested inputs the way testing does. Model Checking preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Verify a system by taking a finite-state model plus a temporal-logic property and exhaustively exploring every reachable state to decide whether the property holds universally, returning a concrete counterexample trace on failure. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.

Model checking is formal verification specialized to an automated decision procedure over a finite-state transition model and a temporal-logic property.


Explicit-state and bounded implementations use a closed reachable-state population whose missing members would invalidate the universal verdict; symbolic proofs preserve coverage but not always unit enumeration.

Model checking typically contains complete enumeration when the checker explicitly accounts for every reachable state rather than a representative sample.


Finite-state closure supplies decidability even when state explosion makes the resulting algorithm intractable. Decidability Computability supplies the prerequisite condition: A class of yes/no questions admits a finite procedure that always terminates with the correct answer. Model Checking operates against that background: Verify a system by taking a finite-state model plus a temporal-logic property and exhaustively exploring every reachable state to decide whether the property holds universally, returning a concrete counterexample trace on failure. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption.

Model checking presupposes decidability because its push-button verdict relies on restricting the model and property to a class with a uniform terminating correct procedure.


The child instantiates every role in the live prime: protected training input, model driven by that input, disclosed informative output, generative or distributional prior, reconstruction solver, and fidelity governed by channel information and prior sharpness. ML-specific memorization and gradient machinery provide the domain accent, not a different structure.

Model inversion is hidden-information reconstruction specialized to using predictions, confidences, gradients, or embeddings plus an input prior to recover training-record content from a learned system.


Both attacks corrupt inputs used for parameter updates so the learned function moves in an attacker-chosen direction and later inference executes the corrupted function faithfully. Model skewing narrows the family to an online or quasi-online loop, individually unflaggable but collectively biased contributions, accumulated post-deployment drift, and loop-level anchoring or aggregation defenses.

Model skewing is data poisoning specialized to a clean-launched, continuously or periodically updating deployment whose production stream is biased gradually after launch.


The target is the system's function rather than its weights or training records. Query selection supplies behavioral evidence, a substitute model recovers the hidden map, and fidelity is evaluated against the original. Distillation, query economics, watermarking, and IP framing are the learned-service specialization of working backward from observed behavior.

Model theft is reverse engineering specialized to reconstructing a deployed learned function from harvested input-output behavior and fitting a reusable substitute without access to its implementation.


Strip away firms, debt, equity, homemade leverage, and the two propositions and the reusable analytic move remains: establish a sharp invariant in an idealized frictionless case, then use that result as a coordinate system for tax shields, distress, agency, and information costs. Frictionless Benchmark Reasoning is that structural core.

Modigliani–Miller is the corporate-finance form of proving an irrelevance result in a zero-friction case and then treating every real deviation as evidence of a named friction.


A modulation cannot exist without operative tonic-centered hierarchies before and after the move. Pivot reinterpretation, tonal distance, and cadential establishment all depend on Tonality, but a modulation is a process within that system rather than a taxonomic kind of the system.

Musical modulation requires an established tonal grammar to supply both the source key and the destination key that cadence confirms.


Musical Modulation is the tonal form of replacing an operative reference frame while preserving and reinterpreting material across the change. The child’s frame can be removed while the parent roles remain, so the edge records portable structural cargo rather than taxonomic identity.


Momentum's cross-regime leverage comes from an exact before-versus-after ledger: sum the quantity over parts, and internal transfers cancel while external impulse supplies the correction. That conserved-total structure survives after the physics-specific quantity is stripped and is the core of Conservation Laws.

Removing mass, velocity, impulse, and spatial-translation vocabulary leaves an additive quantity whose system total is preserved across internal interaction up to external exchange.


The p coordinate completes each q-p state pair and generates spatial translations. The relation is typical rather than strict because collision and impulse bookkeeping can define and conserve momentum without explicitly constructing a phase-space representation.

