The poetic turn is defined by more than transition or contrast: the post-hinge material must reorganize the meaning of the setup while the prior lines remain fixed. Remove that retroactive reinterpretation and line 9 or line 13 merely continues the poem, failing the source's “the turn must actually turn” test. Reframing is the portable constituent; codified placement, prosodic signal, and lyric craft remain Volta-specific.

A Volta contains a reframe because the material after its hinge must change the terms under which the preceding lines are read.


Volunteer-Management Overload is an intake bottleneck specialized to a crisis response whose finite credential-and-supervision channel is saturated by willing helpers. Bottleneck supplies the genus: The single limiting stage that caps an entire system's throughput. Volunteer-Management Overload preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: The crisis failure mode in which would-be helpers arrive faster than a response system's finite credential-brief-assign-supervise intake channel can absorb them, so beyond a threshold each marginal arrival consumes net capacity rather than adding it. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


The domain model supplies one strategic cause of the prime's empirical pattern: rational mixed play among motivated agents. Psychological diffusion may produce the same parent, but is not required by this child.

Removing the k=1 public-good game leaves the bystander regularity that each potential responder acts less often as the pool of possible helpers grows.


With N symmetric agents and no selection device, each randomizes so that volunteering and free-riding have equal expected payoff. The child adds the single-provider public good, private cost, and group-size comparative static.

The unassigned Volunteer's Dilemma contains a symmetric mixed strategy whose volunteer probability creates the load-bearing group-size failure floor.


Every player receives the benefit whether or not that player volunteers, which creates the preference that someone else bear the cost. The child specializes provision to a binary k=1 threshold and strategic equilibrium.

The game contains a non-excludable shared benefit produced once any one member pays the private provision cost.


The domain effect adds encoding and later recall consequences to a stimulus-side relational contrast. The same item loses its advantage when moved into a surround where its feature is ordinary, exactly preserving the prime's field, surround statistic, and local-contrast operator.

Removing the memory-test frame from the Von Restorff effect leaves the salience computation by which an item gains prominence through departure from its local norm.


Cost disease is one of the law's three stated channels, raising the expenditure share even when the real quantity of teaching, care, policing, or adjudication is unchanged.

Wagner's Law contains Baumol's Cost Disease because labor-intensive public services become relatively more expensive as economy-wide productivity and wages rise.


The above-unit income response of these services supplies the demand-side channel through which development raises the government-spending share. Income Elasticity of Demand supplies an internal constituent: Collapse a good's whole income-demand relationship into one unit-free ratio of percentage change in quantity to percentage change in income, so its sign and position relative to one classify it as inferior, necessity, or luxury. Wagner's Law requires that role within this mechanism: The empirical regularity that as a country industrializes and per-capita income rises, public expenditure grows faster than GDP so its share of national income climbs — driven by the compounding pull of administrative load, income-elastic demand for merit goods, and Baumol cost-disease. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Wagner's Law contains Income Elasticity of Demand because rising income shifts demand toward education, health, insurance, culture, and other merit goods whose public provision grows faster than income.


Density-related external costs are the administrative-load channel in the law's own three-part account; the state-spending trajectory is the domain envelope that bundles this with cost disease and income-elastic demand.

Wagner's Law contains Externality because industrialization and urban density generate unpriced coordination, pollution, congestion, property, and public-health burdens that expand public administration and regulation.


The relation is strict for film, video, stroboscopic, and flickering-light cases. Reports under genuinely steady illumination may instead involve contested neural sampling or direction-selective competition, so Aliasing is typical rather than universal across the full live entry.

Strip away the spoked wheel, visual percept, cinema history, and lighting context and the exact Nyquist failure remains: a periodic source is sampled too slowly, distinct fast states become indistinguishable at the sampling instants, and reconstruction returns a lower-frequency motion that was not present in the source. That is Aliasing without residue in the settled externally sampled case. The named effect adds the rotating visual feature and retains a separate contested question about continuous viewing, so it is a domain-framed application rather than the substrate-spanning parent itself.

The canonical externally sampled Wagon-Wheel Effect is the visual-motion application of Aliasing in which discrete sampling folds fast periodic rotation into false motion.


A network-defined walkshed operationalizes the reach half of the conjunctive score while path safety and comfort remain separate. Pedestrian Shed supplies an internal constituent: Measure the true reach of a transit stop or destination by counting who can walk to it within a time tolerance along the actual street network, not the straight-line circle. Walkability requires that role within this mechanism: Score how well a built environment supports travel on foot by measuring two conjunctive halves — whether daily destinations sit within walking range and whether the paths between them are safe and continuous — so a low number points at the binding deficit. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it. The typical qualifier limits the claim to the characteristic route, not a constitutive requirement of every instance; exceptions must retain the child's identity through another mechanism.

Walkability assessments typically contain a pedestrian-shed calculation on their destination side to determine which daily destinations are reachable on the walking network.


The class-relative score instantiates agent-capability by environment-feature action possibilities while adding reach, safety, comfort, and policy instrumentation. Affordance supplies an internal constituent: An action possibility offered by the fit between an agent and its environment. Walkability requires that role within this mechanism: Score how well a built environment supports travel on foot by measuring two conjunctive halves — whether daily destinations sit within walking range and whether the paths between them are safe and continuous — so a low number points at the binding deficit. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Walkability contains affordance because its path-side verdict is the capability-relative relation traversable-by between a pedestrian class and the built environment.


Both increase the future population weight of variants according to their contingent consequences. The child fixes the variants to heritable prezygotic mating traits, the adverse consequence to reduced hybrid fitness at secondary contact, the update channel to differential reproduction, and the signature to reproductive character displacement.

The Wallace effect is reinforcement specialized to reproductive-isolation traits whose consequence is avoidance of low-fitness hybrid offspring.


It inherits a limited set of positions, competing claimants, and a feasibility-constrained assignment. The child adds demand-frequency weights, rack and aisle access costs, repeated pick penalties, and drift between the two orderings.

Warehouse slotting failure is a misallocation specialized to assigning high-frequency SKUs to positions with heterogeneous access cost.


Watchdog Journalism is monitoring specialized to an independent press actor observing the powerful and routing findings through a mass-public consequence channel. Monitoring supplies the genus: Continuously observing a system's state to detect deviation from expected behavior and trigger a response, separating genuine signal from routine noise. Watchdog Journalism preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Model the press as an independent, adversarial monitor of the powerful whose exposures route to voters, regulators, or courts the monitored actor does not control — so its capacity reads off four structural elements and fails through capture or chilling effect. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


Without monotonic dilution of the temperature-salinity fingerprint toward basin background, there is no dilution clock or expiry boundary on recoverable identity. Signal Decay and Fadeout supplies an internal constituent: Signals, influence, or effects systematically weaken over time or space. Water Mass requires that role within this mechanism: A body of ocean water identified not by its location but by a conservative temperature-salinity signature set at its formation region — so a sample drawn anywhere in the interior can be matched back to origin and read as a mixture of a few named source waters. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Water-mass identity contains progressive signature fadeout through mixing until provenance is erased.


Both infer formation context from a conservative property set carried through transport and mixing, using a signature model rather than an external custody chain, until dilution erases identifiability. The child fixes the parcel to ocean water, the signature to temperature-salinity and related tracers, the library to T-S space, and the inferred origins to named ocean formation regions.

Water mass is the oceanographic specialization of signature-borne provenance.


Without the terrain-defined divide and its inside-outside criterion, the contributing area cannot be bounded and neighboring catchments cannot be distinguished. Boundary supplies an internal constituent: Defines system limits. Watershed requires that role within this mechanism: Bound the space of contributing sources for any point in a river to the terrain-defined area draining to a common outlet, then exploit the asymmetric upstream-downstream coupling — everything propagates down, nothing back up against gravity — to fix search direction and intervention shape. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

A watershed contains a drainage-divide boundary that separates contributing areas by outlet.


Without movement of water, sediment, chemicals, and heat from contributing area to outlet, neither upstream-downstream coupling nor catchment contribution is defined. Flow supplies an internal constituent: Structured movement of energy, matter, or information. Watershed requires that role within this mechanism: Bound the space of contributing sources for any point in a river to the terrain-defined area draining to a common outlet, then exploit the asymmetric upstream-downstream coupling — everything propagates down, nothing back up against gravity — to fix search direction and intervention shape. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

A watershed contains gravity-directed water and cargo flow toward a common outlet.


