A perturbing agent blocks an enzyme already present, rapidly reducing clearance and raising the affected drug's AUC or half-life. That mechanism supplies the opposite direction and clock from induction within one branch of the wider four-stage taxonomy.

The fast metabolism branch of Pharmacokinetic Interaction contains Enzyme Inhibition as the existing-catalyst block that raises co-substrate exposure.


Pharmacokinetic Interaction is a strict specialization of Pharmacological Interaction. Co-present bioactive agents are non-independent because one changes the exposure or action attributable to the other relative to isolation. The coupling is localized specifically to absorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion and is observed as a changed concentration-time profile at unchanged administered dose.


The interaction's organizing coordinate is the affected stage in an ordered processing chain through which the drug's state and amount change before use. Stage localization narrows the mechanism and corrective lever; without staged hand-offs the four-cell taxonomy and upstream-versus-effect distinction collapse.

Pharmacokinetic Interaction presupposes the staged ADME pipeline that lets a perturbation be localized to absorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion.


Removing the child’s frame leaves the reusable structure named by Coupling. Remove drugs, foods, toxins, endogenous ligands, ADME stages, plasma concentration, receptors, dose-response curves, clinical endpoints, and interaction-management practice. Two distinguishable systems become linked through a specifiable channel so that the state or operation of one changes the state or operation of the other; direction, strength, mechanism, and timescale characterize the link.


Synergy And Antagonism is a constitutive part of Pharmacological Interaction. In the canonical response-changing cases, remove the no-interaction baseline and the signed departure of joint exposure or effect from that baseline, and amplifying versus attenuating interaction cannot be stated. parent_in_child Applies when a pharmacodynamic effect or an exposure measure is interpreted as supra- or sub-baseline. A measured concentration shift may meet the pharmacokinetic interaction identity while producing no detectable clinical endpoint departure in a flat response region.


Substituting a generic performance measure would no longer yield the live macroeconomic object: price or wage inflation, expected inflation, and supply-shock price pressure are load-bearing throughout. The child adds labor tightness, inverse short-run slope, NAIRU, and regime instability.

The Phillips curve contains inflation as its vertical measured variable, expectations object, surprise term, and long-run policy outcome.


The source defines the short-run curve's displacement as expectations adapt until unemployment returns to the natural rate at any inflation rate. The child adds short-run slope, inflation and tightness axes, expectations shifting, supply shocks, and policy-conditional instability.

The expectations-augmented Phillips curve contains the natural rate as its vertical long-run asymptote and stable-inflation unemployment anchor.


The curve's defining short-run geometry is a trade-off between inflation and unemployment, while expectations and supply shocks move the feasible locus and the long run removes exploitability. Those qualifications limit the bargain without erasing the trade-off constituent from the live identity.

Removing wage-price vocabulary from the Phillips curve leaves a short-run inverse relation in which improvement on one desired axis costs movement on another.


The live Contrast prime explicitly uses phonemes and distinctive features as a canonical case of identity constituted by binary oppositions in a comparison system. Phoneme adds a speech substrate, lexical minimal pairs, allophonic boundaries, and language-specific inventories.

Removing the speech-language frame from Phoneme leaves system-relative Contrast: identity and discrimination carried by structured difference.


A phoneme inventory compresses the continuous and token-variable speech stream into finitely many individually identifiable units that admit enumeration and combinatorial sequencing. Phoneme adds contrastive lexical function, language-relativity, minimal-pair evidence, and feature-based natural classes.

Removing the phonological frame from Phoneme leaves Discreteness: separated, countable categories extracted from a continuously varying signal.


Equivalence Relation supplies sameness under a stated criterion and the resulting partition into classes; its live entry explicitly names phonemic equivalence of allophones as a canonical case. Phoneme fixes the carrier to speech sounds and the criterion to absence of lexical contrast under the minimal-pair and distributional diagnostics.

A Phoneme presupposes the equivalence relation that groups acoustically distinct, non-contrastive realizations into one language-relative category.


The capacity does not invent arbitrary auditory units. It makes the language-specific sound categories and constituency already used by fluent speech available for conscious isolation, blending, deletion, and substitution. Remove the phonological system and there is no phoneme inventory, syllable structure, or contrastive boundary for awareness to inspect.

Phonological Awareness presupposes a language's Phonology because conscious manipulation requires a sound system whose syllables, rimes, and phonemes can become objects of attention.


The child moves from tacitly producing and recognizing words to treating their sound structure as an explicit object with countable units and repeatable operations. Remove phonemes, graphemes, dyslexia, and instruction, and the surviving transformation is the move from implicit fluency to codified, deliberately manipulable form that Formalization names.

Phonological Awareness is the literacy-specific form of making an implicit sound practice explicit, inspectable, and rule-operable.


A fluent speaker already runs phonological processes but may be unable to report or deliberately alter their units. Phonological Awareness adds a second-order monitoring and control layer over that first-order competence. Metacognition supplies the portable self-inspection pattern; the child language, sound-unit ladder, orthography, and reading gate are the domain differentia.

Stripping the speech-and-literacy frame leaves metacognitive access to units that an underlying competence ordinarily manipulates without awareness.


Isolation, counting, blending, deletion, and substitution all require the learner to partition the speech stream at a chosen grain. The relevant boundaries change from syllable to onset-rime to phoneme, but some sound-structure segmentation is present in every defined form of the capacity.

Segmentation and Boundary Drawing is internal to Phonological Awareness because its developmental ladder progressively exposes boundaries around syllables, rimes, and phonemes.


Phoneme supplies the target contrast categories, feature-defined natural classes, and same-versus-different inventory boundary. Phonological Process adds a learner, a production mapping, systematic class-wide deviation, an age-graded suppression schedule, and a generalization-based intervention test.

A Phonological Process presupposes the adult Phoneme targets and natural classes over which the child's productive transformation is diagnosed.


The adult form supplies the faithful reference, the child's productive rule supplies the actual mapping, and the class-wide error pattern supplies a repeatable, characterizable deviation. The child adds an unmastered target, phonological natural classes, production locus, developmental timetable, persistence diagnostic, and therapy-generalization claim.

Removing child-language and clinical framing leaves Distortion: a systematic mapping-induced deviation from a faithful target output.


The authored system distinguishes contrastive phonemes from predictable phonetic realizations folded into rules rather than listed separately. Allophone supplies the conditioned form, complementary distribution, minimal-pair boundary, and language-relative same-category verdict.

Phonology contains the Allophone relation and its context-conditioned realization rules as the non-contrastive layer below the inventory.


The authored Phonology identity explicitly replaces a catalogue of acoustic events with a closed inventory of minimal contrastive categories extracted by minimal pairs. Phoneme supplies those categories and their allophonic and distinctive-feature boundaries.

Phonology contains the Phoneme inventory as its segmental contrast system.


The system-over-inventory commitment includes compact rules for which phoneme sequences are licit instead of an enumeration of occurring strings. Phonotactics supplies the syllable positions, sonority and adjacency rules, pre-lexical verdict, and repair machinery for that role.

Phonology contains Phonotactics as the local legality grammar over its inventory.


The authored system explicitly extends above the segment to syllables, feet, and intonational phrases that organize stress, tone, rhythm, and intonation. Prosody supplies that tier, its primitives, pragmatic load, syntax interface, and tier-specific failure modes.

Phonology contains Prosody as its supra-segmental constituency and contour layer.


Phonology organizes an inventory by paradigmatic opposition and organizes selected units syntagmatically into licensed sequences. It adds phonetic substrate, phonemes, minimal pairs, distinctive features, allophony, phonotactics, prosodic constituency, and language-specific sound change.

Removing the speech-language frame from Phonology leaves the two-axis structuralist system of substitutable contrasts and combinable sequences.


The source explicitly distinguishes the inventory from the grammar over it. Phoneme supplies the contrastive segment categories; Phonotactics adds syllable positions, sonority sequencing, local adjacency bans, a pre-lexical verdict, and repair rules over sequences of those categories.

Phonotactics presupposes a language-specific Phoneme inventory as the finite alphabet whose arrangements its local grammar admits or rejects.


Both decide the pre-semantic acceptability of strings drawn from a finite inventory by composing local positional constraints into a global verdict. Phonotactics fixes the units to phonemes, the positions to syllable and word structure, and the consequences to possible-word judgments, loanword repair, and second-language intrusion.

Phonotactics is Local Sequence Legality specialized to phoneme strings, syllable positions, sonority rules, and language-specific repairs.


Images often connect a referent to more semantic features and prior associations than a presented label does. The entry treats this as one separable contributor alongside dual coding and distinctiveness, so it belongs as a typical rather than identity-defining constituent.

Semantically interpretable pictures typically recruit Elaborative Encoding, but dual coding can retain an advantage even when this contributor is weak.


A picture normally creates visual and verbal access routes whose union raises recall above a single verbal route. The child adds the human dual-code architecture, picture-versus-word contrast, and distinctiveness moderators; the surviving cross-substrate core is independent functional duplication.