In Hamiltonian and quantum formulations, Momentum typically appears as the conjugate coordinate paired with position in phase space.


Momentum is the generator associated with spatial translation, and its conservation holds exactly when the laws are invariant under a shift of position. Remove translational symmetry and p can remain a defined quantity, but the defining conservation guarantee and missing-carrier diagnostic no longer follow.

Momentum contains translational symmetry as the Noether ground that makes its total conserved in a closed system.


Without a correct real-value comparator there is no directional mistake for the illusion to name. The distinction supplies the deflator and correct operation; money illusion adds cognitive salience, incomplete adjustment, behavioral consequences, and institutional correction by indexation.

Money illusion presupposes the real-versus-nominal distinction because the error is precisely a systematic failure to perform that conversion.


Agents repeatedly overweight salient nominal magnitudes and under-adjust for price-level drift, producing predictable sign and magnitude errors. The child fixes the domain to monetary values and adds deflation failure, contract and asset consequences, and indexation remedies.

Money illusion is the monetary specialization of systematic directional error, not random noise or a one-off arithmetic mistake.


Under the textbook reserve-constrained regime, base money is the one-shot input, redeposit is recirculation, 1-r is retained, currency and excess reserves leak, and deposits sum geometrically to 1/r. The live child also insists that in interest-rate-targeting regimes loans create deposits first and reserves follow, so the observed base-to-broad ratio need not be generated by that recursion. That authored regime split makes the exact structural edge conditional rather than strict.

Where a reserve fraction actually binds and chained redeposit is causal, the money multiplier has the same one-shot, sub-unit-retention geometric core; in accommodating regimes it is only an ex-post ratio.


Monophony is the Musical Texture species with exactly one independent line, no accompaniment, and octave doubling counted as line duplication. The parent supplies the genus and can occur without the child; the child preserves it while adding commitments the parent does not require.


The texture taxonomy supplies the live alternatives, the sounding passage is an instrumented channel, the one-line compositional constraint generates the gaps, and the analyst infers the monophonic class from those structured non-occurrences rather than treating them as missing or incomplete music.

The observed absence of accompaniment and any independent counter-line is the positive evidence that selects Monophony from the musical-texture alternatives.


Free entry removes long-run economic profit but does not remove the firm's ability to trade price against quantity for its imperfectly substitutable variety. That retained wedge produces the model's markup and excess capacity.

Every firm in monopolistic competition contains local market power over its differentiated variety, expressed by downward-sloping residual demand and price above marginal cost.


The competitive half of the model is real even though firms are not price takers: varieties contest overlapping demand and free entry drives long-run profit to zero.

Removing products and prices leaves many rivals pursuing substitutable demand, with entry eroding any return not protected by functional difference.


The Dixit-Stiglitz branch compresses cross-variety substitution into one elasticity and reads price-cost margin from it. Earlier qualitative Chamberlin formulations require downward-sloping demand but need not expose that scalar explicitly.

Canonical CES monopolistic competition contains substitution elasticity as the unit-free parameter fixing the markup, variety response, and welfare tradeoff.


Entry, exit, firm output, number of varieties, price, and average cost settle jointly at the zero-profit condition. That balanced state is the result the market structure is used to predict.

The abstraction contains a long-run balance in which entry has eliminated economic profit while differentiated firms retain markups and excess capacity.


The live market-power identity explicitly includes both the seller markup and buyer monopsony mirror under one finite residual-response-curve genus. Monopsony retains the actor, substitution frictions, own-price response, price-quantity choice, surplus transfer, and restricted-trade distortion, while fixing the actor to the buy side, the response curve to residual supply, and the wedge to price below marginal product.

Monopsony power is market power specialized to a buyer facing an upward-sloping residual supply curve and extracting a markdown.


Remove the doors, goats, and pedagogical staging and the surviving operation is prior-to-posterior revision using the probability of the observation under each hidden state. The puzzle adds a constrained selector and the memorable two-thirds result; Bayesian Updating owns the portable inferential mechanism.