Without connected rills, streams, and rivers ordered toward the outlet, the catchment loses its routing structure and recursive sub-basin organization. Network supplies an internal constituent: Models interactions between components. Watershed requires that role within this mechanism: Bound the space of contributing sources for any point in a river to the terrain-defined area draining to a common outlet, then exploit the asymmetric upstream-downstream coupling — everything propagates down, nothing back up against gravity — to fix search direction and intervention shape. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

A watershed contains a branching drainage network that merges tributary contributions.


A Wave Packet is a wave specialized to a localized, band-limited superposition with a carrier, envelope, group velocity, and dispersion-governed spreading. Wave supplies the genus: Propagating disturbance. Wave Packet preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Build a localised disturbance as a narrow-band superposition of plane waves so it has both a position and a spectrum, then read its centroid off the group velocity and its spreading off the curvature of the medium's dispersion relation. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


Wave Picking is scheduling specialized to timed, compatibility-grouped warehouse cohorts released against synchronized downstream capacity and departure windows. Scheduling supplies the genus: Organizing tasks over time. Wave Picking preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Release warehouse orders not on arrival but in timed, compatibility-grouped cohorts, deliberately accepting a bounded latency wait so that picking, packing, and loading run synchronously against the same wave and downstream stations stay neither starved nor overwhelmed. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


Basis supplies a spanning independent generating family, unique coordinates, reconstruction, and a basis-relative sparsity lever. Orthonormal and biorthogonal discrete wavelets instantiate that structure directly; Wavelet adds one mother template, dilation and translation, localization, filterbank realization, and vanishing-moment design.

A Wavelet typically generates a Basis whose scale-position coordinates reconstruct signals and expose basis-relative sparsity.


Every mother wavelet deterministically assigns a real or complex value to each point in its domain. It adds localization and decay, zero mean, finite energy, admissibility or reconstruction conditions, scale and position actions, vanishing moments, and a signal-analysis role.

A Wavelet is a Function Mapping specialized to a localized, mean-zero, finite-energy oscillatory template whose dilations and translations analyze signals.


Scale supplies the oriented coarse-to-fine axis, selected bands, different visible structures at each band, cross-band relation, and regime-specific resolution. Wavelet fixes that apparatus to dilations of one mother function and adds translation, coefficient recovery, filterbanks, vanishing moments, and the joint position-scale representation.

Wavelet contains an explicit Scale axis whose dilation bands trade probe width, frequency range, and spatial or temporal resolution.


Directional markers, landmarks, and default-back paths do more than describe the space; they support concrete navigation and recovery actions for the intended agent-environment relation. Affordance supplies an internal constituent: An action possibility offered by the fit between an agent and its environment. Wayfinding System requires that role within this mechanism: A designed network of environmental cues on a legible substrate that lets a goal-directed agent localise, choose a next step, and recover from disorientation — pushing navigation work out of the head into the environment. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

A Wayfinding System contains Affordance because its cues and recovery paths make next actions and reorientation opportunities available in the environment.


The placed cue layer externalizes state and next-step computation into signs, landmarks, breadcrumbs, maps, and recovery markers. This offloading is constitutive of the system rather than a side effect.

A Wayfinding System contains Cognitive Offloading by placing localization and route information in the environment so the navigator need not maintain a complete internal map.


Remove goal-directed movement and there is no localization, next-step choice, or recovery task for the cues to support. The child adds a designed environmental scaffold rather than the navigator's act itself.

A Wayfinding System presupposes Navigation because its cue layer exists to support an agent traversing a structured space toward a known goal.


A mark without a stable cue-to-meaning mapping cannot localize or direct an arriving agent. The child composes many signals into a coherent spatial vocabulary and placement logic.

A Wayfinding System contains Signaling because each placed cue must encode route-relevant information under a learnable convention the navigator can decode locally.


Weber's law preserves the genus's measurable stimulus continuum, operationalized perceptual response, modality-specific fitted parameter, and bounded operating range. It adds a discrimination threshold and the constant-fraction form delta I divided by I equals k rather than a full perceived-magnitude curve.

Weber's Law is the difference-threshold species of Psychophysical Scaling, relating the smallest detectable change to baseline stimulus intensity over a bounded sensory range.


Weber's constant-fraction rule means equal detectable steps correspond to equal input ratios. Logarithmic Perception and Encoding carries that substrate-spanning ratio-to-equal-internal-step structure; Weber adds a perceiving system, a measured just-noticeable difference, a modality-specific Weber fraction, and boundary failures near absolute threshold and saturation.

Removing the psychophysical JND procedure leaves proportional sensitivity over wide range, the local rule from which logarithmic encoding is derived.


Weber's law is defined by k = delta I divided by I. Ratio supplies the numerator, nonzero reference denominator, division, units, and scale interpretation internal to that expression; the domain law adds perceptual detectability, modality constancy, and a bounded sensory regime.

The Weber fraction is literally the ordered ratio of just-noticeable change to nonzero baseline stimulus magnitude.


Weber's dependent quantity is the smallest increment that crosses from indiscriminable to discriminable relative to a baseline. Threshold is therefore an internal constituent, while the law adds proportional scaling of that threshold across baseline intensity and a modality-specific fraction.

A just-noticeable difference is a difference threshold at which a change in stimulus becomes reliably detectable.


Retrieval begins with incomplete traces of the journey and assembles a duration judgment using the number of distinct encoded segments. Familiar travel leaves a sparse trace and is reconstructed short; novel travel leaves a dense trace and is reconstructed long. Reconstructive Memory supplies trace-plus-retrieval completion; the effect fixes the reconstructed field to duration and the trace density to route familiarity.

The Well-Travelled Road Effect is Reconstructive Memory specialized to retrospective duration, rebuilding elapsed time from sparse or dense event traces rather than replaying a stored clock.


Novel decisions and landmarks receive selective processing while routine segments are filtered through low-supervision execution. The resulting difference in encoded event count drives the later duration estimate even when clock time is matched. Attention supplies the bounded selective-allocation operation; the effect fixes its downstream consequence to trace density and retrospective time.

Attention is a constituent of the Well-Travelled Road Effect because differential allocation to familiar versus novel route segments determines how many traces are available for duration reconstruction.


Repetition compiles navigation decisions into a low-supervision route pathway. That saves contemporaneous control and attention, but it also means junctions and landmarks are not separately encoded for later reconstruction. Automaticity supplies the familiar-route execution regime; the named effect adds the sparse memory trace and shortened retrospective duration it produces.

Automaticity is a constituent of the Well-Travelled Road Effect because familiar routes execute with little stepwise supervision and therefore leave fewer distinct event traces.


The effect depends on more than making suicide a salient topic. Coverage presents a model, a behavioral script, and an outcome; observers attend to that model, retain the script, and gate reproduction by identification and expected consequences. The Papageno complement confirms the constituent: changing the modeled outcome from death to help-seeking reverses the aggregate association while the topic remains present. Observational Learning is only one component; the Werther Effect adds suicide-specific vulnerability, publicity, reporting details, and a post-coverage population-rate signature.

Observational Learning is a constituent of the Werther Effect because coverage supplies a modeled behavior and outcome that identifying observers can encode and reproduce.


The same co-residence cue has sharply different consequences depending on when it occurs. Exposure during the early-childhood window can install a durable sexual-aversion disposition, with duration inside that window grading its strength; co-residence beginning after closure does not install the same response. Remove this time-gated acquisition asymmetry and the mechanism cannot explain siblings raised apart or unrelated children raised together. Critical Period is broader and does not specify the co-residence cue, sexual output, or incest-avoidance function.

A Critical Period is an internal constituent of the Westermarck Effect because only early-childhood co-residence installs the persistent adult-aversion tag.


Spreading and beading are not intrinsic labels. Young's equation and roughness regimes express the resolved configuration produced by opposing pressures whose relative strengths move the contact angle.

Contact geometry is the operating point at which liquid–solid adhesion and liquid cohesion plus the three interfacial tensions jointly balance.


The property is relational and cannot reside in liquid or solid alone. The three-phase contact line, exchange surface, topography, and interfacial-energy terms are internal structure rather than mere environmental background.

Wettability contains the solid–liquid–vapor contact interface whose surface energies and geometry define contact angle and spreading regime.


