The iron law applies hierarchy's asymmetric levels to large participatory organizations, adding professional leadership, membership passivity, self-entrenchment, and the displacement of founding democratic intent. After the political_science frame is stripped away, the retained structural roles are those of Hierarchy: Organizes elements into levels or ranks. Iron law of oligarchy adds the local frame and commitments expressed in its identity: Michels's thesis that large democratic organizations inevitably develop entrenched professional leadership — not through betrayal but through three structural forces (technical necessity, mass passivity, leader self-interest) — so the 'iron' resolves into whether counter-mechanisms engage. The parent pattern remains recognizable without that vocabulary, while the child is the framed realization of it. That preservation test establishes decomposition rather than taxonomic subsumption.

Stripped of Michels's membership-organization frame, the thesis is the emergence of durable ranked control and decision rights.


Oligarchic crystallization becomes hard to reverse because earlier professionalization choices build switching costs and foreclose participatory alternatives even when members later prefer them. Path Dependence supplies an internal constituent: Outcomes are shaped by the specific historical sequence of past choices, which lock in consequences and foreclose alternatives that persist despite present incentives to change. Iron law of oligarchy requires that role within this mechanism: Michels's thesis that large democratic organizations inevitably develop entrenched professional leadership — not through betrayal but through three structural forces (technical necessity, mass passivity, leader self-interest) — so the 'iron' resolves into whether counter-mechanisms engage. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Accumulated offices, procedures, expertise, and communication control lock the leadership structure onto a self-reinforcing historical path.


It retains the strict three-objective incompatibility in which all three cannot be jointly guaranteed, then fixes the objectives and binding mechanism to healthcare access, quality, cost, and production economics.

The Iron Triangle of Health Care is Trilemma specialized to access, quality, and cost under a health-service productivity frontier.


Every mode in the live source contains a structured difference—said versus meant, known versus unknown, expected versus delivered, or claimed versus operated—that must remain legible as a pair. Collapse the difference and the ironic payload disappears. Contrast is therefore an internal constituent, while Irony adds the holding interpreter, frame dependence, and the complicity, critique, pathos, or humor produced by the gap.

Irony contains Contrast because its meaning is generated by a salient divergence between two simultaneously available levels.


A gap between words and intent, character knowledge and audience knowledge, or expectation and outcome is not self-certifying. An interpreter must recover the second level, recognize the relation as patterned rather than accidental, and coordinate both readings in one frame. Remove that interpretive act and the same surface becomes error, contradiction, or bad luck rather than irony.

Irony presupposes Interpretation because its two levels produce the ironic effect only when a receiver reconstructs and holds both readings at once.


The child is a recurring defective-argument pattern whose error lies in the relevance between the proposition proved and the proposition at issue rather than in formal validity. Its soundness-versus-relevance orthogonality and Q/Q-prime substitution provide a precise differentia.

Irrelevant conclusion is the informal-fallacy genus in which a sound result for Q-prime is treated as settling the distinct question Q.


The child explicitly equates its problem-substitution skeleton with the live Relevance Substitution pattern. Q is the evaluative target, Q-prime is the active but nonresponsive channel, and the audience's unnoticed credit transfer supplies the live prime's blindness commitment.

Removing the argumentation frame leaves an adjacent but nonresponsive target substituted for the target the evaluator believes is being addressed.


Remove speech, subvocal rehearsal, serial recall, and the human working-memory architecture. The preserved mechanism is two concurrently active demands seeking representation in one limited shared facility, where the interferer's access degrades the task code's fidelity and recall. That is Interference and Contention. The domain effect adds obligatory pre-attentive auditory entry, changing-state phonology, and a phonologically coded task as the AND-gated conditions under which this particular contention occurs.

The Irrelevant Speech Effect is the phonological-loop form of Interference and Contention in which changing-state sound and rehearsed verbal codes compete in one shared representational store.


Fiscal, monetary, saving, and money-demand disturbances are classified by which locus shifts; the system is re-solved; and the change in interest rate and output is read without modeling the adjustment path. This is not an optional use of IS–LM but the central operation its live identity preserves. Comparative Statics supplies an internal constituent: Compare two equilibria before and after a parameter change, ignoring the path between them. IS–LM model requires that role within this mechanism: A two-curve diagram fixing short-run equilibrium in a closed economy: the downward IS curve where the goods market clears and the upward LM curve where the money market clears cross at one point (r*, Y*) that pins down the interest rate and output jointly. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

IS–LM contains comparative statics as the curve-shift and old-versus-new intersection operation that produces its policy results.


IS–LM requires a state in which its goods-market and money-market clearing conditions hold simultaneously at one interest-rate and output pair. Remove that balance relation and the intersection no longer pins down either variable; the model represents and manipulates the equilibrium state rather than being one. Equilibrium supplies the prerequisite condition: Balanced state. IS–LM model operates against that background: A two-curve diagram fixing short-run equilibrium in a closed economy: the downward IS curve where the goods market clears and the upward LM curve where the money market clears cross at one point (r*, Y*) that pins down the interest rate and output jointly. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption.

IS–LM presupposes equilibrium because its defining point simultaneously clears the coupled goods and money markets.


Remove the deductive-entailment relation and a move from facts to a recommendation may still be rhetorical, abductive, or instrumental, but it is no longer a violation of this logical non-entailment rule. The child is a constraint and diagnostic applied to deductions, not itself an act of deriving a conclusion.

The Is-Ought Problem presupposes deductive reasoning because its non-entailment claim constrains what a deductively valid conclusion may introduce beyond its premises.


Fact-Value Distinction supplies descriptive and evaluative content classes, their non-collapse, and the requirement that a value-bearing bridge be visible. Is-Ought adds a deductive entailment claim, an all-descriptive premise set, a normative conclusion, and the missing-bridging-premise diagnostic.

The Is-Ought Problem is the Fact-Value Distinction specialized to deductive non-entailment from an all-descriptive premise set to a normative conclusion.


The theory is broader than the empirical curve, but its area lever necessarily predicts higher equilibrium richness on larger islands and supplies the insular mechanism for S equals cA to the z.

Island biogeography theory contains the species-area relationship as the canonical observable corollary generated by the area-shifted extinction curve.


Without the stock-flow distinction, the crossing of immigration and extinction rates cannot explain why the richness count stabilizes while membership changes. Accumulation supplies an internal constituent: A stock grows or shrinks as the time-integral of its net inflow minus outflow, so stocks and flows live on different objects and cannot be equated. Island Biogeography Theory requires that role within this mechanism: Predict the equilibrium species count of an isolated habitat patch as the crossing point of two opposed rates — immigration falling and extinction rising with richness — positioned by the island's area and its isolation from a source pool. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

The theory contains accumulation because species richness is a stock whose change is immigration of new species minus local extinction.


Without a bounded patch and a crossing cost, residents cannot be distinguished from the source pool and isolation has no causal meaning. Boundary supplies an internal constituent: Defines system limits. Island Biogeography Theory requires that role within this mechanism: Predict the equilibrium species count of an isolated habitat patch as the crossing point of two opposed rates — immigration falling and extinction rising with richness — positioned by the island's area and its isolation from a source pool. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Island biogeography contains a boundary separating the focal habitat patch from the replenishing source pool and making immigration countable.


Without the rate crossing, area and isolation cannot determine a resting species count and the theory becomes a list of opposing tendencies rather than a predictive balance model.

Island biogeography theory contains a dynamic equilibrium at the crossing of declining immigration and rising extinction rates.


Without replacement of residents by immigrants, the defining dynamic steady state collapses into a static capacity ceiling, which the source explicitly rejects. Turnover supplies an internal constituent: Continuous replacement of components while the system's structure persists. Island Biogeography Theory requires that role within this mechanism: Predict the equilibrium species count of an isolated habitat patch as the crossing point of two opposed rates — immigration falling and extinction rising with richness — positioned by the island's area and its isolation from a source pool. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

The theory contains turnover because species identities continue to be replaced even while the equilibrium richness count stays stable.


Predator release, changed competition, and narrowed resources relocate the fit criterion; retained body-size modification toward that new target is what unifies dwarfism and gigantism as one process.

The island rule contains adaptation because colonizing lineages persistently retune heritable body size to a restructured ecological regime.


Both contain trajectories whose distance to a common target decreases from distinct starting points. The child fixes the trajectories to colonizing lineages, the target to an island-specific body-size optimum, and the opposite signed limbs to dwarfing of large forms and gigantism of small forms.

The island rule is convergence specialized to terrestrial-vertebrate body sizes approaching a relocated intermediate island optimum from both sides.


The environmental shift supplies a new target but cannot itself move a heritable population toward it; differential reproduction across ordinary size variation supplies the signed tracking channel, while drift alone predicts no common direction.