Stripping the human visual-verbal frame leaves Redundancy's independent-alternate-route structure: successful retrieval through either code is sufficient.


Holding referent and test fixed while presenting a picture or a word changes the available representational modalities and therefore the number and character of encoded access routes. Without that code-medium distinction there is no picture-versus-word architecture for the effect to compare.

The effect contains a representational-modality contrast because its defining intervention changes which visual and verbal codes can carry the same referent.


Interface Mismatch supplies two locally workable systems, a required seam, offered and required contracts, and joint failure when those contracts do not align. Pilot Purgatory inherits that structure and specifies the sides as a successful pilot subsystem and an operating absorber whose budget, procurement, ownership, and integration requirements have no functioning handoff.

Pilot Purgatory is the organizational interface mismatch in which a demonstration system's outputs do not satisfy the absorber system's adoption contract.


The source's counterintuitive division is not merely a payoff-table feature; it follows by requiring sequentially rational play after every rejected proposal. The child adds ranked pirates, voting, elimination, discrete coins, and exact tie rules.

The pirate game contains a subgame-perfect solution in which each proposed coalition is priced from the next continuation game's equilibrium payoff.


Pivot is the product-market-fit species: it adds Ries's typed catalogue and venture assets to the general disconfirmed-course, preserved-learning, redirected-course relation.

Pivot is a strict specialization of Adaptive Redirection.


The typed catalogue structures alternatives, evidence informs the trade-off, and the pivot event collapses deliberation into a selected course under uncertainty. After the innovation_entrepreneurship frame is stripped away, the retained structural roles are those of Decision: Committing to one alternative from a set under uncertainty and trade-off, collapsing open deliberation into a chosen path and foreclosing the others. Pivot adds the local frame and commitments expressed in its identity: Supply the missing middle option between persist and quit — a deliberate change of strategic direction that redeploys the calibrated learning from a disconfirmed bet — and locate it on a typed catalogue by asking which one dimension changes while the rest are preserved. The parent pattern remains recognizable without that vocabulary, while the child is the framed realization of it. That preservation test establishes decomposition rather than taxonomic subsumption.

Pivot supplies a three-way persist, redirect, or abandon choice and commits the venture to one redirected bet while foreclosing the competing paths.


This separates pivot from restart or cosmetic relabeling: if the evidence-driven internal-state change is discarded or fails to alter later action, the move does not meet the entry's preservation discipline.

A genuine Pivot preserves calibrated knowledge from the disconfirmed bet and makes that durable update load-bearing in the redirected strategy.


The target customer, value proposition, or business model is the moving reference; the team's experiment-and-evidence process is the finite-bandwidth tracker. Changing direction before its horizon closes is the cadence-versus-bandwidth inequality.

Strategic targets change faster than the evidence-and-learning loop can track, leaving persistent shallow error no added execution effort can close.


A place field is the defining spatial-response region contained in the place-cell abstraction and is the measurable property by which the cell is identified. Place Field supplies an internal constituent: Reify a place cell's spatial tuning as a measurable object — the bounded region where its firing rate is reliably elevated — turning 'the hippocampus represents space' into a battery of scalars (size, peak, stability, remapping) that travel across preparations. Place Cell requires that role within this mechanism: A hippocampal neuron that fires only when the animal occupies a specific region of the world (its place field) — allocentrically referenced, so that the joint pattern across many such cells forms a distributed spatial code decodable to centimetre scale. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.


A place field is a receptive field specialized to the bounded spatial region in which a hippocampal place cell responds above baseline. Receptive Field supplies the genus: A processing unit responds only to inputs falling inside a bounded region of an input space, so a large system covers its input by tiling many such local jurisdictions. Place Field preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Reify a place cell's spatial tuning as a measurable object — the bounded region where its firing rate is reliably elevated — turning 'the hippocampus represents space' into a battery of scalars (size, peak, stability, remapping) that travel across preparations. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


The Placebo Effect source names the recipient's expectation set, the top-down-responsive physiological substrate, and the held-constant comparator. The Subject-Expectancy source names the same mechanism from the measurement side: a hypothesis-forming participant interprets an assigned intervention, belief moves the measured outcome, and a blind or balanced-placebo design is needed to partition the response. The parent is present inside the child only in the controlled-study branch. Placebo responses in ordinary care and conditioning-dominant open-label or ritual contexts do not require a hideable experimental assignment, while subject expectancy also occurs in nonclinical performance, psychotherapy, and survey experiments.

In controlled therapeutic studies, the placebo response conditionally contains the participant-side expectancy effect when belief about assigned treatment recruits a genuine reported, behavioral, or physiological response.


The source explicitly includes conditioning history as a mechanism and gives immune and ritual examples in which the clinical package functions as a conditioned stimulus. Repeated cue-treatment pairings establish a predictive association; later delivery of the cue without the pharmacological component recruits part of the prior response, with extinction and renewal remaining possible. Explicit verbal expectancy can instead produce placebo response on first exposure, so association learning is an internal branch rather than the universal genus.

A placebo response conditionally contains behavioral conditioning when a therapeutic cue previously paired with an active treatment elicits the learned physiological response after the active component is removed.


Placebo Effect is the clinical framed form of expectancy-mediated outcome, adding an inert intervention, therapeutic ritual, endogenous physiology, and comparator-design consequences. After the medicine_healthcare frame is stripped away, the retained structural roles are those of Expectancy-Mediated Outcome: An explicit expectation or learned predictive state about an outcome becomes a causal input to that outcome, with the response channel and coupling sign determining whether realization moves toward or away from what was expected. Placebo Effect adds the local frame and commitments expressed in its identity: An inert intervention produces a real, measurable improvement because the patient's expectations recruit the body's own regulatory pathways — which is why efficacy must be judged by a controlled comparison, not a single-arm gain. The parent pattern remains recognizable without that vocabulary, while the child is the framed realization of it. That preservation test establishes decomposition rather than taxonomic subsumption.


Food trucks, movable seating, paint, markets, and temporary programming can seed use and identity; they become tactical urbanism only when evidence feeds a genuine commit-or-remove decision.

Placemaking typically contains tactical urbanism when a Lighter-Quicker-Cheaper activation is run as a measured, removable public-space prototype before permanent form is committed.


A well-designed yet empty plaza supplies the decisive contrast showing that place is not a sum or a property inserted by physical design. Emergence supplies an internal constituent: Complex patterns from simple rules. Placemaking requires that role within this mechanism: The urban-design discipline that transforms a physical space into a recognised place — a location residents name, return to, and weave into routine — by treating place-quality as emergent from four mutually reinforcing loops (physical form, patterns of use, collective identity, and community stewardship) rather than as a property of design alone. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Placemaking contains emergence because recognized place-quality is a higher-level property generated by interacting form, use, meaning, and stewardship but possessed by none of those dimensions alone.


Form enables use, repeated use produces identity, identity recruits stewards, and stewardship changes form and programming; a slack loop propagates decline through the same return paths.

Placemaking contains feedback because form, recurring use, shared identity, and stewardship route their outputs into one another in a closed mutual-reinforcement circuit.


If the planning layer could distinguish every state that changes feasibility, it could issue an enactable directive. Unequal access to fine-grained readiness and sequencing facts creates the placement error that local improvisation must repair.

Plan-execute gap presupposes that execution holds criterion-relevant constraint information the planning level lacks.


It inherits an authoritative prescriptive artifact, enacted work, systematic divergence, and load-bearing informal adaptation. The child adds a planning cadence, constraint-blind schedule, and recurring plan-versus-actual infeasibility.

Plan-execute gap is procedure-work mismatch specialized to a planning directive whose coarse model cannot be enacted under the fine constraints of actual operations.


Every planarity verdict fixes a substrate, ambient target, faithful placement class, and conflict predicate and asks whether any admissible placement exists. It adds the graph/plane types, Kuratowski-Wagner obstructions, Euler invariant, sparsity bounds, and tractability consequences.

Planarity is Embeddability specialized to placing a graph in the plane with edge crossings forbidden except at shared endpoints.


Network supplies the node and edge sets, incidence, paths, and connection pattern. Planarity adds a two-dimensional ambient, non-crossing constraint, forbidden-minor certificate, face structure, and the planar algorithmic branch.

Planarity requires a Network or graph whose vertices and edges are the relational substrate being tested for a crossing-free embedding.


The framework generalizes a single sustainable-load ceiling into coupled biophysical dimensions whose transgression can erode the Earth system's future support capacity. Carrying Capacity is therefore an internal structural ingredient rather than the whole domain framework.

Each control-variable limit is a sustainable-load envelope, and the nine together form the framework's multidimensional Carrying Capacity.


Remove the critical values and distance-to-boundary scores and the nine-entry framework loses both its safe/unsafe partition and its governance dashboard. These boundaries are deliberately placed short of estimated transition points but remain constitutive thresholds.