Wholesale-Funding Run is Bank Run specialized to concentrated professional creditors refusing to roll short-tenor funding under shared information. Bank Run supplies the genus: A self-reinforcing mass withdrawal or refusal to renew short-term claims on a financial institution, where a finite liquid pool rewards early exit and each withdrawal worsens later claimants' prospects, so even a solvent institution can be drained by the race. Wholesale-Funding Run preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: A rapid, self-reinforcing withdrawal of short-term funding by a small set of professional creditors who simultaneously refuse to roll over maturing liabilities — coordinated by shared information and driven by the first-mover advantage of a finite liquid-asset pool, draining a firm in days. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


Learning Curve Effects relate cumulative experience to a predictable decline in the time, cost, or error of the next performance. Word Frequency Effect inherits that complete relation: lifetime encounters provide the cumulative experience axis, lexical decision or naming provides the repeated performance, and recognition latency and error fall approximately with log exposure. It adds a mental lexicon, corpus-frequency measurement, naturalistic rather than solely deliberate practice, and reader-specific lexical entrenchment as its differentia.

The Word Frequency Effect is a lexical-access species of Learning Curve Effects in which cumulative naturalistic exposure lowers the time and error required to recognize the next word token.


Remove recognition of the learned whole or its downward influence and the target letter can no longer outperform the same feature in isolation or an unstructured nonword. The child fixes the template to lexical entries and adds reading expertise, masking-time constraints, and the forced-choice guessing control.

Word Superiority contains Configural Processing because a familiar ordered whole activates within the masking window and feeds facilitation back to its constituent letters.


Remove selective allocation and executive focus and the architecture cannot determine which incoming or retrieved representations enter the active set, remain accessible, or receive rehearsal and transformation. Attention supplies that control operation without itself supplying a short-lived storage-and-manipulation workspace.

Working Memory presupposes Attention because selective control determines which representations enter, remain active, and receive manipulation.


The architecture contains a small simultaneous capacity and short persistence interval. Remove those restrictions and its overload regime, replacement pressure, rehearsal requirement, and contrast with long-term memory disappear. Constraint is therefore an internal constituent rather than a genus.

Working Memory contains binding capacity and duration constraints that force rehearsal, replacement, and competition among active representations.


A capacity quantity is defined only for an architecture whose admissible active contents it measures. Remove Working Memory's temporary maintenance and manipulation workspace and no simultaneous supply remains to count.

Working Memory Capacity quantifies the simultaneous holding-and-manipulation supply of the Working Memory architecture.


Working Memory Capacity measures a storage-and-manipulation limit rather than selection bandwidth, but executive attention must select, refresh, and coordinate the representations competing for the active set.

Active holding under simultaneous manipulation presupposes finite selective-control capacity that admits and coordinates representations.


Expertise and structured material often increase effective capacity by constructing higher-order units rather than enlarging the underlying slot count. Unstructured simple-span cases can treat each element as one unit, so the constituent is typical rather than strict.

Working Memory Capacity typically contains Chunking that recodes several raw elements into each unit counted against the active budget.


Strip the human working-memory, chunk-count, rehearsal, and complex-span frame. What remains is a checkable upper-bound condition partitioning simultaneous processing configurations into admissible and inadmissible sets.

Working Memory Capacity is the human active-workspace form of a Constraint, partitioning simultaneous content sets into those within and beyond a cap.


The updating operation requires a bounded active workspace whose contents can be monitored, retained, transformed, replaced, and evicted. Remove that architecture and there is no working-memory content set for the executive function to update.

Working-Memory Updating operates on the Working Memory architecture's active content set, replacing and transforming items by current task relevance.


Working-memory updating specializes state transition to relevance-governed additions, replacements, transformations, and evictions in a capacity-limited cognitive store. State and State Transition supplies the genus: Captures system condition and evolution. Working-Memory Updating preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: The executive function of monitoring a capacity-limited short-term store and revising its contents in real time — adding, replacing, transforming, and evicting items by relevance to the current task, distinct from passively maintaining them. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


The effect preserves the crossover genus's comparative self-rating, self-anchored absolute-ability estimate, under-modeled peer distribution, difficulty moderator, and population-incoherence diagnostic. It adds the negative-sign regime: on hard or expert-dominated tasks, a majority places itself below the group median. The sibling Illusory Superiority fixes the positive-sign regime.

The Worse-than-Average Effect is the below-average regime of the comparative self-assessment crossover, selected when a task is difficult, unfamiliar, or expert-dominated.


Remove the causal relation and the case becomes chance, spurious correlation, or common-cause confounding rather than reverse causation. Causality supplies the directed productive dependence; the child adds an inference that swaps its endpoints while preserving the observed association.

Wrong Direction contains causality because its identity requires both an asserted causal arrow and a genuine causal relation whose orientation the assertion reverses.


Remove the association and there is no evidential basis from which the mistaken orientation is drawn. Correlation supplies directionless co-variation; the child adds an unjustified causal arrow, a reversed true arrow, and the requirement for temporal or interventional evidence to break the symmetry.

Wrong Direction presupposes correlation because the fallacy begins with a symmetric observed association that carries no information about which variable is upstream.


The child is a named recurring reasoning defect whose failure lies in the evidential content available for orienting a conclusion, not in formal syntax alone. It adds a conceded association, a conceded causal link, an inverted arrow, and temporal or interventional direction tests to the Informal Fallacy genus.

Wrong Direction is the informal-fallacy species that assigns a causal arrow from symmetric association while the genuine arrow runs in reverse.


Both require a driver-response relation with an ascending limb, interior maximum, descending limb, and sign reversal for interventions around the peak. The child fixes arousal as driver, task performance as response, attentional disruption as the descending mechanism, and task difficulty as a moderator of peak location.

Yerkes–Dodson is the arousal–performance specialization of the substrate-neutral inverted-U response shape.


The waiter and interruption paradigms add a recall advantage, ego-involvement scaling, and a pause-versus-termination gate. Their structural core is the persistence of an adopted goal representation across interruption and its active release on closure. Open-Goal Persistence carries that agentic state mechanism without importing the named memory finding or its experimental apparatus.

Zeigarnik Effect decomposes to Open-Goal Persistence: remove the memory experiment and an unfinished adopted goal remains active until completion, abandonment, or credible substitution releases it.


The bound is not a free-floating number: it is a kink in the input-output map of a particular interest rate. The child adds the physical-currency substitute, effective floor, central-bank setting, residual policy gap, and channel-substitute toolkit.

The zero lower bound contains the nominal short-term interest rate as the policy instrument whose travel is capped by the cash outside option.


The live prime explicitly names the cash-substitution bound as an applied instance. The quantity is the nominal policy rate, rate cuts are the intra-regime lever, cash convertibility generates the floor, and changing the currency or remuneration architecture is the structural lever.

The zero lower bound is the monetary specialization of a mechanism-set floor that ordinary use of the proximate lever cannot cross without pathology.


Overlay districts add rules without dissolving the MECE base map required for parcel resolution. Partition supplies an internal constituent: A division of a set into non-overlapping, collectively exhaustive blocks. Zoning requires that role within this mechanism: Partition a jurisdiction's territory into spatially bounded districts and assign each a fixed rule bundle of permitted, conditional, and prohibited uses plus dimensional standards, so what may be built at any parcel resolves by a two-step map-then-ordinance lookup. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Zoning contains a partition because every parcel is assigned to one exhaustive, non-overlapping base district before that district's rule bundle is looked up.


Private-Public Preference Divergence supplies the genus: A systematic gap between the distribution of privately-held preferences (or beliefs) in a group and the distribution publicly expressed or inferred, sustained because each member reads others' conformity as conviction and conforms in turn. Abilene Paradox preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: A group converges on an action no member privately endorses because each misreads the others' silence or polite assent as genuine preference, so the aggregation channel filters out exactly the disagreement that would have revealed the better option. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.

Abilene Paradox is a specialization of Private-Public Preference Divergence, retaining the parent's defining structure while adding the child's specific commitments.


The child specializes evidence to a non-occurrence whose likelihood under competing hypotheses is discriminating. A modeled expectation and an understood absence-generating process are required; uninstrumented silence does not satisfy the genus.

Absence as information is evidence carried by an expected but missing trace under a modeled absence-generating process.