The Monty Hall puzzle is a worked instance of Bayesian updating in which the likelihood is determined by the host's state-dependent reveal protocol.


The law's counterintuitive result follows from comparing costs at the decision margin rather than from the information's absolute value; retrieval systems and named substitute choices are the information-science realization.

Mooers's Law contains Cost–Benefit Analysis because use is governed by a per-query comparison between the marginal trouble of retrieving and acting on information and the marginal trouble of using a substitute or doing without.


Asking a colleague, guessing, or doing without can win despite lower information quality when each clears the aspiration threshold at lower search and use cost.

Mooers's Law contains Satisficing because the user selects the least troublesome option that meets the immediate need rather than maximizing the total informational value available.


Remove transistors, economically optimal dies, lithography, process nodes, foundries, and the semiconductor roadmap. What remains is repeated multiplication of the measured quantity by roughly two per interval. Moore's Law adds the industrial metric, cadence, historical regime, and coordination machinery that made the trajectory persist.

Moore's Law decomposes to Exponentiation because its portable quantitative skeleton is repeated doubling at an approximately fixed interval.


Removing the child’s frame leaves the reusable structure named by Motivated Reasoning. The child’s frame can be removed while the parent roles remain, so the edge records portable structural cargo rather than taxonomic identity.


The defining input is not generic inconvenience or preference but a genuinely moral valence attached to an empirical proposition. Normativity supplies that ought-bearing appraisal inside the move. The child adds a factual target, the bad-if-true direction, an unsupported empirical verdict, and inquiry foreclosure; it is not a kind of normativity.

Moralistic Fallacy internally contains a moral appraisal whose undesirability is substituted for evidential adjudication.


Morphology compresses an open set of word forms into a finite morpheme inventory plus productive rules, so an unseen complex word can be parsed and interpreted from its parts and their arrangement. Compositionality carries that finite-parts-to-unbounded-wholes skeleton; Morphology adds morphemes, inflection, derivation, allomorphy, blocking, and the word as privileged domain.

Stripping the linguistic frame from Morphology leaves compositionality: a complex form's interpretation is determined by its meaningful parts and their combination rules.


A finite morpheme inventory does not by itself generate valid words. Morphotactic rules constrain attachment sites, affix ordering, adjacency, and position classes, rejecting forms such as a legal set of morphemes assembled in an illegal order. That local grammar is a strict constituent of the inventory-plus-rules account.

Local Sequence Legality is internal to Morphology because morphotactic constraints decide which morphemes may occur in which positions and orders before whole-word interpretation.


A morphological slot admits a set of substitutable affixes, stems, or feature values, while a realized word combines selected units in a legal order. Remove the language-specific categories and the surviving architecture is the vertical selection axis crossed with the horizontal combination axis.

Morphology is the word-internal linguistic application of selecting morphemes from paradigms and combining the selected units along an ordered syntagmatic chain.


Flash rate, luminance change, vestibular motion, or vibration is varied against a susceptible user's response boundary. Without a regime-separating stimulus threshold there is annoyance or preference but not the entry's defining threshold-crossing harm.

Motion-Triggered Harm contains a physiological response threshold whose crossing turns presentation dynamics from tolerable stimulus into injury or incapacitation.


The named failure distinguishes the median response from a distribution containing vestibular, migraine, epilepsy, and sensory-sensitivity tails. Remove between-user variability and the diagnostic contrast between an apparently safe median design and an injured subpopulation disappears.

Motion-Triggered Harm presupposes population variability because the inclusive-design failure lies in calibrating to a median while a lower-threshold tail remains exposed.


Equivocation supplies one surface token carrying two commitments across a reasoning chain that presumes meaning stability. Motte-and-Bailey adds a defensibility asymmetry and temporal maneuver: the strong reading is used when safe, the weak reading under challenge, and the strong reading resumes after the challenge passes. Static sense slippage remains Equivocation without becoming this child.