Planetary Boundaries contains a distinct buffered Threshold for each Earth-system control variable.


A planetary boundary is set before, not at, the best-estimate transition point. Yet without the underlying possibility of abrupt state change there is no reason to replace linear damage accounting with a buffered safe-operating boundary.

The precautionary boundaries are meaningful because crossing deeper uncertain tipping points can trigger nonlinear and potentially irreversible Earth-system transitions.


Remove extensional plate separation and the global theory cannot account for continental breakup, mid-ocean spreading systems, or the creation of new ocean basins and lithosphere at divergent margins.

Plate Tectonics contains rift zones as the divergent-boundary regions where plates separate and new plate boundaries develop.


Remove the descent of one plate beneath another and the theory loses its principal convergent-boundary process, its dominant slab-pull contribution, and its explanation of trenches, Wadati-Benioff seismicity, and many volcanic arcs.

Plate Tectonics contains subduction as its convergent-boundary mechanism for recycling dense oceanic lithosphere into the mantle.


Remove transform motion and the plate mosaic cannot consistently join offset spreading segments or accommodate the lateral component of relative motion between rigid neighboring plates.

Plate Tectonics contains transform faults as the boundary mechanism that accommodates lateral relative plate motion without creating or destroying lithosphere.


Mantle convection is a central part of the coupled whole-Earth explanation, but kinematic plate tectonics can describe plate motions and boundary relations without assigning all driving force to one convective mechanism; the constituent is therefore typical rather than definitionally strict.

Mature Plate Tectonics typically contains mantle convection as the coupled heat-and-mass circulation within which plate motion, ridge push, and slab pull operate.


Plot is narrative specialized to a selected and causally bound event arrangement shaped into a tension-and-closure arc. Narrative supplies the genus: Organizing events into a sequenced, meaning-bearing account. Plot preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Distinguish the causally bound, tension-shaped arrangement of selected events into a rising-climax-resolution arc from the mere chronicle of what happened in sequence — the move from 'and then' to 'because of' — and hold the underlying story fixed while varying its telling. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


Plurality of Users inherits the convergence structure of causally independent communities reaching the same solution, then specializes the endpoint to adoption of one shared artifact and interprets the recurrence as a defeasible warrant of generality and fitness for purpose.

Plurality of users is independent convergence specialized to adoption of a shared knowledge artifact as graded quality evidence.


The focal words survive while paralinguistic and relational coordinates that distinguish sincerity from parody do not travel. Restoring an intent marker, posting history, or in-thread behavior can separate the hidden states, so Context Stripping supplies one of the law's three necessary conditions.

A cue-stripping channel that preserves message content while removing tone, relationship history, and sender standing is a strict constituent of Poe's Law.


When genuine extreme expression and faithful parody induce identical surface distributions, sender attitude cannot be uniquely recovered from message content. Poe's Law inherits that observation-channel limit and adds the no-absurdity-ceiling, human-intent, and extremism-discourse conditions.

Poe's Law is the text-mediated intent-recovery specialization of Identifiability in which sincere and parodic hidden states produce the same observable content.


A pointer is indirection specialized to a machine-memory address that is dereferenced to reach its referent. Indirection supplies the genus: Introduces intermediary references. Pointer preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: A small, fixed-size value that stores the memory address of another object, providing indirect access through three operations — take-address, dereference, and reassign — so linked structures can span non-contiguous storage and mutate in place by rewiring rather than copying. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


Poisoning the well retains the source-directed attack that substitutes for evaluating a claim and adds temporal priority: the source is discredited before the target claim or evidence is presented.

Poisoning the well is ad hominem deployed before a claim is heard so the source is discredited in advance.


The evaluation-and-feedback slot commonly uses pilots, randomized or quasi-experimental comparisons, and measured revision, though some policies must rely on observational evaluation when controlled assignment is infeasible.

Policy evaluation typically contains an experimental-design discipline for attributing observed effects to the intervention.


Without an authorizing coalition, implementation roles, and a durable rule complex, the object is a proposal or design exercise rather than policy design in the entry's institutional sense.

An authorized policy exists only inside an institution whose rules, roles, and enforcement expectations make it binding.


A policy selects taxes, subsidies, mandates, disclosures, or other rules partly by predicting how intentional targets will respond, embedding mechanism design inside the broader authorization, implementation, and evaluation activity.

Rule engineering for adaptive, self-interested agents is the operative instrument-design constituent of policy design.


Policy design must map whose behavior changes, who bears effects, who can authorize the rule, and who can block or reshape implementation; that actor-and-interest map is stakeholder analysis inside the six-part assembly.

Identifying affected, authorizing, implementing, and resisting parties is a constituent of the target-population and political-economy slots.


Step-growth depends on conversion trajectory and chain-growth on propagation, termination, and transfer rates; covalent topology and bulk properties add more. Kinetics supplies an internal constituent: Describe how fast a chemical system moves among states by relating each species' rate of change to concentrations, temperature, and catalysts through rate laws — keeping the rate-and-path question separate from the thermodynamic endpoint the system is approaching. Polymerization requires that role within this mechanism: The process by which many small monomer units are covalently linked into long chains whose bulk properties emerge from the chain-length distribution rather than from any single monomer's chemistry — the chain, not the monomer, being the unit of analysis. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Polymerization contains initiation, propagation, termination, and transfer kinetics whose relative rates determine chain length and its distribution.


It joins components into an organized whole and restricts the operation to repeated covalent linkage with chemical growth and termination. Composition supplies the genus: Arranges components into a cohesive whole. Polymerization preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: The process by which many small monomer units are covalently linked into long chains whose bulk properties emerge from the chain-length distribution rather than from any single monomer's chemistry — the chain, not the monomer, being the unit of analysis. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.

Polymerization is composition specialized to iteratively arranging monomer components into a cohesive covalently linked chain or network.


Material behavior appears at the population-of-chains level, while chemical linkage and route kinetics add further structure. Emergence supplies an internal constituent: Complex patterns from simple rules. Polymerization requires that role within this mechanism: The process by which many small monomer units are covalently linked into long chains whose bulk properties emerge from the chain-length distribution rather than from any single monomer's chemistry — the chain, not the monomer, being the unit of analysis. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Polymerization contains emergence because bulk material behavior is constituted by the chain-length distribution and is not readable from one monomer.


Finite clusters become a system-spanning network only at critical crosslink conversion; linear chains never require this branch. Threshold-Driven Order Emergence supplies an internal constituent: Order after critical point. Polymerization requires that role within this mechanism: The process by which many small monomer units are covalently linked into long chains whose bulk properties emerge from the chain-length distribution rather than from any single monomer's chemistry — the chain, not the monomer, being the unit of analysis. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it. The conditional qualifier restricts the edge to contexts in which this mechanism is active; outside those contexts the edge asserts no dependency or ancestry.

Crosslinked polymerization contains threshold-driven order emergence when a spanning network forms at the gel point and liquid-like response flips to elastic-solid behavior.


Shared enzymes, transporters, absorption conditions, or excretion routes make the concurrent regimen non-independent and can multiply a previously tolerated exposure. This is one explicit channel inside Polypharmacy, not its genus: appropriate regimens and PD- or cascade-only cases may contain no PK collision.

Polypharmacy conditionally contains Pharmacokinetic Interaction as the ADME- layer channel where one regimen member shifts another's exposure.


Pharmacological Interaction is a constitutive part of Polypharmacy. Removing the constituent makes the child incomplete although the constituent can occur independently.


Duplication is a set-level defect discoverable only by reading the regimen as a whole and is one way problematic polypharmacy arises. It is not universal: multiple justified agents can act on distinct targets, and PK or cascade channels need not include same-target overlap. The parent-in-child direction preserves this part-versus-whole relation without asserting every two-drug duplicate meets a contested five-drug polypharmacy threshold.

Polypharmacy conditionally contains Therapeutic Duplication when fragmented additions place multiple uncoordinated agents on one pharmacological target.


In the cascade channel, a pharmacological side effect produces a new symptom, the symptom triggers a diagnosis and prescription, and the added drug can produce the next trigger. This is an internal propagation mechanism of the regimen, but PK collisions and PD summation can create polypharmacy risk with no sequential prescribing cascade.

Polypharmacy conditionally contains a prescribing Cascade in which one drug's side effect is misread as disease and triggers another drug iteratively.


Polypharmacy moves analysis from individually legible prescriptions to a regimen whose PK collisions, PD summation, cascades, and indication status resist per-element prediction. Each added agent enlarges the interaction space faster than the list and can generate system-level harm no component carries alone. The child adds medicines, patients, CYP pathways, effectors, prescribing practice, Beers/STOPP-START, and deprescribing to the live Complexity identity.

Removing clinical vocabulary leaves a multi-component system whose pairwise and higher-order interactions, feedback, and coordination cost grow faster than its apparent component count.