A named guard against a degenerate Bayesian update where the detection likelihood P(null|present) is silently set to 1; it presupposes the updating machinery and forces the omitted likelihood term. Bayesian Updating supplies the prerequisite condition: Update beliefs with evidence. Absence Of Evidence Vs Evidence Of Absence operates against that background: A null finding becomes evidence against a claim only in proportion to how likely the search was to detect the claim had it been true. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption. The typical qualifier limits the claim to the characteristic route, not a constitutive requirement of every instance; exceptions must retain the child's identity through another mechanism.


'one sharp lesson' within the broad apparatus of statistical_inference — the specific asymmetry that a null counts only in proportion to detection power. Statistical Inference supplies the genus: Reasoning from a finite, noisy sample back to the underlying population or process while explicitly quantifying the uncertainty that sampling introduces. Absence Of Evidence Vs Evidence Of Absence preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: A null finding becomes evidence against a claim only in proportion to how likely the search was to detect the claim had it been true. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association. The typical qualifier limits the claim to the characteristic route, not a constitutive requirement of every instance; exceptions must retain the child's identity through another mechanism.


An absorbing state is a configuration in a transition system one can enter but not leave with one's modality; it presupposes the state-machine apparatus (modality-relative reachability over a transition graph). State and State Transition supplies the prerequisite condition: Captures system condition and evolution. Absorbing State Under Restricted Modality operates against that background: A state one can enter but not leave with one's available modality of action. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption.


Ability to recognize, assimilate, and apply external knowledge is one specific latent resource within the broader reorganization-reserve that constitutes adaptive capacity. Adaptive Capacity supplies the genus: Ability to change. Absorptive Capacity preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Ability to integrate knowledge. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association. The typical qualifier limits the claim to the characteristic route, not a constitutive requirement of every instance; exceptions must retain the child's identity through another mechanism.


Absorptive capacity is a specialization of internalization. The general pattern relocates an element from outside an agent to inside, so what was once external is now governed from within and operates without depending on the external source. Absorptive capacity instantiates this with the element being external knowledge: the system recognizes, assimilates, and applies outside insights via internal R&D, boundary-spanning roles, and prior related knowledge. The acquired knowledge becomes endogenous capability, no longer requiring sustained external transmission to operate, which is exactly the boundary-relocation move internalization names.

Absorptive capacity is a specific kind of internalization where external knowledge is taken inward and reconstituted as endogenous capability.


Absorptive capacity is a specialization of learning. The general pattern is the durable, experience-driven self-update of an agent's internal capability such that future performance changes. Absorptive capacity instantiates this with the experience being exposure to external knowledge and the update being internal processes that recognize, assimilate, and apply it. Prior related knowledge determines what can be acquired, which is the schema-formation mechanism learning depends on. It is learning specifically organized around uptake from outside sources rather than from direct experience or instruction.

Absorptive capacity is a specific kind of learning where the agent acquires capability by recognizing and assimilating external knowledge.


Information Hiding supplies the prerequisite condition: Deliberately concealing internal facts behind a stable public surface to control dependencies. Abstract Data Type operates against that background: Specify a component by its externally observable behaviour while suppressing its implementation, so any conforming implementation is interchangeable behind the contract. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption. The typical qualifier limits the claim to the characteristic route, not a constitutive requirement of every instance; exceptions must retain the child's identity through another mechanism.

Abstract Data Type typically presupposes Information Hiding, whose structure must already obtain for the child mechanism to be meaningful or operational.


An ADT 'includes the interface but is richer' — a behavioural contract (interface signatures PLUS invariants/laws) with a conformance relation and substitutability guarantee. ADT is built on interface. Interface supplies the prerequisite condition: A bounded, rule-governed surface across which two systems exchange information or control while hiding their internals, letting each evolve independently behind a stable contract. Abstract Data Type operates against that background: Specify a component by its externally observable behaviour while suppressing its implementation, so any conforming implementation is interchangeable behind the contract. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption.


Abstract_work is the output of an abstraction operation when the result is a content-identity carried across swappable carriers — presupposes abstraction but adds the load-bearing instance-set and identity-criterion that abstraction-in-general lacks. The 0.93 similarity is parent-to-product. Abstraction supplies the prerequisite condition: Focus on core elements. Abstract Work operates against that background: A content identity that persists across its concrete carriers, with an explicit criterion for which instance-variations preserve the work and which fork a new one. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption. The typical qualifier limits the claim to the characteristic route, not a constitutive requirement of every instance; exceptions must retain the child's identity through another mechanism.


Abstract Work is the enriched work-and-carrier species of the bare type-and-token split, adding a content identity criterion, attribution, and lineage. A Work is a repeatable identity distinct from its numerically distinct concrete realizations, with facts and operations routed separately to the shared identity and to each realization. The Work species adds culturally anchored content identity, a same-work boundary, producer attribution, and revision-versus-fork lineage.


Abstraction in art is the structurally-particularized form abstraction takes in the aesthetic-creation case: the concrete original is the depictable subject, the purpose is heightened formal, emotional, or conceptual encounter, and the projection deliberately drops representational fidelity to amplify color, line, shape, and rhythm. It satisfies abstraction's three-part specification — concrete original, purpose, projection — particularized by the artistic-strategy commitment that what-remains-carries-all-the-weight.

Abstraction in art is the specific shape abstraction takes when representational detail is stripped to isolate essential formal or conceptual properties.


Node, medium, and horizon jointly define the catchment; the horizon supplies the sharp membership response to time, distance, cost, latency, or effort. Threshold supplies an internal constituent: Safe vs harmful levels. Access Catchment requires that role within this mechanism: The set of users who can reach a node given friction and a tolerance horizon. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Access catchment contains a threshold because its tolerance horizon is the critical cost value at which a candidate changes from included to excluded.


Access control is a specialization of authority. The general pattern is legitimate power to make binding decisions that persist even when the subject would otherwise resist, residing in recognized roles rather than raw capability. Access control instantiates this with the binding decisions being authorization verdicts (grant or deny) over principal-action-resource triples, expressed in permissions, roles, or attribute rules. The policy is binding because the protected system recognizes the authorization layer's right to decide; the enforcement is legitimate domination over resource access, the Weberian shape of authority operating in computational systems.

Access control is a specific kind of authority, exercising legitimate power to grant or deny actions on resources.


Access control determines whether a principal may perform an action on a resource, enforcing a policy that separates authorized from unauthorized access. The very operation requires a demarcation between protected and external — a boundary around the resource with controlled permeability. Boundary supplies the structural object: bounded entity, demarcation criterion, and selective crossing mechanism. Access control is then boundary specialized to digital and procedural resources, with the policy specifying the crossing rule. Without a boundary to enforce, there is no inside-outside distinction for access control to mediate.

Access control presupposes boundary because deciding who may cross into resources requires a demarcation between inside and outside.


Access control is a specialization of constraint. The general pattern is a condition that restricts the set of admissible configurations to those satisfying it, with the feasible set as a first-class object. Access control instantiates this with the configurations being principal-action-resource combinations and the binding condition being a security policy: unauthorized combinations are not admissible candidates regardless of other merit. The authorization layer enforces the binding restriction at runtime, partitioning the space of attempted accesses into permitted and forbidden, which is exactly constraint's structural commitment.

Access control is a specific kind of constraint, restricting admissible principal-action-resource combinations to those satisfying a security policy.


An entry-asymmetric cost paid only at the crossing of a membership boundary; it presupposes a status boundary partitioning insiders from outsiders. Boundary supplies the prerequisite condition: Defines system limits. Access Friction operates against that background: An entry-asymmetric cost paid only by those crossing a membership boundary, shaping who is present rather than who is qualified. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption.


Complexity supplies the genus: Measures system intricacy. Accidental Vs Essential Complexity preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: A system's complexity splits into the irreducible difficulty of the problem and the removable difficulty introduced by the chosen approach. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.

Accidental Vs Essential Complexity is a specialization of Complexity, retaining the parent's defining structure while adding the child's specific commitments.


Adaptation supplies the genus: Systems adjust to conditions. Accommodation preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Systems modify internal structure or behavior in response to external pressures. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.

Accommodation is a specialization of Adaptation, retaining the parent's defining structure while adding the child's specific commitments.