Motte-and-Bailey is strategic Equivocation specialized to a shared label whose weak and strong readings are swapped in a challenge-driven retreat-and-return cycle.


The child is a named defective argumentative pattern whose failure lies in claim identity, context, and warrant rather than formal validity alone. It adds two separately statable claims, asymmetric defensibility and value, retreat and return under challenge, and false credit from the defended motte to the resumed bailey.

Motte-and-Bailey is the informal-fallacy species that protects a strong claim by challenge-keyed retreat to a weaker claim under the same label.


Every named instance is an argumentative defect that can remain formally valid while failing through its contextual sequence and evidential treatment. The child adds a standard fixed before evidence, evidence that satisfies it, conclusion-directed revision, repetition, and the evidence-flaw-versus-conclusion-direction diagnostic to the live genus.

Moving the goalposts is an informal fallacy specialized to replacing a previously stipulated and satisfied proof standard to block its conclusion.


Moving the goalposts is adaptive unfalsifiability framed as a stipulated proof standard that is met and then repeatedly replaced in argument. Remove the sports metaphor, arguer and interlocutor, named-fallacy verdict, proof-standard vocabulary, pre-commitment defense, and adjudicative examples. A claim faces candidate disconfirmation, but the condition under which evidence could defeat it is revised after each adverse result, so no admissible finite observation retains stable claim-defeating force.


Both combine direction-asymmetric forcing with a locking element so successive displacements accumulate and ordinary reverse forcing cannot restore the earlier state. The child fixes the state to minimum deleterious-mutation load in a finite asexual population, the driver to mutation and drift, the lock to absent recombination, and the staircase to falling mean fitness.

Muller's ratchet is the genetic specialization of the ratchet effect, with mutation as driver, least-loaded-class loss as capture, and absent recombination as lock.


A multi-instrument coordinated campaign is orchestration specialized to a directing strategist that adaptively assigns and sequences heterogeneous pressure instruments against a resistant target's defensive seams. Remove campaigns, strategy, contestation, adversaries, pressure instruments, defensive silos, escalation, defeat in detail, tobacco control, civil rights, corporate rivalry, and military examples. One logical control locus owns a cross-component execution objective and state, selects heterogeneous capabilities, routes their effects and observations, orders or conditionally activates them, and adapts the remaining execution after each result.


The campaign does not merely select several tools; it chooses an execution trajectory under response-dependent precedence constraints. Some actions prepare later ones, some must coincide, and some must wait so the defender cannot close the remaining channels. Rearranging the same set changes the outcome, exactly matching the live sequencing identity.

A multi-instrument campaign contains sequencing because instruments must be ordered and timed around target reactions so an early move does not foreclose later pressure and the portfolio lands as one campaign.


The source makes the integration rather than any instrument the causal payload and defines the contrast class as the identical portfolio on independent schedules. That supplies the live prime's factors, no- interaction baseline, joint outcome, positive deviation, and interaction mechanism, while the directing actor, resistant target, silo seams, and campaign doctrine are domain framing.

A multi-instrument coordinated campaign instantiates positive interaction: the integrated portfolio exceeds the explicit baseline of the same instruments acting independently or being defeated in detail.


Circular flow supplies the economic accounting substrate and the named injection/leakage positions on which the behavioral multiplier operates. It does not itself imply a causal multiplier: the accounting identity can close ex post with no fixed marginal propensity or induced output effect. Conversely, remove the income-to-expenditure return path from the live multiplier and only a first-round impact remains.

The income-expenditure multiplier presupposes circular flow because each recipient's expenditure must become another sector's income before the next respending round can occur.