Positionality adds human standpoint coordinates, declaration, and partial-credit reading to the exact portable station-to-access relation already represented by viewpoint. After the ethnography_sociology frame is stripped away, the retained structural roles are those of Viewpoint: A position fixes an access set, an occlusion set, and a bias profile. Positionality adds the local frame and commitments expressed in its identity: Treat a knowledge claim as constitutively shaped by the knower's social and institutional location, and declare that standpoint up front so readers can grant partial credit — strong where access opened, silent where it was foreclosed. The parent pattern remains recognizable without that vocabulary, while the child is the framed realization of it. That preservation test establishes decomposition rather than taxonomic subsumption.

Removing the fieldwork statement genre leaves viewpoint—the rule that a station fixes an access set, occlusion set, and bias profile, with no view from nowhere.


The defining measurement compares otherwise matched positive and negative information and finds that swapping valence changes attention and memory weight. Strip away aging, socioemotional-selectivity theory, executive-load tests, and affective vocabulary and the preserved structure is a directed non-interchangeability between two sides of a relation. Asymmetry supplies that portable core; the Positivity Effect adds the limited-time-horizon goal shift and fixes the favored sign.

The Positivity Effect is the horizon-regulated cognitive form of Asymmetry in which equal positive and negative information is weighted differently under a limited perceived future.


The effect is not a rise in global mood. It changes which valenced inputs receive limited processing capacity: positive material is preferentially selected and negative material is down-weighted, producing the gaze and encoding signatures from which the effect is diagnosed. Remove Attention's selective-allocation gate and a horizon-driven goal shift has no mechanism for changing what enters subsequent processing. Attention is a constituent; the age-graded horizon driver and memory consequences belong to the larger effect.

Selective Attention is an internal constituent of the Positivity Effect because a limited time horizon reallocates processing capacity toward positive and away from negative inputs.


The Possibility Effect is the relation pi(p) greater than p near zero, not an autonomous mechanism detached from the map that defines subjective decision weights. The Probability Weighting Function supplies that map and constrains the small-p branch together with its high-p Certainty-Effect mirror. The relation is a strict presupposition rather than subsumption because an endpoint feature is not itself a kind of function.

The Possibility Effect is defined as the small-probability branch of a Probability Weighting Function and cannot be stated without the objective-probability to decision-weight map.


Postel's Law is the strict-send/liberal-receive protocol specialization of the broader asymmetric-interface-tolerance design space. Asymmetric Interface Tolerance supplies the genus: At any interface, each side's strictness in enforcing the spec is an independent design parameter, and the four combinations produce qualitatively different long-term equilibria. Postel's Law (Robustness Principle) preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Postel's protocol-design maxim — be conservative in what you send, liberal in what you accept — which keeps a multi-vendor system interoperable by having every implementation produce tightly to spec while its acceptance window absorbs the realistic scatter of others. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


Potency reads ED50 or EC50 from the input axis while explicitly refusing to collapse it with Emax. Its source requires a two-coordinate comparison and selection by whichever axis binds. It adds a canonical half-maximal point, sigmoid fitting, receptor affinity, pharmacological endpoints, and dosing practice to the portable ceiling-versus-input discipline.

Potency is the pharmacological input-to-approach coordinate, defined by holding that coordinate independent from the response ceiling.


Both require a low attractor that consumes sub-threshold input as maintenance, a high regime that compounds surplus, a basin boundary, and an intervention that clears both magnitude and duration. The prime itself names poverty trap as its canonical development instance.

Poverty Trap is the development-economics specialization of the exact live asymmetric two-basin, big-push-plus-sustainment prime.


Remove the evaluator, competence judgment, status distance, humanizing interpretation, and recoverability boundary. What remains is one fixed input whose conditional effect on an outcome is positive in one state and negative in another. Crossover Interaction supplies that sign-reversing two-factor structure; the child adds the social-perception mechanism that determines the branches.

The Pratfall Effect is the social-evaluation form of a crossover interaction because the same minor blunder raises liking under a high competence prior and lowers it under a mediocre prior.


The effect maps several physically distinct arrivals to one perceived auditory event. In doing so it discards their separate spatial claims but retains chosen information from the set: the first arrival supplies location while later arrivals still contribute loudness and timbre. That many-to-one, selectively lossy mapping is Aggregation. Remove it and thresholding could label arrivals as near or far, but could not produce the defining single fused percept.

Aggregation is an internal constituent of the Precedence Effect because multiple wavefronts inside the fusion window are collapsed into one percept while selected attributes survive.


Strip away binaural circuitry, room reflections, interaural cues, and the Haas timescale. Candidate spatial claims remain, an order-and-delay rule gives one claim greater passage into the output, and the survivor determines the resulting composition. That is Selection. The effect adds the first-wavefront rule, a modality-specific temporal window, and the unusual attribute split in which later copies lose only their spatial claim while retaining loudness and timbre contributions.

The Precedence Effect is the auditory-spatial form of Selection in which arrival order and delay give the first wavefront's location claim greater retention than competing lagging claims.


The auditory system compares each lag to a critical fusion limit. Below that value, copies are assigned to one event and the first arrival fixes location; beyond it, the lag detaches as a distinct echo and localization splits. Remove that regime-separating value and the mechanism cannot say when the same lagging wavefront must surrender its spatial claim and when it must remain a separate source. The Threshold is contained in the effect while its physiological value varies with stimulus and listener.

A delay Threshold is an internal constituent of the Precedence Effect because it separates fused localization from the distinct-echo regime.


The domain-to-domain edge replaces a flat prime-only placement. Solubility supplies the exact Q-versus-Ksp or concentration-versus-limit criterion; Precipitation adds supersaturation, nucleation, growth, and depletion back toward the limit.

Precipitation requires a condition-specific solubility limit whose exceedance makes a dissolved load thermodynamically prefer a separate solid phase.


The constituent can be homogeneous or surface-assisted, but some barrier-crossing seed event is required before the latent supersaturated state becomes a growing solid population. Nucleation supplies an internal constituent: A metastable system cannot transition globally because a new phase's surface cost exceeds its volume benefit at small size; transition begins only when a seed crosses the critical-nucleus threshold and then grows. Precipitation requires that role within this mechanism: Separate a dissolved substance as a solid once its concentration is driven past the solvent's solubility limit and a nucleation pathway opens, turning a latent supersaturation into an abrupt, self-limiting phase change. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Nucleation is the internal onset stage that creates a supercritical solid seed from which precipitation can grow and draw concentration back toward solubility.


Crossing the solubility boundary is not enough if excess is removed instantly; the transient overfilled state supplies the stored driving force, nucleation barrier, and rate competition that determine onset and particle distribution.

Precipitation begins from a load above its stable incorporation limit that persists metastably until a solid-phase pathway becomes available.


The focal foreground is the operator's skill or contemplated act; the surround is fatigue, physiological state, physical limitation, distraction, crew coordination, and readiness; and performance is jointly determined by the pair. The HFACS child adds a five-slot taxonomy, immediacy test, upstream trace, and slot-indexed safety remedies to the live prime's fixed-foreground, variable-surround relation.

A precondition for unsafe act is context specialized to the immediate operator-and-team surround that changes what a fixed capability or action does by shifting the probability of error at the sharp end.


Immediate fatigue, distraction, limitation, crew state, and readiness become this named stratum only inside a layered accident-causation analysis. The Swiss-cheese model supplies the path, defensive layers, latent/active split, and anti-blame trajectory; HFACS refines it with the precondition slots.

The HFACS precondition stratum presupposes the Swiss-cheese layered model that distinguishes an operator's immediate state from the active act below and latent organizational holes above.


It is not the generic act of Classification, but its authority-controlled labels, membership criteria, and reusable placement map retain that core when subject-heading machinery is removed.

A precoordinated heading is a catalog-specific design for assigning resources to governed composite categories under explicit construction rules.


Topic, place, period, and form do not become an arbitrary string: their ordered assembly determines the compound claim. The authority and retrieval apparatus are LIS accent over meaning-from-parts, repairing Compositionality's prime island.

A heading's meaning is generated from controlled component meanings and their positions under a fixed compositional grammar.


Each composite embeds canonical topic, place, period, and form values. A value revision must propagate through every embedding string, exactly the controlled redundancy and access-side trade that define Denormalization.

Precoordination stores a durable joined copy of separately governed dimensions, accepting synchronization burden for cheap whole-string access and browsing.


Removing subject-vocabulary machinery leaves eager combination before demand, a retained directly matchable artifact, and an update obligation. Remove LCSH, catalogers, authority files, subdivision names, and shelf browsing. Combination is performed before demand and retained so later use becomes cheap direct access.


Predictive remapping is feedforward compensation specialized to using an efference copy to shift a visual representation before an impending saccade changes its input coordinates. Feedforward supplies the genus: A predictive model of an action's consequences is interposed upstream of commitment, so the actor pre-corrects rather than waits for a deviation to feed back. Predictive Remapping preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Explain trans-saccadic visual stability by having visuospatial neurons shift their receptive fields to a stimulus's future post-saccadic retinal position before the eyes move — driven by an efference copy of the saccade command, so the eyes land on an already-built representation. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


Every preferred term is one authority-selected public label over admitted variants, used in display and official reference. The child narrows this to an ISO-style indexed vocabulary whose steward fixes a term-equivalence class, mandates that indexers use its representative, and maintains USE/UF routes.