The island rule presupposes natural selection to differentially retain body-size variants nearer the relocated island optimum.


The live identity includes both compensated states and transient adjustment toward them. Equal supported mass columns above a compensation depth are the internal balance condition; lithosphere, density contrast, rheology, and adjustment dynamics are additional content.

Isostasy contains a mass-column equilibrium target in which opposing load and buoyant support balance over the stated geological timescale.


Added load drives sinking and greater displacement of the dense substrate, increasing the restoring buoyant contribution; removed load drives rebound and reduces excess support. Output displacement therefore changes the next force balance through a delayed rheological return path.

Isostasy contains a delayed negative-feedback loop in which displacement changes buoyant support so the response opposes the applied or removed load.


Iteration is constitutive rather than descriptive: observed outcomes become the next round's history input, enabling retaliation, forgiveness, reputation, and the finite-versus-indefinite horizon distinction. Iteration supplies an internal constituent: Repeats steps to refine outcomes. Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma requires that role within this mechanism: The prisoner's-dilemma stage game (payoffs T > R > P > S) played over many observed rounds, where a high enough continuation probability lets the threat of future punishment deter present defection — turning the one-shot game's unavoidable mutual defection into sustainable cooperation. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

The game contains repeated application of the same stage interaction with prior-round output carried into the next strategy decision.


The IPD is the canonical formal realization of the prime: a one-shot defection-inducing interaction, an expected continuation horizon, observable past behavior, and a present gain compared with discounted future retaliation. Its specific payoff letters and tournament strategies are the domain frame.

Stripping the named matrix leaves the horizon-times-observability mechanism by which discounted future punishment makes present cooperation self-interested.


The T greater than R greater than P greater than S ordering supplies the individually rational defection and collectively inferior outcome that repetition transforms. The child adds history, horizon, observability, continuation probability, and contingent strategies.

The iterated prisoner's dilemma contains the one-shot social-dilemma payoff matrix as the stage game repeated in every round.


The J-Curve has Transient Response's defining disturbance, time-indexed adjustment path, trough, settling horizon, and new steady outcome. It specializes that genus to a two-rate response whose fast channel initially worsens the outcome before a slower channel reverses it, then adds the trade-balance variables and Marshall-Lerner feasibility condition.

The J-Curve Effect is a Transient Response specialized to an initial wrong-way movement followed by delayed sign reversal under a persistent shock.


Every jailbreak-adaptation instance has the parent's deployed slow-updating rule, distributed opponent community, cheap sharing infrastructure, reusable technique corpus, and learning-rate advantage. It adds the AI-specific differentia of model or moderation policy boundaries, prompt and input bypasses, and adversarial retraining as the defender's update step.

Jailbreak adaptation is community-distributed adversarial learning specialized to deployed AI policy boundaries, where shared bypass techniques form a public-good corpus that grows faster than the defender can retrain and redeploy.


Without multiple distinct species coexisting, the frequency-dependent enemy mechanism may still depress one host but is no longer the Janzen-Connell explanation of tropical tree diversity.

The hypothesis contains diversity as the maintained community state produced by rare-species advantage and self-undermining local dominance.


Without the abundance-to-enemy-to-recruitment return path, host-specific mortality is only an external loss and no longer makes dominance self-undermining or rarity advantageous. Feedback supplies an internal constituent: Outputs influence inputs. Janzen-Connell Hypothesis requires that role within this mechanism: Tropical tree diversity is maintained because host-specific enemies accumulate near adult conspecifics, so seedling survival rises with distance from the parent and falls with local conspecific density — a frequency-dependent penalty on local abundance that makes dominance self-undermining. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Janzen-Connell contains stabilizing feedback because a species' local abundance recruits the specialist-enemy load that lowers its later recruitment.


The second side combines prior mass and likelihood into posterior odds or a Bayes factor, including the diffuse-alternative Occam penalty. Removing that Bayesian update leaves an ordinary significance result rather than the cross-framework paradox.

The Jeffreys-Lindley construction contains a Bayesian posterior-odds update whose prior-averaged likelihood supplies the opposed verdict.


The paradox cannot be stated without the predeclared point null, test statistic, sampling distribution, and reject-or-retain threshold of Hypothesis Testing. Those operations are internal constituents rather than a taxonomic genus of the paradox.

The Jeffreys-Lindley construction contains a frequentist point-null hypothesis test whose tail-area verdict supplies one side of the disagreement.


It inherits simultaneous work by specialists from different functions or organizations whose reciprocally coupled outputs require tight feedback and shared integration. The child fixes the output to public crisis messaging and adds a JIC, lead PIO, joint clearance chain, rumor control, and preservation of each agency's substantive authority.

A Joint Information System is concurrent cross-functional collaboration specialized to public-information officers from independently authoritative agencies producing one coherent crisis-message output.


Joy's Law recommends connection rather than headcount, and open innovation supplies a major family of those mechanisms through partnerships, licensing, crowdsourcing, and open-source contribution. It is typical rather than strict because referrals, contracting, and acqui-hiring can implement the redirect without a fully bilateral open-innovation stance.

Open Innovation is a typical operationalization of Joy's access redirect through governed inbound knowledge and talent channels.


The field is the population, the firm's headcount is the bounded accessible sample, and the particular expert best matched to a novel problem is the rare target. Joy's Law adds organizational boundaries and the strategic access redirect to the substrate-neutral Extreme Capture Probability structure.

Joy's Law is the talent-market specialization of bounded access having low probability of containing the rare best-matched member of a much larger field.


If talent were homogeneous and every capable person substituted for every other, the relevant expert would not be statistically elsewhere in the law's strong sense. Functional specialization creates the problem-to-expert matching structure that makes broad external reach valuable.

The law's specificity gap presupposes a differentiated field in which experts narrow into distinct, non-interchangeable capabilities.


SMED lowers fixed setup so smaller lots reduce work in process, shared fate, defect latency, and replenishment overshoot. Batch Size supplies an internal constituent: The granularity at which a stream of work is grouped, trading setup cost amortised per item against flow, delay, risk, and feedback-lag costs that rise with the group — producing an interior optimum. Just-in-Time requires that role within this mechanism: Replenish each production stage only when the next one consumes its input, deliberately shrinking buffers so disruption propagates instead of hiding — a coupling that pays off only when paired with the variability-reduction work that earns it. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

JIT contains deliberate lot-size reduction, enabled by attacking changeover cost, to shorten feedback and prevent production from outrunning downstream pull.


The chain of stages can exist under push or buffered production without JIT and is therefore enabling substrate rather than an internal policy object. Flow supplies the prerequisite condition: Structured movement of energy, matter, or information. Just-in-Time operates against that background: Replenish each production stage only when the next one consumes its input, deliberately shrinking buffers so disruption propagates instead of hiding — a coupling that pays off only when paired with the variability-reduction work that earns it. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption.

JIT presupposes a staged flow whose adjacent production or delivery stages can be coupled through consumption-triggered replenishment.


Kanban or an equivalent signal authorizes upstream activity only after downstream consumption; JIT adds the apparatus that makes that coupling viable. Pull Flow supplies an internal constituent: An activity is triggered by a downstream demand signal rather than scheduled by an upstream producer, shifting uncertainty absorption from inventory to latency. Just-in-Time requires that role within this mechanism: Replenish each production stage only when the next one consumes its input, deliberately shrinking buffers so disruption propagates instead of hiding — a coupling that pays off only when paired with the variability-reduction work that earns it. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

JIT contains downstream-consumption-triggered pull flow as the authorization regime replacing forecast-pushed production at each replenishment link.


The maintained buffer is the adjustable surplus whose absorption value is traded against holding and problem-concealment costs. System Slack supplies an internal constituent: Extra capacity for resilience. Just-in-Time requires that role within this mechanism: Replenish each production stage only when the next one consumes its input, deliberately shrinking buffers so disruption propagates instead of hiding — a coupling that pays off only when paired with the variability-reduction work that earns it. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

JIT contains an explicitly sized inter-stage slack reserve that it deliberately shrinks toward the minimum needed for routine variability.


Bias supplies the systematic, signed displacement of a judgment away from its evidential target. Just-World Hypothesis inherits that structure: when innocent suffering threatens a protected fairness belief and action cannot discharge the threat, attribution shifts predictably toward victim fault or deservedness. More observations do not average the shift away because the belief-protection process generates it. The hypothesis adds the fairness worldview, undeserved suffering, the can-act fork, and victim re-perception as its differentia.

Just-World Hypothesis is a fairness-belief species of Bias in which threatening evidence is directionally reinterpreted toward deserved outcomes rather than allowed to revise the protected worldview.


Removing the child’s frame leaves the reusable structure named by Motivated Reasoning. The child’s frame can be removed while the parent roles remain, so the edge records portable structural cargo rather than taxonomic identity.