Accountability presupposes authority because the relation of answering for outcomes requires that some legitimately empowered party have exercised decision-making power whose results can be attributed and assessed. Without authority's framework of recognized binding decisions, there is no decision to answer for and no role-holder to hold answerable. Accountability operates by tracing outcomes back to authorized decision-makers and subjecting them to evaluation against the mandate their authority carries; the answerability relation is anchored to the structure of legitimate power.

Accountability presupposes authority because answering for outcomes requires a recognized power-to-decide whose exercise can be traced and assessed.


Action bias is a specific member of the bias family: the deviation toward acting over forbearing, produced by an attributional asymmetry in an accountable setting. Genus-to-species. Bias supplies the genus: Systematic, directional error distinct from random noise. Action Bias preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: When acting and not acting have similar expected payoffs, decision-makers systematically prefer to act, because action is more visible and attributable than inaction, biasing choice toward doing something beyond what the payoff calculus justifies. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


Activation energy is the minimum threshold of energy or effort required to initiate a process before it proceeds spontaneously. This presupposes constraint: a condition that restricts the set of admissible configurations to those satisfying it, with the feasible set as a first-class object. The barrier acts as a binding restriction on the process: configurations below the threshold are not admissible candidates regardless of other merit, partitioning the dynamics into forbidden and feasible regimes. Without constraint's framing of binding thresholds, activation energy reduces to a numeric parameter rather than a structural gatekeeper.

Activation energy presupposes constraint because the barrier defines a binding threshold below which the process cannot proceed.


Activation_energy is the barrier-magnitude scalar that is one of metastability's five ingredients; metastability is the whole geometry (local well and barrier and lower destination and kinetic isolation and masquerade window). After the chemistry_materials frame is stripped away, the retained structural roles are those of Metastability: A system persists in a locally stable configuration that is not the global optimum, held there by a barrier that routine disturbances cannot clear. Activation Energy adds the local frame and commitments expressed in its identity: The minimum input that must be supplied to push a thermodynamically favorable but stalled process past a barrier before momentum carries it to completion. The parent pattern remains recognizable without that vocabulary, while the child is the framed realization of it. That preservation test establishes decomposition rather than taxonomic subsumption.


The trigger's threshold barrier — 'one element of mobilization'. After the chemistry_materials frame is stripped away, the retained structural roles are those of Mobilization: Latent capacity is activated, channeled into directed action, and then sustained or returned to rest. Activation Energy adds the local frame and commitments expressed in its identity: The minimum input that must be supplied to push a thermodynamically favorable but stalled process past a barrier before momentum carries it to completion. The parent pattern remains recognizable without that vocabulary, while the child is the framed realization of it. That preservation test establishes decomposition rather than taxonomic subsumption.


Activation energy is the minimum threshold required to initiate a process before it proceeds spontaneously — the barrier separating an initial state from a final state. The construct is constitutively about state transitions: there is a starting state, an ending state energetically favorable to the starting one, and a barrier whose crossing constitutes the transition. State-and-state-transition supplies that architecture: distinct states with rule-governed transitions between them. Without an underlying state-transition framework, there is nothing for the threshold to gate and no transition for the activation energy to enable.

Activation energy presupposes state and state transition because the energy threshold gates the transition between an initial state and a final state.


Adaptive radiation is a high-rate branching BURST gated jointly on an opportunity-opening event, a variable source population, and a niche structure that rewards differentiation — a specialization of the general branching-and-merging topology with rate + gating + niche-structure added.

Adaptive radiation is a high-rate branching BURST gated jointly on an opportunity-opening event, a variable source population, and a niche structure that rewards differentiation — a specialization of the general branching-and-merging topology with rate and gating and niche-structure added.


Natural Selection supplies the genus: A population of varying, heritable variants is filtered by a selection pressure so that the better-performing variants differentially reproduce or persist, shifting the population's composition over rounds — variation, selection, and retention as a substrate-neutral engine. Adaptive Radiation preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: A variable source population given access to a newly opened, niche-structured space of opportunity fans out rapidly into many specialized subtypes, then consolidates as niches saturate — a burst gated jointly on opportunity, variability, and niche structure. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association. The typical qualifier limits the claim to the characteristic route, not a constitutive requirement of every instance; exceptions must retain the child's identity through another mechanism.

Adaptive Radiation is typically a specialization of Natural Selection, retaining the parent's defining structure while adding the child's specific commitments.


Adaptive Redirection is the deliberate discontinuous-course species of adjustment to changed evidence, distinguished by preservation and redeployment from the old course. A system changes its organization or behavior in response to conditions so it can continue pursuing function under a revised fit to the environment. The change selects a materially new course from a three-way option set and makes retained learning or capability from the disconfirmed course load-bearing in it.


A redirection qualifies only when experience on the rejected course produces a durable update that is retained and used to select or execute the new course. Adaptive Redirection is not a species of Learning; it is a course-selection event that depends on and redeploys a learning output. Remove the durable experience-driven update and the change becomes a restart, arbitrary switch, or externally forced reroute rather than adaptive redirection. Learning can occur without a course change, but this relation cannot preserve and redeploy prior evidence unless learning has already produced something durable.


Additive bias is a specific member of the bias family: a direction-asymmetric search distribution over transformations that over-samples 'add' and under-visits 'remove'. Bias supplies the genus: Systematic, directional error distinct from random noise. Additive Bias preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: When asked to improve a system, agents reliably reach first for adding a component and underweight removing one, so the search distribution over transformations is direction-asymmetric and long-lived systems accrete past their purpose-optimal complexity. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


The first move creates the expectation and the unfilled second slot supplies the non-occurrence. Timeout, conversational silence, ritual breakdown, and procedural default are substrate-specific detectors of the same constituent.

A missing projected second-pair part must itself become a detected positive signal; without noticeable absence the child source says there is no adjacency pair.


Adjacency Pair is Setup-Resolution Pair specialized by noticeable absence, preference asymmetry, and an explicit repair affordance. The parent supplies the genus and can occur without the child; the child preserves it while adding commitments the parent does not require.


Adjudication and dispute resolution presupposes authority because the third party's role in examining competing claims and rendering a binding decision rests on legitimate power -- court, arbitrator, regulator, ombudsperson -- recognized as entitled to settle the dispute and enforce the outcome. Without authority's apparatus of obligations that persist against subject resistance, the adjudicator's reasoned determination has no binding force and disputants need not abide by it. Procedural legitimacy is authority earned through impartial process; adjudication is authority structured for dispute settlement. Authority supplies the prerequisite condition: The recognized, legitimate right to issue binding decisions within a defined scope, distinct from raw coercive force or mere persuasive influence. Adjudication (Dispute Resolution) operates against that background: Dispute resolution. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption.

Adjudication and dispute resolution presupposes authority because the third party's binding determination requires legitimate power to settle contested claims.


The attacker does not create credibility from nothing; it exploits an existing signal that receivers use to infer a hidden type. Signaling supplies the cue-to-type update rule and the separating cost or constraint whose informational value the imitator attempts to borrow.

Adversarial signal imitation presupposes Signaling because it can only copy a cue whose established relation to a hidden type already causes receivers to update.


Adverse selection is the specific shape information asymmetry takes when the unequal private knowledge concerns a type — a quality of a good, a risk profile, a willingness to repay — and the asymmetry operates before contract, sorting who shows up to transact. It is a structurally-particularized instance of one side holding material private knowledge the other cannot verify, with the added commitments that the hidden element is a fixed type rather than a chosen action, the distortion runs through self-selection of the worst-for-the-uninformed-party types into the transaction, and the equilibrium can degrade to market collapse.

Adverse selection is the specific shape information asymmetry takes when hidden types skew the pool of willing participants pre-contract.


Adverse Selection contains Selection's eligible population, operative basis, differential passage, and shifted survivor composition. Potential transactors have different hidden types; uniform terms make participation more attractive to some types than others, so the pool that enters or remains is compositionally different from the eligible population. Adverse Selection adds private type information, an uninformed counterparty, pre-contract timing, an adverse direction from that counterparty's perspective, and possible iterative unraveling. Information Asymmetry remains an independent strict coordinate because generic selection need not involve unequal knowledge.

Adverse Selection is selection specialized to hidden pre-contractual types whose unequal willingness to accept uniform terms degrades the participant pool.


agency_problem (principal-agent) PRESUPPOSES two agents, each satisfying agency's goal/world-model/action-selection triad. It is a relational configuration built ON agency, not a kind-of agency — so the edge flavor is presupposes, not is-a.