After the economics_finance frame is stripped away, the retained structural roles are those of Recursive Attenuating Amplification: A one-shot input recirculating through a leaky operator with sub-unit retention produces a bounded total response of input/(1−k). Multiplier Effect adds the local frame and commitments expressed in its identity: Read the total output change from a one-shot spending injection off a single number — the leakage rate — by recognizing the successive re-spending rounds as a convergent geometric series summing to 1/(1−c) times the injection. The parent pattern remains recognizable without that vocabulary, while the child is the framed realization of it. That preservation test establishes decomposition rather than taxonomic subsumption.

Multiplier Effect is the framed or domain-specific realization of Recursive Attenuating Amplification; removing the local frame leaves the parent's structural relation intact.


When a caregiver induces illness in a dependent, the caregiver covertly manufactures the problem that makes the vigilant-carer role valuable and then harvests that role while the illness persists. That is the role-value, covert-manufacture, and counterfactual-demand signature. The condition matters: factitious disorder imposed on self manufactures illness to occupy the sick role, not a role attached to solving another's problem, so the parent applies to the by-proxy branch rather than to every case covered by this node.

The by-proxy form of Munchausen Syndrome is the clinical specialization of Manufactured Dependency for Role Capture; the self-imposed sick-role form does not satisfy the solver-role condition.


Eventual Realisation of Possibility supplies repeated trials, non-zero per-trial probability, eventual occurrence, and the shift from prevention to containment. Murphy's Law adds the failure-mode restriction and the engineering norm that every physically permitted mode must be defended.

Murphy's Law is the reliability-engineering species of Eventual Realisation of Possibility, restricted to physically permitted failure modes and coupled to an enumerate-and-defend design posture.


Sections are the components; repetition, contrast, variation, development, and return are arrangement relations; the named template is the organizing rule; and the whole-work shape is the cohesive result. Musical Form adds tonal, motivic, cadential, temporal, and listening-practice cargo.

Removing music leaves differentiated components deliberately arranged by relation and order so that they cohere as one trackable whole.


Removing musical vocabulary leaves explicit membership criteria that sort unbounded passages into a finite reusable map of discrete structural classes. The child’s domain vocabulary can be removed while the parent’s roles remain, so the relation records portable structural cargo rather than taxonomic identity.


It inherits two subsystems that can nominally interact yet lose transfer because their characteristic properties do not match at the interface. The child fixes donor support and an overwhelmed receiver and resolves the interface into capability/equipment, timing, command/communications, and credentials/consumables fit.

Mutual-aid mismatch is interface-coupling inefficiency specialized to emergency support whose nominal supply fails to become delivered capability at the receiver.


The myelin sheath changes how strongly the axonal membrane couples to its ionic environment. Weak exchange along insulated internodes and strong, localized exchange at nodes produce the saltatory regime, so the cross-boundary coupling profile is load-bearing rather than merely associated with faster conduction. Environmental Coupling Strength supplies the substrate-neutral relation; myelination adds the glial sheath, periodic gaps, voltage-gated regeneration, and neural developmental timetable.

Myelination is a neural application of Environmental Coupling Strength because the sheath reduces cross-boundary ionic exchange along internodes and concentrates it at exposed nodes.


Strip away axons, glia, myelin, and nodes of Ranvier and one structural core remains a signal moving along a path whose medium and geometry determine velocity, attenuation, and cost. Myelination specializes that core to saltatory action-potential conduction: the same neural computation travels faster and at lower ionic cost because regeneration is confined to periodic nodes. Propagation is broader and neither requires insulation nor a regenerating biological signal.

Myelination is a neural implementation of Propagation in which a periodically insulated path changes a signal's speed, loss, and energetic cost without changing the information carried.


The target is not which side wins the substantive dispute but calibrated recognition that every reading is constructed and that disagreement does not itself prove defect. Naive realism displaces that attribution in one stable direction: mediation disappears for self and is over-assigned to dissenters, a sign-bearing error not cured by more observations alone.

Naive realism is a bias specialized to a systematic self-objective and other-defective displacement in judgments about mediated social reality.