It inherits outcome dependence on timing, sequence, duration, and position within a temporal regime. The child fixes the act to discourse and adds a receptive audience, qualitative ripeness, bounded opening and closing, and the premature-versus-stale failure distinction.

A kairotic window is temporal dynamics specialized to a bounded interval in which a fixed message coincides with audience receptivity and can be effective.


Its decisiveness comes from intentional information loss: the vector of who gains and loses becomes a sum, while distribution is deferred and can no longer be recovered from the headline verdict alone.

Kaldor-Hicks contains aggregation by collapsing every party's gain or loss into one signed net-benefit scalar.


It inherits a verdict that one feasible state improves on another without an uncompensated aggregate sacrifice under the declared comparison rule. The child fixes that rule to monetized WTP/WTA, a positive aggregate-net-benefit scalar, and compensation that need only be possible rather than paid.

Kaldor-Hicks efficiency is efficiency specialized to welfare changes whose gains dominate losses under a hypothetical-compensation test.


Without an evaluator ranking outcomes, there is no gain, loss, reservation value, or compensating variation to aggregate. Preference supplies that prior ordering without itself endorsing the later interpersonal sum.

Kaldor-Hicks presupposes preferences because willingness to pay and accept monetize each affected party's ordering over the before and after states.


Kaldor-Hicks resolves a multi-party frontier by selecting positive summed gains while explicitly leaving the loss distribution to a second stage. The compensation test and WTP/WTA are its domain-specific scalarization.

Removing welfare-economic machinery leaves a constrained choice whose improvement on aggregate benefit sacrifices distributional positions.


The common monetary currency makes airport noise, time, health, profit, and environmental loss comparable, while importing ability-to-pay weights and translation distortions that the source treats as load-bearing limits.

Kaldor-Hicks contains value commensuration by translating heterogeneous gains and losses into willingness-to-pay dollars before netting them.


The perceptual model treats the events as samples of one object moving at roughly constant velocity, so spatial separation becomes evidence about elapsed time. In the defining experiment, physical distance and time are varied independently; the load-bearing motion assumption therefore does not hold, and an otherwise coherent inference yields a systematically unwarranted duration estimate. Remove the perceiver, modalities, and named illusion and this assumption-to-conclusion dependency break remains exactly Model Assumption Failure. The parent also admits engineering, statistical, and planning failures with no perceptual prior.

The Kappa Effect is the perceptual form of Model Assumption Failure in which a constant-velocity prior is load-bearing but false for independently placed stimuli, distorting inferred duration.


Removing downward surface displacement removes the collapse branch and its engineering signature but leaves non-collapsing karst drainage intact. Applies where roof or cover support above a karst void fails; mature conduit terrains need not be actively subsiding.

Karst terrains commonly contain sinkhole subsidence when dissolution voids lose support.


Remove the loop in which wider openings capture more flow, dissolve faster, and widen further, and the characteristic channelisation mechanism disappears. Feedback supplies an internal constituent: Outputs influence inputs. Karst requires that role within this mechanism: Diagnose a landscape where acidic groundwater has dissolved soluble bedrock into a self-reinforcing hidden conduit network, so the surface no longer maps the subsurface drainage and porous-media terrain rules are suspended. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Karst conduit growth contains a reinforcing flow-dissolution feedback.


Without matter moving from sinkholes through subsurface conduits to discrete springs, the hydrologic behavior that distinguishes karst from porous media disappears. Flow supplies an internal constituent: Structured movement of energy, matter, or information. Karst requires that role within this mechanism: Diagnose a landscape where acidic groundwater has dissolved soluble bedrock into a self-reinforcing hidden conduit network, so the surface no longer maps the subsurface drainage and porous-media terrain rules are suspended. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Karst contains fast channelised groundwater flow through its conduit network.


Without the connected cave-and-conduit system, karst loses its underground routing structure and is only soluble-rock weathering. Network supplies an internal constituent: Models interactions between components. Karst requires that role within this mechanism: Diagnose a landscape where acidic groundwater has dissolved soluble bedrock into a self-reinforcing hidden conduit network, so the surface no longer maps the subsurface drainage and porous-media terrain rules are suspended. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Karst contains the hidden conduit network that replaces surface-mapped drainage.


Swapping which object bears secrecy changes the system's recoverability. The child adds a cryptographic threat model and the normative rule that secrecy must reside on the cheap-to-replace side of the imbalance.

Kerckhoffs preserves a directed replaceability imbalance: a key is cheap to rotate, while a deployed mechanism is catastrophically expensive to replace.


Kerckhoffs applies Parnas's change-localization criterion to adversarial secrecy: the key is the small independently rotatable module, while the public algorithm remains stable. It adds enemy-knowledge assumptions, secrecy localization, cryptanalysis, and key-compromise recovery.

Removing cryptographic vocabulary leaves change-prone secret state isolated behind an interface so it can be replaced without rebuilding the mechanism.


Kernel makes the observation map's indistinguishable directions concrete: its cosets are the induced equivalence classes, triviality makes them singletons, and quotienting removes ambiguity. Algebra adds homomorphisms, zero, subobjects, dimension accounting, and the isomorphism theorem.

Removing algebraic vocabulary from Kernel leaves the exact target-channel- equivalence-class test for whether internals are uniquely recoverable.


Every kernel runs a known mapping backward from a target set and returns all compatible inputs. It adds a structure-preserving map, distinguished identity target, subobject closure, coset collision structure, triviality test, rank-nullity, and quotient reconstruction.

A Kernel is the Preimage specialized to the singleton containing the target homomorphism's distinguished zero or identity element.


Remove the jointly incompatible commitments and the pattern becomes a mere volume tactic or list of alternative defenses. Contradiction supplies the empty joint-admissibility structure; Kettle Logic adds accusation, defensive motive, simultaneous assertion, credibility reversal, and a commitment-forcing remedy.

Kettle Logic contains a contradiction because at least two defenses are jointly asserted even though their truth conditions cannot coexist.


The child is a named recurring defect whose failure lies in the content and joint acceptability of its premises rather than in inference form alone. It adds a defensive party, multiple individually sufficient accounts, joint rather than conditional assertion, and the force-commitment diagnostic to the Informal Fallacy genus.

Kettle Logic is the informal-fallacy species that jointly advances mutually incompatible defenses so their volume substitutes for a coherent vindication.


Large eyes, small chin, rounded forehead, and related cues work as an organized baby schema whose match can generalize across species and artifacts. The parent supplies the learned whole-reading channel; the child adds juvenile geometry, caregiving motivation, and supernormal exaggeration.

The Kewpie Doll Effect contains Configural Processing because the caregiving system is triggered by the spatial configuration of juvenile features rather than any single feature or verified identity.


Supernormal Stimulus supplies a response system tuned to a naturally informative cue and an exaggerated artificial or cross-referent cue that elicits a stronger response than the original target. The Kewpie Doll Effect fixes the cue to juvenile facial configuration and the response to caregiving, affiliation, and protection; those additions specialize rather than replace the parent identity.

The Kewpie Doll Effect is the baby-schema species of Supernormal Stimulus, where exaggerated juvenile cues over-activate a caregiving response evolved for real infants.


Positional recruitment exploits a non-uniform distribution of tacit and practical knowledge across participants in the inquiry. Information Asymmetry supplies the prerequisite condition: Parties to an interaction hold unequal private knowledge. Key Informant operates against that background: Gain deeper access to how a social system works by recruiting participants for their structural position — gatekeeper, broker, marginal participant, long-tenure incumbent, recent entrant — treating each account as positionally biased and structurally informative rather than population-representative. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption.

Key-informant practice presupposes information asymmetry because insiders in different positions hold material knowledge the researcher cannot cheaply observe or verify directly.


Relational topology locates many key informants but is not universal across every position-targeted source. Network supplies the prerequisite condition: Models interactions between components. Key Informant operates against that background: Gain deeper access to how a social system works by recruiting participants for their structural position — gatekeeper, broker, marginal participant, long-tenure incumbent, recent entrant — treating each account as positionally biased and structurally informative rather than population-representative. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption. The typical qualifier limits the claim to the characteristic route, not a constitutive requirement of every instance; exceptions must retain the child's identity through another mechanism.

Key-informant practice typically presupposes a network when centrality, brokerage, boundary spanning, or gatekeeping is what privileges an informant's vantage.


Some canonical informant types are occupant-independent roles, while other valid vantages are temporal or marginal statuses without expected-behavior bundles. Role supplies an internal constituent: A bundle of expected behaviours attached to a social position. Key Informant requires that role within this mechanism: Gain deeper access to how a social system works by recruiting participants for their structural position — gatekeeper, broker, marginal participant, long-tenure incumbent, recent entrant — treating each account as positionally biased and structurally informative rather than population-representative. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it. The typical qualifier limits the claim to the characteristic route, not a constitutive requirement of every instance; exceptions must retain the child's identity through another mechanism.