Agency_problem (principal-agent) PRESUPPOSES two agents, each satisfying agency's goal/world-model/action-selection triad.


The agency problem presupposes delegation of authority because its entire structure requires a prior assignment of decision-making power from a principal to an agent who acts on the principal's behalf. Without that transfer of operational authority, there is no agent whose hidden interests and unobservable effort can diverge from the principal's. Delegation supplies the architecture — principal, agent, scope of decisions, accountability mechanism — that the agency problem then diagnoses as imperfect: divergence of interests plus information asymmetry yields welfare loss that contracts and monitoring can mitigate but rarely eliminate.

The agency problem presupposes delegation of authority because the principal-agent distortion only arises once decision-making is transferred to an agent.


The agency problem typically presupposes information asymmetry because the costly divergence between principal and agent arises chiefly when the agent's actions, effort, or private knowledge are imperfectly observable, so the principal cannot verify compliance or condition payment on inputs. Without that observational gap, contracts could be written directly on the agent's action and agency loss would largely vanish. Symmetric-information principal-agent settings can still display misaligned objectives but typically reduce to standard contracting problems; the characteristic agency problem of moral hazard and adverse selection requires asymmetric private knowledge as its operating condition.

The agency problem typically presupposes information asymmetry because misaligned interests bite when the principal cannot fully observe the agent's actions.


The divergence is a diagnostic about READING an aggregate: it presupposes aggregation (the collapsing operation) and adds a heterogeneous mix, a stock/flow masking duration, and the opposite-direction-trends invariant. 'presupposes aggregation but adds...'. Aggregation supplies the prerequisite condition: Deliberately collapsing many items into a single summary, choosing which information to discard to gain tractability. Aggregate-Marginal Divergence operates against that background: The aggregate trends one way while the next unit's contribution trends the other. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption.


The aggregation rule taking micro states to macro regularities. After the statistics_experimental_design frame is stripped away, the retained structural roles are those of Micro Macro Linkage: A two-way bridge by which micro units produce macro regularities and macro conditions reshape the micro situation. Aggregation adds the local frame and commitments expressed in its identity: Deliberately collapsing many items into a single summary, choosing which information to discard to gain tractability. The parent pattern remains recognizable without that vocabulary, while the child is the framed realization of it. That preservation test establishes decomposition rather than taxonomic subsumption.


Alertness is the standing-capacity position in a recognition pipeline (salience -> alertness -> attention); it conditions the noticing that attention then deploys. It presupposes the attention apparatus while being the PREPARED state distinct from the DEPLOYED act. Attention supplies the prerequisite condition: The selective allocation of a fixed processing capacity to some inputs while the rest are filtered out, surfacing scarcity upstream of every decision. Alertness operates against that background: A standing capacity to notice, distinct from the act of attending. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption. The typical qualifier limits the claim to the characteristic route, not a constitutive requirement of every instance; exceptions must retain the child's identity through another mechanism.


An algorithm presupposes function because the well-defined procedure it specifies makes sense only as the computational realization of a function from admissible inputs to results: same input, same output, without reference to the evaluator's state. Function supplies the single-valued dependency that the algorithm operationalizes by giving a finite, definite, effective sequence of steps that always produces the corresponding output. Without the prior availability of function as a deterministic mapping, there is no extensional behavior for the algorithmic procedure to compute, and its termination value would have no normative target.

An algorithm presupposes function because the procedure it specifies is precisely a mechanical way of realizing a deterministic input-to-output mapping.


An algorithm is a finite, definite, effective procedure that transforms inputs to outputs through an ordered sequence of mechanically-executable steps with a termination condition. This presupposes iteration: the repeated application of a step with state carried between rounds, a stopping condition, and a notion of progress. Each algorithmic step consumes the prior state and produces the next, exactly the use-of-prior-output structure iteration requires. The termination guarantee and the progress measure that distinguishes a halting algorithm from a non-halting loop are the same structural commitments iteration specifies.

An algorithm presupposes iteration because executing a finite sequence of prescribed steps that update state until termination is the iterative pattern.


Discretization-Induced Artifact supplies the genus: Converting a continuous quantity into discrete buckets produces apparent structure that is a property of the bucket boundaries rather than of the underlying phenomenon. Aliasing preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Sampling a signal below the rate its information content demands folds distinct high-frequency states onto identical low-frequency ones, fabricating false structure that masquerades as real signal. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.

Aliasing is a specialization of Discretization-Induced Artifact, retaining the parent's defining structure while adding the child's specific commitments.


Scale supplies the prerequisite condition: Properties change with size. Aliasing operates against that background: Sampling a signal below the rate its information content demands folds distinct high-frequency states onto identical low-frequency ones, fabricating false structure that masquerades as real signal. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption.

Aliasing presupposes Scale, whose structure must already obtain for the child mechanism to be meaningful or operational.


Alienation describes a condition in which agents become estranged from their own activity, products, or species-being such that the estranged element confronts them as external, opposed, or independent. The relation is constitutively non-interchangeable: the agent is the substrate that produced the element, while the element appears as an alien power dominating the agent. This directed inversion fails the swap-test — switching agent and product changes the situation fundamentally. Alienation is asymmetry with a particular content: a subject-substrate gap where the constitutive relation reads backwards from its proper direction.

Alienation presupposes asymmetry because the estrangement it names is a directed inversion between an agent and what is constitutively their own.


Alienation presupposes the social construction of reality because its defining inversion, that what is substantially the agent's own confronts them as external power, runs through the objectivation move at the heart of social construction: human activity produces patterns that come to be experienced as independent objective things, including by their producers. Without the prior availability of construction's externalization-objectivation-internalization cycle, there is no mechanism by which a constitutive relation could be inverted into an apparent estrangement. Alienation is the pathological reading of the same constitutive process.

Alienation presupposes the social construction of reality because the estranged element appears as external precisely through the objectivation phase of joint constitution.


Allocation presupposes scarcity because the assignment of a limited supply across competing claimants only becomes a problem when demand exceeds supply such that giving to one denies to another. Without scarcity's structural condition that available quantity is insufficient to satisfy all simultaneous demands, no allocation choice is required — abundance permits all claims to be met without competition or trade-off. Scarcity supplies the structural-precondition that makes allocation a problem worth solving; allocation supplies the bare-assignment operation that resolves the resulting competition into a definite distribution.

Allocation presupposes scarcity because the assignment of finite supply across competing claimants only becomes a problem when demand exceeds supply.


Allometry and scaling law is a specialization of scaling and scale dependence. Specifically, it instantiates the qualitative-change-with-scale pattern in the quantitative subclass where the relationship between size and another property follows Y proportional to X to the b, with the exponent b carrying the scaling regime's structural fingerprint. Like other scale-dependence claims, it asserts that what governs the system shifts with size; allometry is the subclass where that shift takes the specific shape of a power law whose exponent recurs across seemingly unrelated systems.

Allometry and scaling law is a specialization of scaling and scale dependence that captures cross-size variation via power-law exponents.


It inherits systematic directional deviation rather than random error and adds linear projection from a salient early signal, missed near-term friction, and under-compounded long-term diffusion.

Amara's Law is bias specialized to opposite-signed forecast errors at short and long horizons around a nonlinear realization curve.


Ambidexterity is a specialization of adaptive capacity in which the latent reserve that supports reorganization is the simultaneous capability to exploit existing competencies and to explore new ones. It inherits adaptive capacity's general structure as the second-tier reserve enabling reconfiguration when disturbances exceed first-tier scope, and specializes by fixing the reserve's content to a dual capability with different structures, processes, and incentives. The exploration arm supplies novel options for reconfiguration; the exploitation arm sustains current performance during transition. Their joint maintenance is what makes the organization able to adapt without collapsing operations.

Ambidexterity is a specialization of adaptive capacity in which the held reserve is the parallel ability to explore and to exploit.


The 'conservative propagation' that re-broadcasts the founding draw is an amplification step. After the physics frame is stripped away, the retained structural roles are those of Founder Effect: A small unrepresentative initial subset starts a new population through a narrow gate, and its idiosyncratic composition is amplified into the descendant's durable identity. Amplification adds the local frame and commitments expressed in its identity: Increase signal or disturbance. The parent pattern remains recognizable without that vocabulary, while the child is the framed realization of it. That preservation test establishes decomposition rather than taxonomic subsumption.