Preferred Term is the controlled-thesaurus species of Preferred Label that adds an equivalence class, USE routing, and obligatory forward indexing.


The authored identity is not only the winning string: its three coupled moves are equivalence-class construction, canonical selection, and routing every other member through USE or see references. Remove that entry-term layer and the search guarantee and controlled-vocabulary asymmetry both fail.

The preferred-term system contains the non-preferred entry-term routes that preserve backward search while obligating one form for forward indexing.


Both require a value-graded position space, occupancy, and an outcome advantage conferred by location rather than occupant content. The child fixes the space to a sequence, the favored location to its beginning, and the payoff mechanisms to rehearsal opportunity and early frame-setting in a cognitive processor.

Primacy is a positional advantage specialized to the opening slots of a cognitive input sequence, where location alone increases recall or interpretive weight.


It inherits the trace-to-hidden-design-problem relation, contextual test, predicted maintenance cost, and behavior-preserving refactoring probe. The child adds scattered validation, unit and identity confusion, domain types, parse-don't-validate, and compiler-enforced repair.

Primitive Obsession is the code-smell species whose repeated use of bare built-ins provides defeasible evidence that warranted domain distinctions are missing from the type representation.


Preselected consent, prominent accept-all controls, and buried refusal paths can shift disclosure without changing the available outcomes. It is typical because privacy concern and behavior can diverge in balanced or forced-choice designs through other contributors.

Privacy Paradox typically contains a default effect when the no-action or lowest-friction path is configured for maximal disclosure.


A long sequence of permission and cookie decisions can degrade effortful evaluation and increase reliance on the easiest option. The contributor is not universal: a single salient disclosure can exhibit the paradox without a prior sequence of decisions.

Repeated consent prompts typically contribute decision fatigue that shifts later choices toward acceptance, avoidance of deliberation, and defaults.


Hidden recipients, combinations, retention, and derived inferences make the expected cost of disclosure difficult for the user to price while better informed counterparties control the flow. The asymmetry is typical rather than strict because a stated-versus-behavior gap can persist even under unusually transparent disclosure.

Privacy Paradox typically contains information asymmetry because platforms and data recipients know downstream collection and inference practices that users cannot observe.


It inherits a stated estimate, a revealed estimate, an aligned comparison, and a persistent divergence, then specializes them to privacy concern, personal data disclosure, and consent architecture. Remove that privacy-specific cargo and the full Stated–Revealed Preference Gap remains.

Privacy Paradox is the digital-data-disclosure species of the general gap between reported valuation and behavior under a consequential choice context.


Many consent choices offer an immediate concrete benefit while surveillance, inference, discrimination, or breach costs arrive later and probabilistically. The mechanism is typical rather than strict because a gap can also be produced by defaults, opacity, or friction even when timing is held fixed.

Privacy Paradox typically contains present-biased time preference because immediate convenience is weighed against diffuse and delayed disclosure harms.


Random Variable supplies the measurable map whose pushforward P_X is the distribution used for moments, tails, and quantiles. The distribution adds autonomous measure-level descriptions, parametric families, generative commitments, readout formulas, and updating machinery.

A Probability Distribution is typically introduced as the law induced by a Random Variable over its possible values.


The domain abstraction is Probability equipped with a measurable outcome space, induced-law construction, parametric families, moments, tails, transformation rules, and conjugate updating. The entry itself identifies calibrated allocation over possibilities as its structural skeleton.

Removing measure-theoretic and named-family apparatus from Probability Distribution preserves calibrated mass over possibilities as Probability.


The construct assigns each probability input p a single decision-weight output pi(p). Human choice, elicitation, and outcome valuation supply its domain differentia; the input-to-output assignment is literally a function mapping.

A probability-weighting function is a function mapping specialized to probability inputs and subjective decision-weight outputs.


Strip away choosers, risky menus, gains and losses, elicitation, and prospect-theory vocabulary. What remains is an input-output relation in which equal changes in the input need not create equal changes in the output and boundary regions can behave differently from the interior: the structural core of nonlinearity.

Removing human-choice and decision-weight framing leaves a nonlinear input-output mapping whose increments have probability-region-dependent effects.


Without a probability representation there is no p-domain, no identity benchmark pi(p)=p, and no low-, middle-, high-, or boundary-probability region whose decision weight can be compared. Probability is prior apparatus, not a kind of weighting function.

Probability weighting presupposes numerical probabilities as the inputs whose decision impact it transforms.


The instrument is a constituent only in the demand-probe branch. Problem–Solution Fit can instead use interviews, concierge service, paper prototypes, or other behavioral tests, so the domain-to-domain relation must not be made universal.

A fake door, pre-order, or landing-page Smoke Test can be one cheap need-side instrument inside a Problem–Solution Fit gate before the product is built.


Existing workarounds, prototype use, pre-sales, and revealed switching behavior supply external evidence against fitness for purpose—the live validation identity. After the business_management frame is stripped away, the retained structural roles are those of Validation: Confirming that an artifact actually solves the intended problem in its real operational context, as distinct from confirming it was merely built to specification. Problem-Solution Fit adds the local frame and commitments expressed in its identity: The lean-startup gate that demands cheap, need-side evidence — a real, important problem for an identified user, and a solution preferred over their current workaround — before committing to build at scale, guarding against 'build it and they will come.' The parent pattern remains recognizable without that vocabulary, while the child is the framed realization of it. That preservation test establishes decomposition rather than taxonomic subsumption.

The milestone asks whether the proposed remedy solves the intended user's real, important problem in context, not merely whether the team can build it correctly.


Remove the cognitive solver, experimental task, object or method vocabulary, and behavioral intervention frame. What remains is a property-rich substrate compressed behind a familiar retrieval label, routine access made cheap through that label, and novel reuse made disproportionately difficult because the omitted property list or alternative representation must be recovered. The domain node adds the problem-solving regime and its diagnostic manipulations.

Problem-Solving Fixation is the cognitive problem-solving form of Category Retrieval Lock In: a familiar representation becomes the cheap retrieval path and obstructs access to properties or alternatives omitted by it.


The source expressly denies undirected association: interventions enter at processing, change structure, and thereby change properties and performance. Counterfactual history changes at fixed composition distinguish the causal path.

Stripped of materials vocabulary, the relationship is a directed intervention- mediator-outcome causal chain with nonunique forward and inverse mappings.


This is the reparenting the island exposes: Microstructure is not merely a related prerequisite but the named internal middle node whose removal collapses the materials framework into the direct correlation it exists to reject.

The processing–structure–property chain contains Microstructure as its mandatory mediator between controllable history and bulk material behavior.


The measure integrates the gap between market price and the minimum price required to bring each unit forth. Supply is the exact domain schedule, not a broad scarcity or incentive shortcut.

Producer surplus contains the supply schedule whose reservation costs form the lower boundary of the seller-welfare area.


Producer surplus is an area-based welfare instrument with a target schedule, price reference, integration procedure, monetary unit, and boundary assumptions. It measures a seller-side property rather than causing it.

Removing seller-market language leaves a procedure mapping reservation-floor gaps to an aggregate magnitude on a declared scale.


The welfare interpretation is not revenue minus accounting expense. Each unit's lower boundary is the value of resources in their next-best use, which is exactly the forgone-alternative cost the prime supplies.

Producer surplus contains opportunity cost as the seller reservation floor subtracted from realized payment.


Product-Market Fit inherits a beneficiary, persistent need, candidate capability, binding context, and better-than-current-alternative test. It adds the commercial differentia of a reachable paying market, pull signals in retention and referral, and a readiness-to-scale decision governed by CAC and LTV.

Removing market metrics and scaling vocabulary leaves a joint need–solution fit judged against the audience's current alternative.


It inherits the judgment that no feasible alternative can preserve output while using fewer inputs. The child fixes a production-theory frame with a production function, isoquant/isocost or PPF frontier, peer comparability, technical- efficiency score, and a deliberate separation from allocative efficiency.

Productive efficiency is efficiency specialized to a production function, input-cost structure, and best-feasible production frontier.


One of the source's non-exclusive channels is the receiving organization's inability to recognize, assimilate, and apply the new technology through existing routines. Building that capacity consumes resources before it produces measured output and can therefore lengthen the deployment-to-impact lag. Some episodes are dominated instead by measurement coverage or physical reorganization, so the constituent is typical rather than strict.

Productivity Paradox typically contains an Absorptive Capacity gate because firms must build knowledge, routines, and integration processes before deployed technology can change productive practice.