Key-informant practice typically contains role when an expectation-bearing gatekeeper, broker, leader, technician, or similar slot supplies the epistemic access.


The cross-position comparison guards against treating one well-placed source as an all-seeing oracle without being required for designating a single key informant. Triangulation supplies an internal constituent: Cross-verifying a claim by combining multiple independent sources or methods so their convergence raises confidence and their divergence exposes hidden bias or context. Key Informant requires that role within this mechanism: Gain deeper access to how a social system works by recruiting participants for their structural position — gatekeeper, broker, marginal participant, long-tenure incumbent, recent entrant — treating each account as positionally biased and structurally informative rather than population-representative. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it. The typical qualifier limits the claim to the characteristic route, not a constitutive requirement of every instance; exceptions must retain the child's identity through another mechanism.

Key-informant practice typically contains triangulation when contrasting positions are compared to separate position-specific skew from invariant structure.


The informant's leverage and partiality are both consequences of structural station rather than personal quality. Viewpoint supplies an internal constituent: A position fixes an access set, an occlusion set, and a bias profile. Key Informant requires that role within this mechanism: Gain deeper access to how a social system works by recruiting participants for their structural position — gatekeeper, broker, marginal participant, long-tenure incumbent, recent entrant — treating each account as positionally biased and structurally informative rather than population-representative. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Key-informant practice contains viewpoint because selection and interpretation are organized around a position-specific access set, occlusion set, and bias profile.


Removing the GUI, Tab key, focus model, WCAG, and assistive-technology vocabulary leaves multiple non-identical control pathways capable of fulfilling the same action set; the domain child adds a completeness and practical-cost contract over keyboard and pointer input.

Keyboard Accessibility is functional redundancy specialized to a keyboard channel that must reproduce every action available through the pointer channel.


Tab gives the container an inbound transition while Tab, Shift+Tab, Escape, and every keyboard-reachable control fail to provide an outbound transition. Mouse access does not repair the modality-relative graph. The child source repeatedly names the live prime as its substrate-neutral parent.

Removing focus-navigation and WCAG vocabulary leaves the exact live prime: a reachable state with no exit in the actor's available action modality.


Without the rB greater-than C comparison, the mechanism has no quantitative boundary deciding when a costly social allele increases rather than declines. Hamilton's Rule supplies an internal constituent: Predict when an allele for a costly social behaviour spreads by relocating the accounting from organism to gene: it is favoured whenever rB > C — the relatedness-weighted benefit to relatives exceeds the cost to the actor. Kin selection requires that role within this mechanism: A costly gene can still spread when it makes its carrier help relatives who likely share that gene, as long as the relatedness-weighted benefit to them (rB) outweighs the cost to the actor (C). Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Kin selection contains Hamilton’s rule as its operational spread criterion.


Both require a population of heritable variants, differential reproductive success under a discriminating pressure, and iteration that changes allele frequencies. The child fixes the selected variant to a social allele, fitness effects to actor and genealogical recipients, and the discriminating statistic to relatedness-weighted benefit minus cost.

Kin selection is natural selection specialized to heritable social effects directed non-randomly toward genetic relatives.


It inherits stable-distal recovery from changing proximal input and fixes the property, transformation, cue, prior, and ambiguity to the structure-from-motion case. Perceptual Constancy supplies the genus: The phenomenon by which a perceiver holds an object's properties — size, shape, color, identity — stable despite large variation in the proximal stimulus, by inferring the distal property and implicitly factoring out the viewing condition. Kinetic depth effect preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: The perceptual recovery of vivid 3D structure from the 2D motion of a stimulus that looks flat when static — the visual system solving an underdetermined inverse problem by adding motion as constraint under a rigidity prior. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.

The kinetic depth effect is shape constancy specialized to recovering a stable rigid 3D structure from a temporal sequence of changing 2D projections.


Rigidity binds the admissible reconstruction set; the percept's collapse on deformation demonstrates its constitutive role. Constraint supplies an internal constituent: Limits possibilities to guide outcomes. Kinetic depth effect requires that role within this mechanism: The perceptual recovery of vivid 3D structure from the 2D motion of a stimulus that looks flat when static — the visual system solving an underdetermined inverse problem by adding motion as constraint under a rigidity prior. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Kinetic depth contains a hard rigidity constraint that excludes deforming 3D candidates and makes the moving projection solvable.


Static projections identify no unique 3D cause; cross-frame rigidity collapses the class except for the explicitly retained sign equivalence. Identifiability supplies an internal constituent: Whether an internal unknown can in principle be uniquely recovered from the observable signal a system makes available. Kinetic depth effect requires that role within this mechanism: The perceptual recovery of vivid 3D structure from the 2D motion of a stimulus that looks flat when static — the visual system solving an underdetermined inverse problem by adding motion as constraint under a rigidity prior. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Kinetic depth contains an identifiability transition in which motion plus rigidity shrink the 3D preimage of the retinal signal from many shapes to one structure up to depth sign.


The projection creates the static many-to-one ambiguity; temporal samples, rigidity, and perceptual recovery add the child's differentia. Projection supplies an internal constituent: Map a richer object onto a lower-dimensional target along a chosen direction, discarding the rest. Kinetic depth effect requires that role within this mechanism: The perceptual recovery of vivid 3D structure from the 2D motion of a stimulus that looks flat when static — the visual system solving an underdetermined inverse problem by adding motion as constraint under a rigidity prior. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Kinetic depth contains the projection that maps a richer 3D object to each lower-dimensional 2D retinal frame and discards depth.


Faster stages cannot raise throughput beyond one limiting step, but not every kinetic regime has a unique limiter. Bottleneck supplies an internal constituent: The single limiting stage that caps an entire system's throughput. Kinetics requires that role within this mechanism: Describe how fast a chemical system moves among states by relating each species' rate of change to concentrations, temperature, and catalysts through rate laws — keeping the rate-and-path question separate from the thermodynamic endpoint the system is approaching. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it. The conditional qualifier restricts the edge to contexts in which this mechanism is active; outside those contexts the edge asserts no dependency or ancestry.

Multi-step kinetics contains a bottleneck when the slowest elementary step caps the mechanism's overall rate and localizes effective catalysis.


Kinetics fixes evolving states to chemical species and supplies reaction orders, Arrhenius rate constants, elementary paths, and catalyst machinery. Temporal Dynamics supplies the genus: System outcomes depend fundamentally on timing, sequencing, duration. Kinetics preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Describe how fast a chemical system moves among states by relating each species' rate of change to concentrations, temperature, and catalysts through rate laws — keeping the rate-and-path question separate from the thermodynamic endpoint the system is approaching. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.

Chemical kinetics is temporal dynamics specialized to concentration-state trajectories governed by rate laws, physical activation barriers, temperature, and catalysts.


Closed reaction analysis contrasts barriers and finite-time trajectories with a no-net-flow free-energy endpoint; nonequilibrium regimes can omit that target. Thermodynamic Equilibrium supplies the prerequisite condition: No net flows. Kinetics operates against that background: Describe how fast a chemical system moves among states by relating each species' rate of change to concentrations, temperature, and catalysts through rate laws — keeping the rate-and-path question separate from the thermodynamic endpoint the system is approaching. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption. The typical qualifier limits the claim to the characteristic route, not a constitutive requirement of every instance; exceptions must retain the child's identity through another mechanism.

Kinetics typically presupposes a thermodynamic-equilibrium endpoint whose identity is held separate from the rate and path by which it is approached.


Diffusion and saturation alone produce one S-shaped adoption episode. The long-wave schema requires a successor cluster to gestate, displace the old productive structure, and reallocate capital, firms, skills, and infrastructure into a new paradigm so the phase path can reset. The child adds synchronized long-wave timing, finance-led installation, and the contested historical ladder.

The live Kondratiev mechanism contains creative destruction as innovation- driven displacement of an exhausted techno-economic paradigm by its successor.


The live parent explicitly aliases innovation diffusion, adoption curves, technology adoption, and diffusion of innovations, and its identity fixes network-mediated adoption from innovators through majorities to saturation. Remove that spread from the K-wave and an invention never becomes an economy-wide paradigm, so there is no long upswing or saturation phase. The child adds synchronized long timing, finance-led installation, creative displacement, depressive gestation, and the contested historical ladder.

The Kondratiev mechanism contains cultural diffusion in its exact innovation-diffusion alias sense: a general-purpose technology spreads through adopters, accelerates, and saturates along an S-shaped adoption path.


Handover is the return edge that lets the successor paradigm begin the same arc. Removing it leaves a one-time technology lifecycle, not a long-wave hypothesis. This closed state-transition structure is independent of the separate claim that successive traversals have an approximately regular period.