Analogy presupposes abstraction because mapping between two domains by relational role rather than surface similarity requires those roles to have been abstracted from their concrete embedding in each domain. Without abstraction's purpose-relative retention of structure — selecting load-bearing features while discarding the rest — the source domain's relational skeleton could not be lifted from its specific contents to project onto the target. Abstraction supplies the structure-extracting operation that makes the source's roles transportable; analogy supplies the cross-domain mapping that uses those abstracted roles to license inferences in the target.

Analogy presupposes abstraction because mapping relational roles between domains requires those roles to have been abstracted away from surface features.


Analogy is a kind of comparison specialized by its alignment mechanism: the items compared are entire domains, and the alignment rule projects structural roles and relations from a source domain onto a target domain rather than matching surface features. It inherits comparison's commitment to placing items under a shared frame with an alignment rule producing a relational output, and supplies the specific case where commensurability is achieved through relational role-correspondence, licensing inferences in the target by transporting the source's relational structure across the mapping.

Analogy is a specialization of comparison in which the alignment rule is structural role-mapping rather than feature-matching.


Anchoring is a specialization of bias. Specifically, it instantiates the systematic-displacement-from-the-true-value pattern by locating the mechanism in insufficient adjustment from a salient initial value: even arbitrary or explicitly-irrelevant anchors pull subsequent judgments toward themselves in a consistent direction that more deliberation does not erase. It satisfies bias's defining signature -- a sign and offset surviving averaging -- with the offset traced to the anchor stimulus and its imperfect adjustment, distinguishing it within the broader catalog of cognitive biases.

Anchoring is a specialization of bias in which the systematic displacement is toward an initial reference point that resists adjustment.


Anchoring substitutes proximity-to-the-anchor for full deliberation, producing rapid numerical estimates by adjustment from an initial reference rather than by exhaustive analysis. That is the defining profile of a Heuristic — a simplified rule trading speed and cognitive cost against accuracy, with characteristic systematic error in some environments. Anchoring specializes heuristic to numeric judgment under reference-point exposure, with the predictable signature that the anchor's value pulls final answers toward it even when uninformative.

Anchoring is a kind of heuristic: an initial reference point yields a fast judgment that is systematically biased toward the anchor.


Without an observer-side category of goal-directed agency, surface cues could prompt resemblance or pattern recognition but could not support the distinctive inference that the target intends, understands, wants, or acts for reasons.

Anthropomorphism presupposes a concept of agency because it projects an agentive interpretation onto a target whose agency has not been established.


Many central cases use a human mental-state model to explain a target's behavior, but some anthropomorphic attributions stop at human form, voice, temperament, or social role without a rich model of hidden mental states; the component is therefore typical rather than strict.

Theory-of-Mind inference is a typical internal mechanism of Anthropomorphism when the projected human likeness includes beliefs, desires, emotions, or understanding.


The anti-commons forms ON the property-rights substrate: it is a failure mode of a particular rights configuration (exclusion rights fragmented so finely that re-assembling consent is prohibitive). Presupposes property_rights as its medium.


Antifragility specializes stressor-induced adaptation by fixing the response shape: where the parent pattern names the general inverted relationship between short-run difficulty and long-run capacity gain, antifragility specifies a convex response curve to volatility — accelerating upside with bounded downside — so the system positively gains from disorder up to some dose. Where the parent allows linear or merely robust gain from controlled stress, antifragility's particularization requires that the curve's convexity make exposure to variability strictly better than steady conditions.

Antifragility is a specialization of stressor-induced adaptation in which the system's response curve to volatility is convex and gains accumulate from stress.


'A boundary is the inclusion-exclusion edge in the abstract; applicability scope is the boundary-declaration ATTACHED to an artifact and FORWARD-PUBLISHED for its consumers, with a scope-check at the use site.' The boundary is the edge; applicability_scope is the published, checkable envelope around it. Presupposes a boundary. Boundary supplies the prerequisite condition: Defines system limits. Applicability Scope operates against that background: An artifact publishes a bounded region of conditions under which its outputs or guarantees hold, so consumers can detect out-of-scope use before it causes harm. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption. The typical qualifier limits the claim to the characteristic route, not a constitutive requirement of every instance; exceptions must retain the child's identity through another mechanism.

Applicability Scope typically presupposes Boundary, whose structure must already obtain for the child mechanism to be meaningful or operational.


Approach-avoidance conflict is a specialization of preference. The general pattern is an agent's ordering over a choice set on some evaluative dimension, with a choice set, evaluator, ordering relation, and context. Approach-avoidance instantiates this with a single goal that simultaneously holds positive and negative valence, producing approach and avoidance gradients that are functions of proximity. The ordering relation is internally conflicted: at the crossover point neither dominates, yielding oscillation rather than stable selection. It is preference with the specific structural feature that valences are coupled rather than aligned on a single dimension.

Approach-avoidance conflict is a specific kind of preference where a single goal carries both positive and negative valence simultaneously.


Approach-avoidance conflict is a specialization of trade-offs. Specifically, it instantiates the multidimensional-coupling pattern -- two valued dimensions improving one requires worsening the other -- with the additional structure that both dimensions attach to the same goal: the same choice promises simultaneous reward and cost. Like other trade-offs, it precludes a single-dimensional ranking; approach-avoidance is the intrapersonal subclass where gradient steepness as a function of proximity generates the characteristic oscillation rather than a static frontier.

Approach-avoidance conflict is a specialization of trade-offs in which the conflicting valences are bound to a single goal rather than spread across options.


Representation is the structured mapping of a target onto a medium that preserves selected features under a stated convention. Approximation is the particular shape this mapping takes when the convention is explicit error-tolerance: a tractable surrogate stands in for the intractable target, and the gap between them is controlled and named — strict bound, asymptotic estimate, or probabilistic guarantee. It is a structurally-particularized instance of representation in which the faithfulness claim is explicitly weakened to a known tolerance the use case can absorb.

Approximation is the specific shape representation takes when the medium deliberately differs from the target by a bounded, named error.


Financial arbitrage is a specialization of generalized arbitrage in which the boundary across which discrepancies are exploited is between markets, platforms, or contract types for the same or economically equivalent asset, and the discrepancy is a price gap. It inherits the general pattern of systematically exploiting differentials across boundaries to capture value while pushing toward convergence, and specializes by fixing the units to prices, the boundaries to financial venues, and the exploitation to simultaneous purchase-and-sale yielding near-risk-free profit. The corrective action enforces price discovery, the financial analogue of arbitrage's general convergence-pressure effect.

Financial arbitrage is a specialization of generalized arbitrage in which the boundary being exploited is between asset markets or contract types.


Equilibrium supplies the prerequisite condition: Balanced state. Arbitrage (Generalized) operates against that background: Exploiting a discrepancy in price, value, or perception across a boundary that friction keeps from equilibrating, extracting the spread until it closes. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption.

Arbitrage (Generalized) presupposes Equilibrium, whose structure must already obtain for the child mechanism to be meaningful or operational.


Arbitrariness of symbolic conventions presupposes signifier–signified duality because the arbitrariness claim — that no intrinsic property of form determines meaning — is precisely a claim about the relation between signifier and signified faces. Without the two-faced sign structure that duality provides, there would be no relation whose arbitrariness could be asserted. The conventional fixing by community is the binding force that holds the two faces together in the absence of natural motivation.

Arbitrariness of symbolic conventions presupposes signifier–signified duality because the arbitrary link binds the two faces of the sign.


An archetype is a structural template — character traits, narrative functions, symbolic configurations — that recurs across cultures, periods, and media with a stable core recognizable beneath surface variation. The named feature (the structural core) is preserved under the named family of transformations (cultural, temporal, medial reskinning). That is the defining shape of Invariance. Archetype specializes invariance by fixing the preserved feature as a humanly recognizable template and the transformations as cross-cultural reinstantiation.

An Archetype is a kind of invariance: a structural core of a character, role, or pattern preserved across cultures, media, and historical periods.


An archetype is identified by its reappearance: the same structural template — hero, trickster, threshold, transformation — turns up across cultures, periods, and representational media with regularities audiences recognize. That repeated reappearance of a stable pattern across instances is the defining content of Recurrence. Archetype specializes recurrence by naming the kind of pattern that recurs (a structural template for character, role, or narrative) and the dimension across which it recurs (cultural and historical instantiation).