"Everywhere except the productivity statistics" has no content without a procedure that maps economic output and input attributes into an aggregate productivity value. The measurement chain is also causal in one diagnostic branch: physical-goods price indices can omit digital quality gains that are real but uncounted. Removing the aggregate measure removes both the apparent contradiction and the absent-versus-unmeasured boundary, making Measurement a strict prerequisite rather than merely an example.

Productivity Paradox presupposes Measurement because the paradox is a discrepancy registered against an aggregate productivity statistic whose attribute, scale, coverage, and procedure determine whether gains appear.


Both have a disturbance or deployment event, a time-indexed response variable, faster and slower channels, a crossing or settling horizon, and a path whose early phase cannot be read as the terminal effect. Productivity Paradox adds the general-purpose technology, aggregate productivity measure, complementary intangible investment, and absent-versus-unmeasured diagnostic. Transient Response covers many other adjustment paths with none of that economic apparatus, so the relation is strict subsumption.

Productivity Paradox is a Transient Response specialized to the deployment-to-impact trajectory of a general-purpose technology whose measured productivity stays flat or falls before slower complementary changes mature.


Remove the formal program language and there is no program whose meaning can be realized, no well-formed units to translate or dispatch, and no semantic contract by which the resulting behavior can be judged. Compiler, interpreter, and hybrid strategies differ in when and how they apply that machinery, but each presupposes the symbolic substrate, formation rules, and mechanically applicable rules supplied by a formal system.

A Program Realization Strategy presupposes a formal system whose symbols, well-formed programs, and mechanically applicable semantic rules supply the object to be translated or directly enacted.


Proxy–Target Fidelity supplies an observable stand-in, an underlying target, and the question of whether inference or action on the proxy remains faithful to that target. Progress Illusion inherits that structure and adds a delivery frame in which activity counts are the proxy, goal advancement is the target, and abundant work conceals their low fidelity.

Progress Illusion is low Proxy–Target Fidelity specialized to delivery, where activity is mistaken for movement in the intended outcome.


Strip bars, spinners, percentages, ETAs, determinacy modes, and widget conventions. The preserved HCI structure is timely, calibrated, actionable projection of a hidden system condition onto a user-facing surface.

A Progress Indicator is the running-process form of Visibility of System Status, exposing enough hidden state for a waiting user to choose an action.


Every indicator specifies a target process, display medium, mapping from process state to widget state, and faithfulness contract. Its determinacy rule decides which target features the medium may honestly preserve, while the representation remains causally separate from the process it describes.

A Progress Indicator contains a Representation mapping hidden process state onto a bar, percentage, step count, ETA, or liveness animation.


The pathology requires staged visibility and a path to deeper controls before its too-hidden and too-exposed signs exist. It does not inherit the positive prime's minimum-sufficient layer, visible-affordance, and calibrated-need guarantees, because violation of those guarantees is the diagnosis.

Progressive-Disclosure Failure presupposes an attempted Progressive Disclosure schedule whose layer exposure is mistuned to users and tasks.


The figure necessarily surfaces both the advocated position and an opposing objection, fixing sidedness to the refutational two-sided branch. It adds speaker-controlled phrasing, anticipation, and a prepared response, while not requiring the substantive partial grant that defines Concession.

Prolepsis is the refutational species of Message Sidedness that voices an anticipated objection in the speaker's framing and answers it preemptively.


The speaker introduces an anticipated counter-argument and rehearses its answer before an opponent can deliver it independently. The relation is typical because prolepsis can instead dispatch an objection already live in the audience for immediate persuasion, without a later-threat horizon or a weakened training dose.

Prolepsis typically contains the pre-exposure-plus-refutation sequence of Inoculation Theory when it prepares an audience for a later opposing attack.


Time-depth supplies the surrounding state needed to interpret focal acts and statements rather than project outsider meanings onto them. Context supplies an internal constituent: Surrounding state that selects which content a fixed focal signal carries. Prolonged Engagement requires that role within this mechanism: Treat sustained continuous presence in a field as a distinct epistemic regime, not merely more data — time-depth lets informants habituate toward natural conduct, lets context accrue, and lets early impressions be disconfirmed — up to the going-native threshold where analytical distance collapses. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Prolonged engagement contains context accumulation because local histories, relations, and tacit assumptions select what otherwise identical observations mean.


The same exposure that improves access can internalize the field's tacit categories so completely that the observer stops noticing what members take for granted. Enculturation supplies an internal constituent: Learning cultural norms. Prolonged Engagement requires that role within this mechanism: Treat sustained continuous presence in a field as a distinct epistemic regime, not merely more data — time-depth lets informants habituate toward natural conduct, lets context accrue, and lets early impressions be disconfirmed — up to the going-native threshold where analytical distance collapses. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it. The conditional qualifier restricts the edge to contexts in which this mechanism is active; outside those contexts the edge asserts no dependency or ancestry.

Prolonged engagement contains enculturation when immersion crosses the going-native threshold and acquired local patterns erode analytic distance.


Prolonged Engagement contains habituation as the response-attenuation trajectory by which participants cease treating the continuously present researcher as a novel or risky visitor. Habituation supplies an internal constituent: Repeated exposure to a stimulus that proves inconsequential progressively reduces the response to it, with stimulus specificity, recovery after a pause, and restoration by a novel stimulus distinguishing habituation from fatigue or sensory failure. Prolonged Engagement requires that role within this mechanism: Treat sustained continuous presence in a field as a distinct epistemic regime, not merely more data — time-depth lets informants habituate toward natural conduct, lets context accrue, and lets early impressions be disconfirmed — up to the going-native threshold where analytical distance collapses. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.


Time-depth changes the observer-field coupling that initially distorts behavior, one of the criterion's three defining mechanisms. Observer Effect supplies an internal constituent: Observation alters system. Prolonged Engagement requires that role within this mechanism: Treat sustained continuous presence in a field as a distinct epistemic regime, not merely more data — time-depth lets informants habituate toward natural conduct, lets context accrue, and lets early impressions be disconfirmed — up to the going-native threshold where analytical distance collapses. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Prolonged engagement contains an observer-effect trajectory in which initial visitor performance is attenuated—but never assumed eliminated—as the researcher becomes familiar.


Sustained relationship changes what participants show through positive expectations about the researcher's competence, intentions, and handling of exposure. Trust supplies an internal constituent: Willingly accepting vulnerability to another party's future behavior under incomplete monitoring, based on positive expectations about their competence and intentions. Prolonged Engagement requires that role within this mechanism: Treat sustained continuous presence in a field as a distinct epistemic regime, not merely more data — time-depth lets informants habituate toward natural conduct, lets context accrue, and lets early impressions be disconfirmed — up to the going-native threshold where analytical distance collapses. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Prolonged engagement contains trust because candid access arises when participants accept vulnerability to a researcher whose future use of revelations cannot be fully monitored.


Untrusted user or retrieved text reaches an inference engine through a legitimate input channel and is executed as instruction at the model's granted privilege. The absence of a prepared-statement-grade hard boundary changes defense strength, not membership in the injection family.

Prompt injection is an injection weakness whose downstream interpreter is a language model and whose shared control/data substrate is natural language.


Direct prompts or retrieved documents are attacker-shapeable inputs to a deployed system whose mapping is fixed for the interaction. The attacker crafts that input to obtain a preferred action or output inside the gap between the application's intended instruction hierarchy and the model's constructible token stream. Its simultaneous injection-weakness parent records the distinct control/data-channel mechanism.

Prompt injection is input manipulation specialized to natural-language inputs that redirect a fixed deployed language-model system by making attacker content participate in instruction selection.


The Propaganda Model applies Structural Filtering to commercial mass media: ownership, advertising, sourcing, flak, and ideological premises act in parallel so the surviving coverage is patterned even when individual journalists are sincere and interchangeable. Stripping that media-specific list, the 1988 U.S. setting, and the polemical label leaves the neutral structural core already named by Structural Filtering.

Removing the named media theory, its five historical filters, and its political valence leaves Structural Filtering's parallel institutional pressures shaping output without coordinated intent.


The universal invariant, possible falsifier, and asymmetric verdict are constitutive; the generator and shrinker add the testing discipline around them. Falsifiability supplies an internal constituent: A claim is scientific only if it could in principle be empirically refuted. Property-Based Testing requires that role within this mechanism: State an invariant that must hold for all inputs of a class and let a framework generate many samples, check each, and shrink any failure to a minimal counter-example — replacing hand-picked examples with systematic search over an input space. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Property-based testing contains falsifiability because one generated counterexample refutes the universal invariant while any finite clean run remains corroboration rather than proof.


It instantiates the generic conformance roles and adds generated sampling, shrinking, and a coverage-weighted verdict. Verification supplies the genus: Check that an object conforms to its specification via a defined procedure yielding evidence and a verdict. Property-Based Testing preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: State an invariant that must hold for all inputs of a class and let a framework generate many samples, check each, and shrink any failure to a minimal counter-example — replacing hand-picked examples with systematic search over an input space. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.