The Kondratiev schema contains a closed phase path from installation through crash, deployment, saturation, depressive gestation, and successor handover back to installation.


Empirical contestability concerns whether the claimed periodicity exists in the world; it does not remove periodicity from the abstraction's identity. The live parent admits approximate and modulated periods, while the child adds capitalist price and output series, innovation clusters, installation, crash, saturation, depressive gestation, and paradigm handover.

Removing industrial-history framing from the Kondratiev wave leaves the hypothesis of approximate repetition after a 40–60-year displacement, with phase drift and variable amplitude explicitly acknowledged.


When the Perez elaboration is active, capital chases expectations of the new paradigm ahead of productive diffusion, prices reinforce further investment, and the resulting bubble crashes at the installation/deployment handover. Original Kondratiev price-series formulations need not include this mechanism, so it is a typical constituent rather than a strict one.

Perez-style Kondratiev waves typically contain a speculative bubble during finance-led installation, followed by the turning-point crash into deployment.


Repeated multiplicative efficiency improvement is the portable trend form; logical operations, joules, Dennard scaling, architecture, and the observed doubling constants are computing-hardware cargo. After the information_technology frame is stripped away, the retained structural roles are those of Exponentiation: Repeated multiplication scaling. Koomey's law adds the local frame and commitments expressed in its identity: The empirical trajectory by which computations delivered per joule dissipated have doubled about every 1.57 years (slowing to ~2.6 after Dennard scaling broke in 2005), tracking the energy cost of a logical operation toward the Landauer floor. The parent pattern remains recognizable without that vocabulary, while the child is the framed realization of it. That preservation test establishes decomposition rather than taxonomic subsumption.

Koomey's Law extracts Exponentiation because computations delivered per joule follow an empirical doubling-time trajectory whose slope can be measured separately before and after a regime break.


The trajectory may approach but cannot cross the floor with irreversible logical operations; reversible or quantum computation changes the substrate and voids the premise rather than pushing the same proximate levers farther.

Koomey's Law contains an Irreducible Floor because Landauer's thermodynamic cost per irreversible bit erasure bounds the total efficiency gain remaining under the law's computational premise.


The artifact-environment-agent relation explains why technology is not neutral while context-dependent outcomes explain why its valence is not fixed; the eponymous stance adds the history-of-technology evaluation frame.

Kranzberg's First Law contains Affordance because a technology changes what actions are cheap, easy, or possible for agents in a setting even when the artifact does not determine which action will be taken.


It inherits a driver, rising branch, interior peak, falling branch, and reversal of the driver's marginal effect. The child fixes development or per-capita income as the driver, inequality as the response, and structural-transformation mechanisms for the two branches.

The Kuznets curve is an inverted-U response specialized to income inequality rising and then falling across economic development.


The source's `stock_and_flow` shorthand does not name a live node, but its exact operative commitment is present in accumulation: a stock integrates construction additions minus depreciation or retirement, carries history, and cannot jump with current demand. Without that stock memory there is no multi-decade damping of new construction and no lag-coupled swing.

The Kuznets swing contains accumulation because construction inflow builds a durable housing-and-infrastructure stock whose slow outflow preserves overhang after the demand pulse has subsided.


The next cohort's entry explicitly restarts the same demand-build-overhang sequence. Removing the return edge yields one construction episode rather than the hypothesized swing. The graph closure is distinct from the oscillator mechanism and from the disputed regularity of its period.

The Kuznets schema contains a closed phase path from demographic demand pulse through delayed build-out and overhang lull to the next cohort-driven restart.


The source's `delay` label resolves to the live latency alias. Remove the construction response interval and supply adjusts with the demand pulse, eliminating the overbuild, stock overhang, and medium-period lull that distinguish the swing. The child adds the demographic forcing, durable stock, housing substrate, and resulting oscillation.

The Kuznets mechanism contains latency as the multi-year delay between a demographic housing-demand input and completion of long-lived supply.


The swing is defined as a 15–25-year oscillation generated by a slow demand pulse chasing a long-lived stock through a build lag. The stock continues after demand decelerates, carries construction past balance, and damps new building until the next cohort restarts the movement. Housing, immigration, and the medium spectral band are the domain differentia.

Removing housing and demographic vocabulary from the Kuznets swing leaves a lag-coupled oscillator whose stock overhang supplies storage and whose demand-supply mismatch supplies restoration and repeated overshoot.


Remove the graded or contested class boundary and reasonable annotators no longer split systematically near it. Boundary supplies the non-sharp partition; the child adds human adjudicators, hard labels, and a metric graded against them.

Label ambiguity contains a category boundary that is not sharp even though the evaluation pipeline encodes assignments as hard ground truth.


Expert calls near the boundary behave as a nonzero measurement-error component. The child adds boundary-localized disagreement, inter-annotator agreement instruments, and a two-regime blend of model capability and adjudication agreement.

Label ambiguity contains observational uncertainty introduced by contested human assignments and inherited by the reported model metric.


Without a claimed mapping from agreement-with-labels to real operational capability, contested assignments remain disagreement but do not corrupt a validation statement. The child identifies when hard-label evaluation breaks that mapping and how agreement-stratified reporting repairs it.

Label ambiguity presupposes a validation claim whose metric is intended to represent model capability in an operational classification task.


The identity compares two probability laws and fixes a specific factorization: P(Y) changes between them while P(X|Y) remains invariant. Remove the paired distributions or that changed-versus-invariant relation and neither the discrimination/calibration dissociation nor prior correction is defined.

Label shift contains paired training and deployment probability distributions whose label marginals differ while their feature-given-label conditionals remain invariant.


The evaluative target is whether the agent has repaired a moral transgression. Physical cleansing is psychologically active through the purity schema but is irrelevant to that target, yet the proposed strong effect says the agent's felt obligation and compensatory helping update on it. Relevance Substitution supplies that wrong-channel update; the named effect adds bodily cleansing, moral self-assessment, and a replication-contested experimental paradigm.

The Lady Macbeth Effect is the moral-cleansing application of Relevance Substitution in which a physically effective cleanliness cue stands in for evidence of actual moral repair.


It inherits a productive mechanism, faster-growing counter-mechanism, interior optimum, and reversal of the same lever's effect across the peak. The child fixes tax rate as driver and revenue as response, with mechanical collection opposed by behavioral erosion of the taxable base.

The Laffer curve is an inverted-U response specialized to tax revenue as the product of a rising rate and a behaviorally shrinking tax base.


A Landing-Page Test substitutes a minimal representation of the offering for the expensive product while preserving enough of its proposed value to elicit a demand response. Design Prototyping supplies that approximation-and-learning constituent; the child adds public traffic, commitment signals, and a demand gate.

The published page is a deliberately incomplete, low-cost stand-in for an unbuilt offering used to learn before full construction.


A view or verbal compliment is insufficient by the entry's identity. Sign-up, pre-order, deposit, or another action carrying real cost must communicate private willingness to proceed. Signaling is the evidence-producing constituent, while the landing-page method supplies the specific sender action, channel, and threshold.

The test reads a visitor's costly commitment action as evidence that separates demand from polite or costless interest.


Without the landslide, rockfall, or debris-flow emplacement stage, no unengineered debris barrier is formed and the named cascade does not begin. Mass Wasting supplies an internal constituent: Predict whether a slope fails by comparing resisting to driving force on a specified shear surface as a single factor-of-safety ratio, stable above unity and failing below it, with gravity as the sole transport agent. Landslide-Dam Failure requires that role within this mechanism: The two-stage natural-hazard cascade in which mass wasting dams a valley, impounds a lake, and later fails — releasing a downstream outburst flood usually larger than the landslide, because the unengineered barrier is itself the hazard's storage element. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Landslide-dam failure contains the mass-wasting event that creates its cross-valley barrier.


Both require a flow obstructed by a barrier, upstream storage of integrated load, a failure boundary, discontinuous release, and downstream impact governed by the stored volume rather than the original flow rate. The child fixes the flow to river water, the barrier to unengineered landslide or related debris, storage to an impounded lake, and release to a downstream outburst flood.

Landslide-dam failure is the geomorphic specialization of blockage-release dynamics.


Both have an initiating change that creates a coupled condition which becomes the source of a further, often larger change. The child fixes mass wasting, valley blockage, lake impoundment, barrier failure, and downstream outburst as the chain.

Landslide-dam failure is a two-stage natural-hazard cascade.