The uncued preference for own-name letters is the canonical operationalization of implicit self-positivity transferring to a linked target. The relation is typical rather than strict because the empirical elevation does not uniquely identify that mechanism: own initials are also unusually familiar, so Mere Exposure and processing fluency remain live contributors unless a manipulation discriminates them.

Implicit Egotism is the standard mechanism interpreted from the Name-Letter Effect, but Mere Exposure remains a live rival for part of the observed elevation.


A Narrative Gap is negative space specialized to a deliberately cued absence in a story that invites and controls audience inference. Negative Space supplies the genus: Empty space shaping form. Narrative Gap preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Turn a deliberate, cued absence in a story — a withheld fact or unrendered scene the reader is meant to feel and close by inference — into an active device tuned on one knob: the gap's width and signposting. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


Remove narrative organization and Fisher's named evaluative object disappears: there is no story whose internal coherence can be tested or whose fidelity can be compared with lived experience. Narrative supplies the story form; the child adds the Homo narrans thesis, the dual audience-side standard, and its rivalry with the rational-world paradigm.

The Narrative Paradigm presupposes narrative because its coherence-and-fidelity standard evaluates arguments as sequenced meaning-bearing stories rather than as bare propositions.


The layout, byline, voice, and channel conventions are trusted signals of independently vetted journalism. Sponsored production reproduces those cues while operating under a hidden commercial incentive, filling every role of Adversarial Signal Imitation with a media-specific trust boundary and remedy set.

Native-advertising confusion is the commercial-publishing specialization of Adversarial Signal Imitation, copying editorial credibility cues while bypassing editorial incentive and production constraints.


Evaluation supplies the frame that makes a natural system legible as capital: a bounded stock is assessed against criteria for condition, productive capacity, persistence, and benefit generation. Remove that criterion-bearing judgment and the forest, wetland, soil, or fish stock remains a biophysical system but is no longer being treated as a value-bearing asset. Natural Capital adds the ecological stock-versus-service-flow and depletion accounting commitments.

Natural capital requires a criterion-bearing evaluation that treats ecological condition and future service capacity as an asset rather than unpriced background.


It defines a causal estimand, uses an identification warrant to separate effect from association, estimates the contrast, and scopes uncertainty. Its differentia are assignment by a real-world process outside analyst control and a substantive defense that this found variation is as-if random for the units and treatment margin it moves.

A Natural Experiment is Causal Inference specialized to found as-if-random assignment, a substantively defended identifying process, and a local effect.


Some natural experiments find an actual lottery or comparable stochastic assignment mechanism. In those branches, chance assignment is an internal constituent of the design even though the analyst did not install it. Most policy boundaries, shocks, difference-in-differences designs, and defended instruments are only as-if random and therefore do not contain the prime's explicit chance-assignment procedure.

A natural experiment contains randomization when its found assignment process is literally stochastic with known allocation probabilities; merely as-if-random policy and boundary branches are excluded.


The live prime uses NAIRU as its canonical applied case. Search, matching, skills, location, and institutions generate a positive floor; aggregate demand is the saturating intra-regime lever; accelerating inflation is the variance-transfer signal; structural labor policy can move the floor.

The natural unemployment rate is the labor-market specialization of a mechanism-set floor that demand stimulus cannot lower without moving inflation.


The open-question test requires two typed relata: a proposed natural or descriptive property N and goodness as a genuinely evaluative property. Normativity supplies the latter constituent. The child adds the semantic identity claim, Moorean diagnostic, natural-property restriction, and metaethical error verdict; it is not itself a kind of normativity.

Moore's Naturalistic Fallacy internally contains a normative property, goodness, that is illicitly identified with a descriptive property.


The defining object is a closed path through states that returns the actor to an already visited state. Navigation Loop adds an interface substrate, a goal excluded from the cycle's reachable set, and often a hidden gating token, but it retains Cycle's closure and return structure exactly.