Property-based testing is verification specialized to checking a stated software invariant against inputs drawn by a typed generator.


Phoneme supplies the contrastive segment sequence held fixed in the central diagnostic. Prosody adds a separate supra-segmental tier whose patterning can change speech act, focus, stance, or parse without replacing those segments.

Prosody presupposes the segmental Phoneme stream over which its independent contour, prominence, rhythm, and phrasing tier projects.


Holding the lexical string fixed while varying pitch contour, prominence, tempo, and phrasing changes speech act, focus, stance, and perceived parse. Prosody adds an auditory speech substrate, autosegmental primitives, language-specific contour conventions, and the syntax-prosody interface.

Removing the speech frame from Prosody leaves a Representational Modality whose channel properties carry information unavailable to the held content.


Rhythm supplies a recurring frame, accented grouping, expectation, tempo, displacement, and informative timing. Prosody combines it with pitch contour, voice quality, phrasing, pragmatic interpretation, and a syntax interface.

Prosody contains Rhythm as its temporally grouped recurrence, stress, timing, and expectation structure over the segmental stream.


Freeboard, reinforcement, redundancy, containment, or reserve capacity supply the capability margin by which the specified threshold is achieved. The standard declares and audits the target rather than being the engineering mechanism itself.

A Protection Standard contains a margin of capability provisioned above expected load so the system can meet its declared hazard threshold.


The explicit design level is the standard's auditable frontier and drives failure attribution, tier ordering, and residual-risk treatment. The standard adds a hazard class, rationale, verification, and governance to the underlying regime-separating value.

A Protection Standard contains the named threshold that partitions hazards into the designed-for region and the accepted residual beyond it.


Measurement supplies the attribute, scale, instrument, procedure, unit, frame, and uncertainty chain for both sides of the fitted relation. Without controlled stimulus values and an operational response measure, there is no psychophysical scale to fit. Psychophysical Scaling adds a perceiving system, sensory modality, stimulus-response pairing, modality parameter, and bounded operating range.

Psychophysical scaling requires operational measurements of a physical stimulus and a perceptual response before their relation can be estimated.


The program's object is not isolated selfish action but voters, officials, agencies, and interest groups occupying reproducible roles under rules that select behavior. Without an institution there is no existing rule set to analyze and no actors-versus-rules distinction on which the program turns.

Public Choice requires durable rule-and-role complexes whose payoff geometry makes political behavior a predictable institutional equilibrium.


The test is applied by an editor, regulator, judge, prosecutor, or public body whose documented decision can be reviewed, and many qualifying benefits consist in making power answerable.

An answerable institutional gate operator and the accountability value of disclosure are constituents of the test.


The gate cannot decide whether disclosure is justified without comparing the public benefit and harm baseline, while the domain doctrine restricts which benefits count and assigns the burden of proof.

Explicit weighing of a qualifying social benefit against foreseeable harm is a constituent of the public-interest test.


Confidentiality, privacy, exemption, or liability supplies the default prohibition; the public-interest showing is the conditional override, and a tie resolves toward the default rather than neutrally.

A restriction-by-default norm with a justified override is a constituent of the test's asymmetric legal architecture.


Encryption is one of the construction's two mirror primitives, not its genus: the wider node also covers signature, key-agreement, hardness, and identity- binding problems. Signature-only and key-agreement schemes remain explicit branches that do not encrypt chosen plaintext.

Public-Key Cryptography contains Encryption in its confidential-transmission branch, where anyone encodes to a public key and only its private mate decodes.


Given a candidate private key, inverse, or signature witness, the public relation is cheap to check; recovering or forging it from scratch is the intractability bet. The child adds linked keys, encryption/signature trust directions, PKI, key exchange, and particular hardness families.

Public-key constructions strictly preserve the qualitative gap between cheaply checking a private witness and finding that witness from public data.


Discourse supplies the regime inside the arena; public sphere adds access, autonomy, generalizable concern, and accountability traction. Discourse supplies an internal constituent: Treat a topic's talk as a regime — a vocabulary, roster of recognised speakers, admissibility rules, and precedent history — that governs which utterances are sayable, hearable, and consequential, rather than as the sum of what was said. Public Sphere requires that role within this mechanism: Habermas's communicative arena where private persons deliberate as a public about common concerns and form opinion that checks power — defined by four independent axes (access, autonomy, rational-critical mode, traction) that serve as a diagnostic grid across media systems and forums. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

A public sphere contains discourse because its accessible rational-critical arena requires a vocabulary, recognized speakers, admissibility rules, and precedent that govern which public contributions carry force.


Without an answerability channel or consequence for power, the traction axis fails and the venue is discussion without a functioning public-sphere check. Accountability supplies an internal constituent: Responsibility for actions. Public Sphere requires that role within this mechanism: Habermas's communicative arena where private persons deliberate as a public about common concerns and form opinion that checks power — defined by four independent axes (access, autonomy, rational-critical mode, traction) that serve as a diagnostic grid across media systems and forums. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

A public sphere contains accountability because the opinion it forms must stand as a consequential normative check by the governed on governing power.


The failure requires an audible warning channel to lose recruiting power as repeated low-value exposures accumulate; adding more of the same signal then worsens rather than repairs response. Habituation to Repeated Signal supplies that response-decrement and base-rate-degradation constituent, while the domain child adds public authority, protective behavior, and recovery policy.

Public-warning fatigue contains habituation to a repeated signal as the receiver-side response-loss mechanism produced by repeated low-information firings.


Both identities require a sender to over-fire a receiver-facing channel, depleting a finite and slowly recoverable willingness to respond until a true message is discounted. Public-warning fatigue adds an institutional warning authority, a protective-action target, population compliance, asymmetric miss-versus-false-alarm accountability, and tiering or segmentation remedies.

Public-warning fatigue is signal inflation specialized to an institutional protective-warning authority, a population audience, and controllable firing and false-positive rates.


The accessible research record is an observed sample whose inclusion probability depends on a result-bearing variable. The domain differentia are conducted research outputs, dissemination or reporting gates, and downstream inference from the visible scientific record.

Publication bias is selection bias specialized to admission of scientific results into the visible literature.


Publication selection can instead depend on direction, novelty, sponsor preference, or whole-study availability without selecting on estimate extremeness.

In the significance-selection branch, a noisy effect estimate helps determine whether its study or result enters the visible record. Conditioning visibility on the favored tail shifts admitted estimation error and exaggerates the selected effects. Publication Bias is broader, so this is a conditional constituent rather than its taxonomic parent.

Significance-filtered publication bias contains selection on noisy estimates when visibility depends on a threshold-crossing estimated effect.


Hold the active response mode fixed and the same physical spectrum keeps the same relative brightness weighting. The effect appears because falling illumination changes which receptor population governs the observation, substituting one context-tuned response function for another.

The Purkinje Effect presupposes contextual mode switching because illuminance selects between photopic cone-dominant and scotopic rod-dominant response modes with different spectral sensitivity curves.


The equation of exchange maps a circulating stock, its turnover rate, and the nominal throughput it supports onto the generic structure of Flow. Money, velocity, prices, and output are the monetary coordinates; the behavioral assumptions that velocity is stable and real output is set by real factors turn the identity into the domain theory. Stripping that frame leaves the same conserved-throughput relation used by other circulating stocks.

Removing the monetary variables from MV = PY leaves Flow's stock-times-turnover-equals-throughput relation, while stable velocity and real-output exogeneity remain the theory's domain accent.


Query Optimization is optimization specialized to selecting the least-cost execution plan from behaviorally equivalent relational-algebra rewrites under a database cost model. Optimization supplies the genus: Finds best solution under constraints. Query Optimization preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Let the author state only what result a declarative query should return, then have a separate optimiser search the space of algebraically equivalent execution plans and emit the cheapest one under a cost model. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


The original source can remain accurate and fully attributed; what changes is the surrounding state that constrained the quotation's force. Successive venues perform the general invariant-signal and removed-context operation, with progressive authority inflation as the domain differentia.

Quote Laundering is the multi-hop quotation specialization of Context Stripping, preserving focal words while progressively removing caveats, scope, and epistemic status.


The parent supplies the finite supply, competing uses, feasibility envelope, and assignment mapping; natural selection supplies the domain-specific criterion that shifts the allocation across the continuum.

r/K selection theory contains allocation because a bounded parental energy supply is assigned between offspring quantity and per-offspring investment.


Without a sustainable population ceiling and the distinction between far-below-capacity and near-capacity conditions, the namesake K face and the environment-set selective gradient disappear. Carrying Capacity supplies the prerequisite condition: The sustainable load envelope of a system: the maximum demand it can carry indefinitely before sustained operation begins consuming its own substrate and lowering future capacity. r/K Selection Theory operates against that background: Predict a population's covarying demographic traits from how its environment divides a finite parental energy budget between offspring quantity and per-offspring investment — the r face for filling empty habitat fast, the K face for competing in a saturated one. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption.