Without rising hydraulic load against a degrading barrier followed by overtopping, piping, or collapse, the delayed outburst stage and its discontinuous release disappear. Stress and Rupture supplies an internal constituent: Accumulated tension leads to break. Landslide-Dam Failure requires that role within this mechanism: The two-stage natural-hazard cascade in which mass wasting dams a valley, impounds a lake, and later fails — releasing a downstream outburst flood usually larger than the landslide, because the unengineered barrier is itself the hazard's storage element. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

The impounded barrier stage contains load accumulation, threshold failure, and abrupt release.


The method begins by eliciting speech or writing and then analyzing what the speaker actually produces. Without an expressive-language performance there is no transcript, no morphology-syntax-lexicon profile, and no probed-versus-spontaneous gap to evaluate. Receptive performance can be compared separately, but it is not the sampled object that constitutes LSA.

Language Sample Analysis presupposes expressive language because its evidence is a speaker's spontaneous produced output, not receptive comprehension.


Many LSA protocols compute TTR, MATTR, vocd-D, or a related measure from the coded transcript to characterize lexical diversity while controlling sample length. The relation is typical rather than strict because an analysis may target morphology, syntax, pragmatics, or discourse without reporting a type-token statistic.

Language Sample Analysis typically contains a length-controlled Type-Token Ratio or related lexical-diversity index as one coordinate of its multi-level profile.


LSA converts one language sample into separately inspectable coordinates: morpheme accuracy and MLU, clause structure, lexical diversity, pragmatic use, and discourse organization. The diagnostic signal is the pattern across those parts, including dissociations, rather than a single aggregate. Remove that level-wise decomposition and the method loses its defining profile.

Decomposition is internal to LSA because the transcript is separated into morphology, syntax, lexicon, pragmatics, and discourse rather than collapsed into one score.


Standardized SALT or CHAT conventions act as the procedure and coding instrument; MLU, type-token ratio, clause density, error rates, and pragmatic indices are the scales; and age- and elicitation-matched databases supply the comparison frame. These mappings turn a transcript into reproducible evidence rather than an impressionistic observation.

Measurement is an internal constituent of LSA because a coded transcript is mapped through stated procedures onto quantitative indices and matched normative scales.


Clinical LSA normally selects elicitation contexts, sample lengths, and comparison baselines so the observed utterances stand in for the speaker's broader functional production. That design is important to valid inference, but it is typical rather than definitional: a short, task-specific, or deliberately atypical language sample can still be analyzed by LSA while supporting only narrower conclusions.

LSA usually contains a representativeness design that elicits enough naturalistic output for the sample to support claims about the speaker's functional language.


Currents, tides, eddies, and fronts supply structured material transport; larval behavior modulates which flow layer is used but does not eliminate the water-borne source-to-sink movement.

Larval dispersal contains flow because moving water carries larval matter from spawning sources toward settlement sinks.


A narrow successful arrival can amplify its sampling accident into a descendant population's identity, but mass settlement or continuing high gene flow need not pass through that small closed gate.

Larval dispersal can contain a founder effect when a small, compositionally narrow settler cohort establishes a new isolated population.


The connectivity matrix is a defining aggregate object: without nodes and directed larval-flux relations, the construct cannot infer exporters, import-fed sinks, metapopulation persistence, or reserve connectivity.

Larval dispersal contains a directed connectivity network whose weighted edges are pairwise larval fluxes among source and sink populations.


Both contain a source, a transported entity, a medium whose structure controls velocity and reach, and an arrival footprint. The child fixes the entity to a distinct larval stage, the medium to aquatic currents modified by behavior, and the endpoint to cue-filtered settlement and source-sink demography.

Larval dispersal is the aquatic life-stage specialization of propagation from a source through a structured medium to reachable settlement sites.


Last-mile distribution failure specializes endpoint-heterogeneity cost to emergency resources whose final-leg latency exceeds the consequence window. Last Mile Delivery supplies the genus: The final segment from a consolidated trunk to heterogeneous individual endpoints costs disproportionately, and its share of total cost grows as upstream efficiency improves. Last-Mile Distribution Failure preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Diagnose why supplies present at a staging area cause the same harm as supplies absent — the final-leg disaggregation takes longer than the consequence window allows — splitting trunk-delivery success from the tactical-delivery success the metrics conceal. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


The domain identity requires an upstream blunt-end decision to leave a dormant hole inside a defense layer, a long delay before expression, and an activating circumstance that aligns the hole into a complete path. The Swiss-cheese prime supplies precisely that whole layered trajectory and separates the constituent condition from ordinary brittleness or drift.

Latent condition presupposes the Swiss-cheese model's serial imperfect defenses, standing holes, and alignment mechanism; outside that framework it collapses to generic dormant vulnerability.


Both identities require a causal path whose edges conduct only under state conditions, a rare AND-tuple that closes every edge simultaneously, the distinction between topological existence and operational realization, and blindness of factor-by-factor audit. The child adds barriers, redundancy, HAZOP/STPA/bow-tie practice, and safety-specific intervention vocabulary.

Latent-path activation is conjunctive path activation specialized to a safety-engineering defense graph, incident investigation, and the doctrine of keeping at least one edge per harm path reliably non-conducting.


Conjunctive activation alone occurs in epistasis and race conditions with no defensive architecture. What makes the domain child latent-path activation in system-safety practice is a serial barrier graph designed to interrupt hazard trajectories, plus redundancy and independence audits aimed at preventing a common conjunction from opening them all.

The safety-specific latent-path concept presupposes defense in depth because its gated edges are protective barriers and its signature remedy guarantees that at least one barrier remains closed to the hazard on every path.


It inherits removal uncertainty, immediate local downside, diffuse cumulative retention cost, and individually rational accumulation. The child fixes the elements to obsolete code and adds call-graph reachability, coverage evidence, deprecation cycles, and monitored deletion.

Lava Flow is obsolete-element retention under asymmetric removal uncertainty specialized to a codebase with inadequate dependency evidence.


It inherits a defeasible structural trace, contextual defeaters, predicted maintenance cost, and a refactoring probe. The child adds enumerable boundary overhead, carried responsibility, legitimate stable-seam or domain-name value, and Inline Class as the discriminating intervention.

Lazy Class is the code-smell species whose low responsibility-to-overhead ratio suggests that an abstraction boundary has not earned its maintenance cost.


A class, function, module, or package imposes a fixed boundary cost—a name, navigation hop, interface, test surface, and change contract—while each responsibility it carries contributes the denominator over which that cost is amortized. The lazy-class verdict marks the low-scale region where the average boundary cost exceeds the value saved, and inlining removes the uneconomic unit.

Lazy class is the software-boundary case in which fixed abstraction overhead is spread over too little carried responsibility to reach an efficient scale.


Oversized releases deplete producer and consumer familiarity, producing defects, complaints, integration lag, and burnout that force smaller later releases. Those compensations restore the delta distribution and make the observed invariant one effect of the software-specific regulator.

The fifth law's mean release-delta band presupposes the third law's regulating loop that converts overdraw into corrective contraction.


Release delta is load, collective orientation is the supporting substrate, and the absorption band is the configuration-set sustainable threshold. Overshoot produces convex defects and disorientation, erodes near-term capacity, and requires a longer corrective contraction before recovery.

The familiarity band is a sustainable load envelope specialized to how much change a software community can absorb per release.


The fourth law is one grounded invariant of the third: headcount, pressure, and overtime perturb one node, while onboarding, coordination, rework, and debt compensate elsewhere and return throughput to its structural operating point. Without that loop, constancy would be an unexplained observation.

The fourth law's conserved work-rate band presupposes the third law's project-level regulating loop that restores it after local pushes.


The E-type system encodes a model of its operating world, the world shifts, held-constant code lags, and satisfaction decays with the widening gap. Continuous adaptation is the software maintenance form of recalibration.

Lehman's first law is the E-type-software application of a frozen mapping losing fit with a non-stationary world.


Without peer systems contesting the same users, a fixed feature set can remain satisfactory after defensive adaptation. Rival capability growth negatively couples outcomes and turns comparative lag into a survival pressure distinct from absolute environmental fit.

The law's compulsory growth presupposes rival alternatives whose gains raise the reference point and threaten user migration.


User satisfaction is evaluated against the best available alternative, making the required capability set a moving objective. Holding features fixed creates tracking error; recurrent growth raises the product's tracking rate, while switching cost sets the tolerated residual gap.

The continuing-growth law is a software-market tracking problem whose functional target moves as competing systems expand.


The system was built and tested against earlier interfaces, threats, competitors, and expectations. As that comparison world moves while code is held fixed, relational quality falls even when no new defect appears.

Lehman's seventh law frames calibrated-rule decay as user-perceived software quality loss despite unchanged intrinsic correctness.


Both assert that continuing edits monotonically increase coupling, special cases, and conceptual disorder unless non-feature restoration is continuously reinjected. The child narrows the scope to long-lived E-type systems, formalizes the empirical trend, and couples it to Lehman's growth and throughput laws.