An Archetype is a kind of recurrence: the same structural template reappears across cultures, media, and historical periods.


Archetype is a specialization of schema. Specifically, it instantiates the type-level-representation-with-slot-structure pattern in the cultural-narrative subclass: defining traits, relations, and functions (Hero's journey beats, Trickster's transgression, Mentor's transmission) form the schema's structural core, while particular characters fill the variable roles. Like other schemas, it guides perception, interpretation, and memory of category instances; archetypes are the subclass whose template recurs across cultures and media with sufficient regularity to be recognized rapidly without explicit instruction.

Archetype is a specialization of schema that supplies a recurrent narrative or character template instantiable across cultural surfaces.


Aspectual Individual claims that a base and the same base under a fixed aspect are distinct countable bearers with different existence conditions. That claim cannot be stated without prior criteria deciding what counts as one entity, when two presentations remain the same base, and what persistence conditions belong to the derived bearer. Criteria of Individuation supplies those rules without collapsing the occupied-aspect bearer into a mere role.

Treating an entity-under-an-aspect as a distinct bearer presupposes rules for sameness, difference, counting, and persistence.


Associative memory stores and retrieves items by content rather than by separate address, with proximity in representational space driving recall. Hopfield made this precise as a network of symmetrically coupled units settling into stored patterns as fixed-point attractors of an energy function. This presupposes network: a set of entities with pairwise connections studied at the level of connection pattern, where structure carries enough explanatory power to predict flows, reachability, and dynamics. Without the coupling pattern among units supplying the attractor landscape, content-addressed retrieval has no mechanism.

Associative memory presupposes network because content-addressable retrieval through proximity in representational space requires a connection pattern over storage units.


Associative memory is a specialization of search and retrieval in which storage and lookup are content-addressable: stored items are accessed through cues sharing their representational space, so a partial or noisy cue retrieves the full or linked item. It inherits the general search-and-retrieval commitment of locating relevant items from a larger store under speed and accuracy constraints, and specializes by collapsing the key-versus-address distinction: similarity in the representation space drives recall, with energy-function attractors making nearby cues converge onto stored patterns.

Associative memory is a specialization of search and retrieval in which the access key is the stored content itself rather than a separate address.


Associativity is a specialization of invariance. Specifically, it names the case in which the family of transformations is the regrouping of operands by parentheses and the preserved feature is the value produced by the binary operation. Like every invariance claim, it commits jointly to a preserved feature and the operations preserving it; associativity is the subclass where the operations are parenthesizations and the algebraic consequence -- unambiguous expressions written without explicit grouping -- underwrites group theory, monoids, semigroups, and the rest of abstract algebra.

Associativity is a specialization of invariance whose preserved feature is the result of an operation under regrouping of operands.


Associativity says that (a o b) o c equals a o (b o c) for all elements, so the result is unchanged under the transformation that regroups the parenthesization. That is the precise algebraic claim of symmetry: invariance under a specified group of transformations, here the regrouping action on operand strings. Associativity specializes symmetry by fixing the operation as a binary combiner and the preserved feature as the value of finite combinations independent of grouping.

Associativity is a kind of symmetry: the regrouping transformation leaves the result of a binary operation unchanged.


Epistemic Mode Of A Proposition supplies the genus: The same proposition can be held in different epistemic modes — asserted-fact, assumption, axiom, hypothesis, premise, belief, conjecture — and the mode, independent of the content, gates which operations are licensed on it: you may provisionally rely on an assumption, must test a hypothesis, cannot refute an axiom within its system, must discharge a premise. Assumption preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: A proposition treated as true for the purposes of some reasoning without being currently demonstrated within it, forming the load-bearing layer between what is given and what is concluded. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.

Assumption is a specialization of Epistemic Mode Of A Proposition, retaining the parent's defining structure while adding the child's specific commitments.


'the specific adversarial case where the inequality is a per-unit COST RATIO on a non-discriminating channel' — a specialization of bare asymmetry with a saturation threshold and a five-move intervention catalogue. Asymmetry supplies the genus: Directed imbalance in a relation whose two sides are not interchangeable under swap. Asymmetric Attack Defense Cost preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: On a shared channel, the cost ratio between producing harm and producing correction determines whether defense is sustainable by effort or requires structural redesign. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


Remove the build-up and the pattern reduces to unequal transport coefficients rather than Asymmetric Flux's defining puzzle: a quantity piles up even under apparently symmetric forcing until a sink, saturation, or back-pressure limits it.

The selective boundary's residual net transport creates a constitutive Accumulation on the favored side.


Genus-to-species — asymmetric flux is asymmetry embedded in a TRANSPORT structure, adding the accumulation-under-symmetric-forcing invariant (net transport survives equalised forcing because the boundary, not the force, governs direction). Asymmetry supplies the genus: Directed imbalance in a relation whose two sides are not interchangeable under swap. Asymmetric Flux preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: A direction- or channel-selective boundary drives accumulation even under symmetric forcing. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


Names a tunable design parameter that produces asymmetric outcomes across four combinations; it uses/produces asymmetry rather than being a kind of the general relational-imbalance prime. Asymmetry supplies the prerequisite condition: Directed imbalance in a relation whose two sides are not interchangeable under swap. Asymmetric Interface Tolerance operates against that background: At any interface, each side's strictness in enforcing the spec is an independent design parameter, and the four combinations produce qualitatively different long-term equilibria. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption.


Interface supplies the prerequisite condition: A bounded, rule-governed surface across which two systems exchange information or control while hiding their internals, letting each evolve independently behind a stable contract. Asymmetric Interface Tolerance operates against that background: At any interface, each side's strictness in enforcing the spec is an independent design parameter, and the four combinations produce qualitatively different long-term equilibria. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption.

Asymmetric Interface Tolerance presupposes Interface, whose structure must already obtain for the child mechanism to be meaningful or operational.


A 'specific, disciplined variant' of screening — a cheap first-pass filter deliberately tuned to forbid one error type and tolerate the other, sized against a downstream-cost budget. Generic accuracy-tuned screening is not this prime. Screening supplies the genus: Inducing self-revelation. Asymmetric Screening preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: A cheap, deliberately one-sided-error filter gates an expensive authoritative check. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


Symmetry and asymmetry are interdefinable complements: symmetry is invariance under a named transformation group (the swap-test passes), while asymmetry is the failure of invariance under the same swap (the swap-test fails). Neither is prior; each is the structural negation of the other relative to a specified operation, and the diagnostic for one is the diagnostic for the other inverted. The framing depends on naming the transformation; once named, the two faces — preserved vs. not preserved — exhaust the possibilities. Asymmetry is defined as follows: Directed imbalance in a relation whose two sides are not interchangeable under swap. Symmetry is defined as follows: Invariance under transformation. Each identity supplies a contrast or condition needed to state the other. Making either endpoint foundationally prior would discard that co-definition, so the relation is mutual and remains outside the acyclic directed topology.

Asymmetry and symmetry are interdefinable structural complements — each is precisely what the other is not under a stated transformation.

Symmetry and asymmetry are interdefinable complements: symmetry is invariance under a named transformation group (the swap-test passes), while asymmetry is the failure of invariance under the same swap (the swap-test fails). Neither is prior; each is the structural negation of the other relative to a specified operation, and the diagnostic for one is the diagnostic for the other inverted. The framing depends on naming the transformation; once named, the two faces — preserved vs. not preserved — exhaust the possibilities. Symmetry is defined as follows: Invariance under transformation. Asymmetry is defined as follows: Directed imbalance in a relation whose two sides are not interchangeable under swap. Each identity supplies a contrast or condition needed to state the other. Making either endpoint foundationally prior would discard that co-definition, so the relation is mutual and remains outside the acyclic directed topology.

Symmetry and asymmetry are interdefinable structural complements — each is precisely what the other is not under a stated transformation.


Asymptotic behaviour is 'a special, disciplined kind of approximation' — the limiting move of keeping only the dominant term and classifying by growth class. A specialization of approximation. Approximation supplies the genus: Good-enough representation. Asymptotic Behavior preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: In the limit, only the dominant term matters, so behavior is classified by growth class rather than exact value and small or fast-decaying contributions are discarded. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.