A Navigation Loop is a Cycle specialized to an interface transition graph whose closed path excludes the user's goal state.


It inherits cross-scheme endpoints, explicit declaration, versioned mapping governance, weakest-link composition, and bounded consumer actions. It adds the close grade, a loss-risk flag, optional loss kind, and context-aware routing.

Near-equivalence Mapping is the closeMatch species of Schema Mapping Relation, fixing the bridge grade at useful correspondence with explicit loss risk.


The child exists to prevent consumers from treating the mapped concept as a perfect stand-in. Its use-versus-loss check, monotone chain degradation, and bridge-carried warning are exactly a fidelity assessment, expressed in controlled-vocabulary rather than proxy-measurement language.

Removing vocabulary governance leaves a stand-in relation whose explicit loss bound determines when acting on one concept remains faithful to the other.


Both preserve the two systems and persist a typed cross-system match verdict whose named loss bounds downstream inference and prevents false transitive identity. The child fixes the verdict at close and supplies use-sensitive warning, review, and routing behavior.

Near-equivalence Mapping is the near-match-with-stated-loss species of Record Reconciliation, specialized to controlled-vocabulary concepts and closeMatch.


The Near-Miss Effect is counterfactual proximity weighting specialized to zero-payoff outcomes that sustain operant responding because they fall just short of a reward target. Counterfactual Proximity Weighting supplies the genus: An internal signal is graded not by the outcome alone but by its distance to a nearby counterfactual outcome of different value, so near misses carry near-reward signals. Near-Miss Effect preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: The operant finding that an outcome falling just short of the target — though it pays exactly zero — sustains responding more than a clearly distant failure, because the internal reinforcement signal is weighted by counterfactual proximity to the goal rather than by actual payoff. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


Hold objective intensity constant and swap only the sign of the input. The psychological impact changes: negative information captures more attention, persists more strongly in memory, and moves evaluation or motivation farther than an equally intense positive. Strip away affect, threat, memory, and human measurement and the preserved structural claim is a directed imbalance that fails the swap test. That is Asymmetry; Negativity Bias adds the valence-bearing biological system and fixes which side receives greater weight.

Negativity Bias is the affective-cognitive form of Asymmetry in which equal-magnitude positive and negative inputs are not interchangeable because the negative side receives greater psychological weight.


The four digital affordances force formerly separated audiences into one addressable public and thereby disable audience-specific register. The framework explicitly contains that downstream effect alongside the invisible audience; the direction is Networked Publics to its Context Collapse constituent, not the reverse.

Context Collapse is one of the two compounding effects internal to the Networked Publics framework.


The framework is defined by how one networked-digital medium changes what can be expressed, retrieved, circulated, and addressed. Those carrier properties are not incidental setting but a strict modality constituent of the theory.

Networked Publics contains a specific representational modality whose persistence, visibility, spreadability, and searchability reshape public formation.


Neuroplasticity's maps and circuits are reshaped through LTP/LTD, STDP, homeostatic scaling, and structural spine change, alongside axonal and myelin remodeling. Synaptic Plasticity is therefore an internal mechanism layer of the larger phenomenon rather than its synonym or taxonomic genus.

Circuit-level neural reorganization contains durable efficacy change at individual connections as its principal cellular write mechanism.


Critical-period timing is the node's distinct capacity gate: identical correlated input durably sculpts a young circuit but produces far less or no acquisition after inhibitory maturation and perineuronal-net closure. Adult residual plasticity does not erase the explicitly circuit-specific windows.

Neuroplasticity contains a bounded high-malleability developmental window, a biological closing mechanism, and a sharp in-window/post-window asymmetry.


A prepared terminal can transmit briefly without concurrent long-range delivery, and local synthesis varies, but maintaining neuronal synapses over time ordinarily depends on the soma-to-terminal supply system.

Sustained neurotransmission typically presupposes axonal transport to supply remote terminals with vesicle components, membrane proteins, and mitochondria.