Lehman's second law is the E-type-system specialization of software entropy's change-driven structural-disorder gradient.


The whole sociotechnical loop senses outcomes, compensates for perturbation, and returns release size, cadence, and defect density to an operating band. Durable relocation requires changing loop structure rather than loading one node, which preserves homeostasis's regulator and envelope commitments.

Lehman's third law is homeostasis applied to the measured release dynamics of an E-type software project.


Conditioning explains how the link is learned; Associative Memory explains how the perceptual fragment later retrieves linked semantic content without the referent being present. Both operations are required by the device's introduce-then-recall and meaningful-withholding behavior.

The recurring figure must act as a content-addressable cue that retrieves its linked referent across long separations in the work.


The figure's intervals do not intrinsically mean the referent. Co-presentation establishes the association, later unpaired presentation recruits the learned response, and insufficient exposure, extinction, or a changed pairing weakens it. Leitmotif then adds aesthetic deployment and narrative transformation.

A figure becomes a leitmotif only after repeated paired exposure teaches the audience the contingent figure-to-referent association.


Every leitmotif retains Motif's short identifiable unit, intra-corpus recurrence, cumulative significance, structural binding, and recognizable variation. It adds a fixed character, place, idea, or relationship as the referent plus current-scene cuing and transformation-as-narrative channels.

A leitmotif is the motif species whose accumulated recurrence binds the recognizable figure to one work-local referent and makes later variants cue it.


Musical phrase, sonic sting, verbal tag, and recurring image are alternate signifier media; character, place, idea, and relationship are signified contents. Leitmotif adds work-local exposure history, current-scene cuing, and controlled transformation of the carrier as narrative information.

Removing score and story leaves a perceptible carrier, linked semantic content, and a learned non-intrinsic binding through which the form evokes the meaning.


The index is defined only relative to the competitive price-equals-marginal- cost benchmark and the ability of a firm facing residual demand to sustain a markup. It meters that property but is not a kind of power.

The Lerner Index presupposes market power as the target attribute whose exercised price-cost wedge it maps onto a scale.


L=1/|epsilon| is the engineered bridge from observed price-cost margin to demand response. The bare L=(P-MC)/P ratio remains computable when the optimization assumptions needed for that identity fail.

Under interior profit maximization, the index contains the reciprocal residual-demand elasticity identity that makes markup and responsiveness two readings of one parameter.


Price and estimated marginal cost are instrument inputs; normalization is the procedure; [0,1] is the scale; the resulting value claims a magnitude of power whose validity inherits cost-estimation and model uncertainty.

Removing firm and price vocabulary leaves an attribute mapped by a stated procedure onto a dimensionless scale with fixed anchors and interpretation conditions.


Structural, phonemic, and semantic tasks differ in the extent to which the incoming item is related to existing knowledge. The named effect adds an ordered task ladder, incidental-encoding paradigm, and empirical durability finding; the parent supplies the relation-rich encoding mechanism that produces the gradient.

Levels-of-Processing contains Elaborative Encoding because its depth ordering is defined by how much meaningful associative structure the study operation binds into the trace.


The planning device is built from claims that upstream actions produce named effects which enable downstream effects; removing causal linkage leaves only a thematic list rather than a line of effort.

Each line of effort contains an explicit causal chain from tasks through intermediate effects to the intended end state.


The parallel rails remain a single operational design only because their dependencies and convergence points align distributed actions into the shared end state. Coordination supplies an internal constituent: Aligning independently controlled actors so their separate actions combine into a coherent collective outcome despite distributed decision-making and incomplete shared information. Line of Effort requires that role within this mechanism: Structure a campaign around a condition to be created rather than terrain by laying out parallel rails of task → effect → effect → end state, each an auditable causal chain coupled to the others only at named handoff points. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Named cross-rail handoffs coordinate independently managed workstreams into one campaign outcome.


Line-of-effort planning makes a complex end state tractable by dividing it into rails that can be analyzed separately and recombined at explicit handoffs. Decomposition supplies an internal constituent: Breaking a whole into parts that can be analyzed independently and recombined to reconstitute the whole, making complexity tractable through divide-and-conquer. Line of Effort requires that role within this mechanism: Structure a campaign around a condition to be created rather than terrain by laying out parallel rails of task → effect → effect → end state, each an auditable causal chain coupled to the others only at named handoff points. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

A campaign condition is decomposed into bounded parallel workstreams and measurable intermediate effects.


The rail's order matters because downstream effects require upstream effects, making dependency-aware sequencing part of the device rather than an optional presentation choice. Sequencing supplies an internal constituent: Deliberately ordering steps under precedence constraints so that the arrangement itself, not just the set of tasks, determines the outcome. Line of Effort requires that role within this mechanism: Structure a campaign around a condition to be created rather than terrain by laying out parallel rails of task → effect → effect → end state, each an auditable causal chain coupled to the others only at named handoff points. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Precedence-ordered task and effect nodes are a constituent of every line-of-effort rail.


A line of operation is not static geometry alone: it carries structured movement of personnel, materiel, and operational effects toward the objective. Flow supplies an internal constituent: Structured movement of energy, matter, or information. Line of Operation requires that role within this mechanism: Organise a campaign along physical or force-orientation axes converging on an objective, collapsing an undifferentiated theatre into a few geometric rails on which decisive points, culminating points, and convergences do the planner's bookkeeping. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Movement of forces and sustainment along the axis is a constituent of the line-of-operation structure.


The device orders decisive points along a connected axis from the force's position toward an objective, instantiating a path through a relational and geographic structure.

A traversable spatial or force-orientation path is the geometric constituent that makes a line of operation a line.


Position and order are not interchangeable on a line of operation; earlier access and support conditions constrain which later points can be reached and when.

Intermediate objectives and decisive points are arranged under precedence constraints along the operational axis.


The release's five-way conjunction requires HTTP-dereferenceable resource URIs plus access infrastructure including a SPARQL endpoint and content- negotiated retrieval. These are published routes with invocation contracts and routing behind them. They remain one constituent beside the RDF graph, open license, outbound links, and serialized dumps, not a genus of the whole.

A linked-open-data release contains access endpoints for URI dereferencing and query-at-scale access as one constitutive access-infrastructure layer.


More active and diverse inspectors raise joint coverage of a fixed artifact, while overlapping independent viewpoints make different defects shallow to different people. Open code, build accessibility, and public issue tracking are the software coordination substrate that makes the general inspection mechanism operate.

Linus's Law is parallel independent inspection specialized to open-source code, public defect coordination, and a heterogeneous contributor pool.


The live framework does more than mention a rate: the rate is its endogenous clearing variable, transmits portfolio substitution, and defines the liquidity-trap boundary. The child adds the money stock, three demand motives, money-bond substitution, and central-bank setting.

Liquidity preference contains the interest rate as the reward for surrendering cash optionality and the price that clears money demand and supply.


Cash sacrifices yield while retaining the choice to meet an unexpected outflow or enter an asset later. Money, bonds, the tripartite motive theory, and money-market equilibrium specialize the portable option-value core.

Stripped of monetary institutions, liquidity preference preserves value from keeping a resource uncommitted without an obligation to exercise it.


Zero rates alone are insufficient: the live trap also requires speculative money demand to become perfectly elastic so added base money changes no rate. Liquidity preference supplies that demand schedule and portfolio- substitution framework; the child fixes its saturated lower-bound regime.

The trap contains the flat limiting branch of liquidity preference where money demand absorbs additions and cash and short bonds become substitutes.


The source explicitly distinguishes the ZLB constraint from its liquidity- trap consequence. The bound supplies the dead instrument range; the child adds cash-bond indifference, flat liquidity preference, base-money absorption, severed transmission, expectations, and a bypass menu.

A liquidity trap contains the binding lower-bound mechanism that exhausts conventional short-rate cuts before the required easing is delivered.


A subtype may replace a supertype only if client-visible function remains invariant under the swap. Weaker preconditions, stronger postconditions, preserved invariants, and compatible exceptions are the typed-OO apparatus that certifies the general replacement property.

LSP is behavioral substitutability specialized to typed inheritance and made checkable through contract variance rules.


Without a shared inference from what is literally said to why the speaker chose that under-informative form, the utterance remains only a weak negation. The child adds a polar contrary, the negation construction, direction of intensification or mitigation, and register-sensitive reconstruction.

Litotes presupposes pragmatic cooperation by which a hearer infers a stronger or differently modulated meaning from a deliberately weaker negation of the contrary.


Framing supplies the presentation structure that changes which features and interpretations become salient. Logos specializes it to the Aristotelian reasoning register, where premises, evidence, and inferential steps foreground an appearance of rational warrant. Every logos appeal frames content this way, while most framings do not adopt an argument-shaped surface.