R/K selection theory presupposes carrying capacity because saturation near K defines the selective regime opposed to rapid filling of empty habitat.


Near carrying capacity, established claimants contest scarce niche resources and offspring succeed by displacing rivals; removing that rivalry erases the selective advantage of the few, heavily invested K strategy.

r/K selection theory contains competition as the negatively coupled fitness mechanism that defines the saturated K face.


The finite-budget trade-off alone supplies feasible strategies but cannot make disturbed populations shift toward r or saturated populations toward K; repeated differential reproduction supplies that directional filter.

r/K selection theory presupposes natural selection as the engine that differentially retains reproductive allocations fitted to the environmental regime.


The theory's continuum exists because a finite reproductive budget cannot maximize fecundity and per-offspring investment simultaneously; removing the exchange frontier erases both r and K faces.

r/K selection theory contains the quantity-versus-investment trade-off that exchanges offspring number against resources committed to each offspring.


Every random variable retains a domain, codomain, and deterministic single-valued assignment X(omega). It adds measurability, a probability- space domain, numerical quantities, induced laws, moments, transformations, dependence, and convergence modes.

A Random Variable is a Function Mapping specialized to a measurable map from a probability space into a numerical measurable space.


Probability supplies Omega, measurable events, and P. Random Variable adds the event-to-quantity map, its induced law on a numerical space, moment summaries, transformation rules, dependence, and convergence modes.

A Random Variable requires a Probability space whose outcomes, events, and measure are the domain on which its measurable mapping is defined.


Both identify an invariant count of independent degrees of freedom rather than apparent size. Rank fixes the space to the image or row space of a matrix, fixes independence to linear independence, and adds rank-nullity, solvability, invertibility, and SVD machinery.

Matrix rank is dimension specialized to the image or row space of a linear map, where independent directions are counted by linear algebra.


Remove the expected rate-limiting control and there is no specific absence to diagnose, only unconstrained operation generally. The domain child is a failure relative to the positive cross-domain mechanism, not a kind of that mechanism; strict presupposition therefore records the dependence without misclassifying absence as subsumption.

Rate-Limit Absence is defined by the omission of Rate Limiting's per-actor meter, time window, replenishing budget, and exhaustion response at an abusable endpoint.


The live Reader-Response umbrella locates interpretive variance partly in the receiver's prior generic and cultural expectations. Jauss's Horizon of Expectations makes that coordinate reconstructible and supplies the aesthetic-distance and horizon-drift machinery. Remove it and the framework can still describe textual gaps or interpretive communities, but it loses one of the three explicit loci by which this canonical abstraction defines and diagnoses reception.

Reader-Response contains the Horizon of Expectations as its historicized reader-side coordinate for explaining why a fixed work registers differently across audiences and periods.


Iser's branch of the live Reader-Response identity explains co-produced meaning through textual gaps and the receiver position encoded around them. The Implied Reader is that position: the audience-model recovered from what the text explains, presumes, and leaves to completion. Without it, Reader-Response loses the internal bridge between a made artifact's formal choices and the empirical readers who may fit or resist the role.

Reader-Response contains the Implied Reader as its text-side model of the competences, inferences, and participation role an artifact asks a receiver to occupy.


Reader-Response is interpretation specialized to literary reception in which a reader's horizon and interpretive community co-produce a text's bounded meaning. Interpretation supplies the genus: Recover meaning from a representational substrate under a framework that makes some readings available and others not. Reader-Response preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Treat meaning as co-produced in the act of reading rather than fixed in the text, and locate any divergence of readings at one of three sources — the text's gaps, the reader's horizon, or the interpretive community. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


Dividing by a chosen deflator and rebasing removes movement in the measuring unit and places observations on one purchasing-power basis. The child adds money, nominal contracts, index-number choices, Fisher decomposition, and the money-illusion error; commensurability supplies the portable operation.

Stripping monetary vocabulary leaves conversion onto a common, drift- adjusted metric so values from different periods can be meaningfully compared.


It inherits the efficiency-to-effective-cost-to-demand chain and the partial/full/backfire spectrum. It adds carbon accounting, direct, indirect, and economy-wide emissions channels, and climate-policy instruments that constrain the aggregate volume term.

Rebound Emissions is Efficiency Rebound specialized to carbon intensity, activity volume, and aggregate greenhouse-gas outcomes.


Remove the plotted axes, AUC statistic, and radar lineage and the remaining structure is the separation of signal from noise factored into discriminability and a movable decision criterion. Signal Detection Theory owns that portable mechanism; the domain node is its threshold-sweep representation.

An ROC curve is the canonical instrument that renders Signal Detection Theory's discriminability-versus-criterion decomposition across all thresholds.


Each operating point is produced by one cutoff on the continuous score, and the curve exists only by varying that cutoff across its range. Threshold is therefore an internal constituent of the instrument, while the deployment context selects one point after the curve is built.

A Receiver Operating Characteristic contains a threshold sweep that generates every point on its sensitivity-versus-false-positive locus.


The recency entry explicitly separates a short-term-store component from a temporal-distinctiveness component. Long-term and continuous-distractor recency survive filled delays when relative spacing is preserved, while immediate buffer-dominated recency can vanish.

Recency contains temporal distinctiveness when the late-item advantage is governed by comparative temporal isolation rather than only by transient short-term-store residence.


Both require a value-graded position space, occupancy, and an advantage conferred by location. The child fixes the space to a sequence, the favored location to its end, and the payoff to delay-sensitive retrieval from a transient buffer plus temporal distinctiveness.

Recency is a positional advantage specialized to the final slots of a cognitive input sequence, where location alone increases immediate recall or weight.


The profile requires an output-side measure of selecting, assembling, retrieving, and producing a decodable message. Without that expressive coordinate, the clinician cannot identify a production-specific impairment or compare productive capacity with comprehension.

Expressive Language is one of the two separately measured capacities contained in a receptive–expressive profile.


The profile requires an input-side measure of receiving, parsing, and interpreting linguistic signals with production demand minimized. Without that receptive coordinate, the clinician cannot distinguish an output-only delay from a global language disorder or a comprehension-led impairment.

Receptive Language is one of the two separately measured capacities contained in a receptive–expressive profile.


Remove speech-language pathology, vocabulary tests, aphasia labels, developmental norms, and treatment decisions. The surviving relation is a directed imbalance: performance in the input direction does not determine performance in the output direction, swapping the two changes the diagnosis, and the gap's direction matters. That is Asymmetry wearing a clinical language frame.

Stripping the clinical language frame leaves an asymmetry between two non-interchangeable directional capacities whose levels can diverge.


The framework rejects a single scalar and partitions language capacity first by direction and then, where needed, by phonology, lexicon, syntax, morphology, and discourse. The separate parts remain interpretable together as one profile, and the intervention reads from their pattern.

Decomposition is internal to the profile because a global language score is split into independently inspectable receptive and expressive coordinates.


Expressive performance converts intended content into linguistic form, while receptive performance recovers content from linguistic form under a shared scheme. The clinical profile adds human-language processing stages, instruments, developmental norms, and intervention routing, but its two directional arms contain this paired transformation.

Encoding and Decoding supplies the paired directional transformations that the clinical profile holds apart as expression and reception.


Receptive tasks minimize output, expressive tasks elicit production, and both map performance onto age- and context-referenced scales. The profile is not the informal observation that one side seems stronger; it is the comparison made possible by separately operationalized measurements.

Measurement is internal to the profile because each channel must be mapped separately through controlled instruments onto comparable scores and uncertainty.


It inherits recovery of meaning from a representational substrate under a framework. Its differentia are human language, the acoustic-phonological-to-pragmatic processing stack, separation from expressive output, and clinical assessment with production held near zero.

Receptive Language is Interpretation specialized to recovering usable meaning from incoming human linguistic representations through a staged comprehension system.


Pattern Completion supplies the partial input, stored regularities or priors, and inferential production of an unobserved whole. Reconstructive Memory fixes the partial input to traces of a past event, the priors and context to those available at retrieval, and the output to a remembered representation presented to the agent as recollection rather than as an explicit conjecture.

Reconstructive Memory is Pattern Completion specialized to retrieval: partial traces and current priors are used to infer a coherent remembered whole.


Bartlett-style rationalization, script-consistent intrusion, and many shared false memories require a learned structure that says what normally belongs in the remembered scene. Reconstruction can also be driven by later information, associative gist, or source confusion without a single identifiable schema, so this constituent is typical rather than universal.

Schema is a typical constituent of Reconstructive Memory because learned event and cultural structures often supply the defaults that organize fragments and fill gaps.


The restoration tail is a distributive contest over finite throughput rather than automatic reversion to baseline. Allocation supplies the assignment of scarce recovery resources among claimants; the child adds unequal access channels, comparative trajectories, and recovery-specific accountability.

Recovery inequity contains allocation because scarce rebuilding money, contractor capacity, permits, and institutional support must be distributed across affected claimants.