Logos is the rhetorical Framing species that presents content in premise-evidence-inference form so an audience reads its persuasive force as reason-grounded.


It inherits a visible trace, a revisable design hypothesis, contextual defeaters, predicted maintenance cost, and a refactoring probe. The child adds parameter clustering, ordered-tuple burden, call-site change propagation, and parameter-object or whole-object interventions.

Long Parameter List is the code-smell species whose high-arity call boundary provides defeasible evidence that hidden co-variation structure was offloaded onto callers.


It inherits the defined-family multiplicity problem and the requirement to bound a family-level false-positive criterion. It specializes the family to locations or parameter values searched for an extremum and replaces a fixed discrete count, where necessary, with an effective trials factor estimated by upcrossing or extreme-value methods.

The Look-Elsewhere Effect is multiple-comparisons correction specialized to a scanned or continuous search space, where a local extremum is converted to global significance through an effective trials factor.


Both patterns expose a conclusion changing when a third variable is conditioned on or pooled away. Lord's adds the specific baseline, group, and after-measurement construction and compares change scores with ANCOVA; the qualifier remains typical because formulations of Lord's paradox need not exhibit Simpson's exact within-every-stratum sign reversal.

Lord's Paradox is typically the continuous pre-post member of Simpson's conditioning-reversal family, with baseline adjustment replacing categorical stratification.


The curve replaces one holding per unit with a one-dimensional cumulative summary, preserving concentration shape while discarding identity and most granular detail. That deliberate information choice is exactly Aggregation.

Removing inequality framing leaves a deliberate many-to-one collapse from unit holdings to cumulative population and quantity shares.


Lorenz specifies the target attribute, ranking and cumulative-share procedure, unit-square scale, equality reference, and a reading rule with explicit ambiguity when curves cross. Those are measurement commitments, while income, wealth, and Pigou-Dalton interpretation supply its domain frame.

Removing inequality vocabulary leaves an instrument-procedure-scale mapping from a distribution's concentration attribute to a cumulative-share curve.


Sorting establishes the cumulative path, and the transitive dominance relation distinguishes nested from incomparable crossing distributions. Neither role is optional to the live instrument's identity.

Lorenz construction contains order twice: units are ranked by holdings and non-crossing curves induce a concentration-dominance partial order.


Heavy-Tailed Distributions supply a small prolific head, long low-frequency tail, unstable or misleading central tendency, and a tail whose frequency declines by a power law. Lotka's Law fixes the counted units to papers per author, fits an exponent near two, and adds bibliometric estimation cautions. It describes the shape without committing to Preferential Attachment as its unique generator.

Lotka's Law is the producer-output-count specialization of a Heavy-Tailed Distribution, with a fitted inverse-power exponent near two for papers per author.


It has the parent's complete endogenous invalidation sequence: a model is calibrated under one regime, the model is asked to evaluate a rule-changing intervention, affected agents respond to the new rule, and the historical relationship no longer transports. The Lucas Critique adds the deep-versus-reduced-form partition, rational expectations, policy invariance test, structural re-derivation recipe, and macroeconometric setting.

The Lucas Critique is Intervention-Induced Model Invalidation specialized to policy-regime changes that make optimizing agents revise decision rules and thereby shift reduced-form macroeconomic coefficients.


The configuration is defined by where anticipatory production stops and customer-order-triggered work begins. Moving that boundary downstream changes the configuration away from make-to-order. Decoupling Point supplies an internal constituent: The buffered interface where a flow splits from forecast-driven push upstream into order-driven pull downstream, and whose position sets the lead-time, inventory, and customisation trade-offs. Make-to-Order requires that role within this mechanism: Begin conversion of inputs into a finished good only after a confirmed customer order, placing the forecast-driven/order-driven decoupling point as far upstream as it will go so finished-goods inventory vanishes and the customer absorbs the full conversion-cycle wait. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Make-to-order contains the forecast-to-order decoupling point positioned at the upstream end of conversion.


It inherits demand-triggered activation rather than upstream scheduling and adds stocked generic inputs, a finished-good conversion cycle, customer lead time, variant breadth, and obsolescence avoidance.

Make-to-order is pull flow specialized to production whose full conversion cycle begins only after a confirmed downstream order.


Production remains forecast-driven through completed goods, and a specific order only triggers picking and delivery from stock. Moving the boundary upstream changes the configuration toward assemble- or make-to-order.

Make-to-stock contains the forecast-to-order decoupling point positioned at finished-goods inventory near the downstream end of the flow.


Fixed or slow-growing land and productive technology establish how many consumers can be supported near subsistence. Productivity raises that envelope, after which demographic response fills it; the capacity is a constituent, not a taxonomy for the fertility-and-mortality mechanism.

The trap contains a resource-set sustainable population envelope against which productivity is converted into population rather than lasting welfare.


Income above subsistence raises births and lowers deaths; population then increases pressure on the resource base, returning per-capita income toward the floor. The demographic transition breaks the trap by reversing this loop's sign, confirming that loop closure is constitutive.

A negative population-resource feedback loop is an internal constituent of the trap and restores per-capita welfare toward subsistence after a gain.


The phenomenon requires partial or gist-level traces to be completed at retrieval using a common schema. Reconstructive Memory supplies that assembly process; the child adds a shared public referent, a population holding similar priors, and convergence on the same error without a communication channel.

Mandela Effect contains Reconstructive Memory because shared schema-driven retrieval rebuilds the same plausible but incorrect detail independently across many minds.


Strip away schedulers, heaps, packets, debuggers, and record-and-replay tooling and the mechanism remains a latent causal path activated by an AND of several fluctuating states, none diagnostic alone. Mandelbug fixes that conjunction as a software defect's high-dimensional runtime state and adds the practical consequence that a single trace undersamples the trigger.

A Mandelbug is the software-reliability form of conjunctive path activation, surfacing only when a rare joint configuration of otherwise ordinary runtime states simultaneously closes a latent failure path.


Maneuver warfare's out-cycling mechanism depends on repeated observe–orient–decide–act closure, using outputs and environmental changes to revise the next input and action. Feedback supplies an internal constituent: Outputs influence inputs. Maneuver Warfare requires that role within this mechanism: Win by targeting the enemy's cohesion and decision-making rather than their mass — out-cycling and dislocating their command-and-control through five coupled commitments (schwerpunkt, OODA dominance, gaps-and-surfaces, mission command, maneuver) so their force cannot be brought to bear. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

The OODA competition is a feedback constituent in which observed effects update orientation and subsequent action.


Maneuver warfare contains deliberate repositioning toward advantageous states as a constituent, while the larger doctrine adds adversarial cohesion, tempo, mission command, and decisive-point commitments. Maneuver supplies an internal constituent: Deliberately changing one's position in a state space whose positions differ in advantage, so the new position confers advantage without a direct contest of resources. Maneuver Warfare requires that role within this mechanism: Win by targeting the enemy's cohesion and decision-making rather than their mass — out-cycling and dislocating their command-and-control through five coupled commitments (schwerpunkt, OODA dominance, gaps-and-surfaces, mission command, maneuver) so their force cannot be brought to bear. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Positional maneuver is one of the doctrine's named coupled commitments and supplies advantage without direct resource contest.


The doctrine explicitly contains centralized intent with edge execution so subordinates can exploit gaps without waiting for orders; this constituent prevents the decision loop from collapsing back into slow central control.

Mission command is the decentralized control architecture that lets maneuver warfare sustain tempo under changing local conditions.


Manipulated Media requires a purported chain of origin whose link to the represented source has been covertly broken while authenticity markers remain. Provenance supplies the prerequisite condition: A documented, traceable record of an entity's origin and successive custody transfers that establishes authenticity and assigns accountability by linking present state back to first known state. Manipulated Media operates against that background: A representational artifact whose link to the source event it purports to depict has been silently broken — through deceptive production, attribution, or context — while it retains the surface markers audiences use to infer authenticity. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption.


Shuffle collects all values sharing a key and reduce deliberately collapses that collection through an associative operation. The chosen reduction decides which per-record detail is discarded and what summary survives; without it the model becomes map-and-group rather than MapReduce.

Key-scoped associative aggregation is the internal reduce constituent of every MapReduce computation.


Stateless local maps and key-scoped associative reductions exist so a runtime may interleave and overlap many task instances without changing the result. Partition scheduling, straggler handling, re-execution, and shuffle synchronization are concurrency-management consequences of that contract.

MapReduce presupposes concurrent independent map and reduce tasks as the execution regime its programmer contract is designed to make safe.


Records flow through stateless local mapping, key-based regrouping, and an associative reduce. Each stage accepts the prior stage's output and exposes a clean contract, while the child adds input splits, locality, retry by re-execution, and shuffle-volume optimization.

MapReduce is a pipeline specialized to map, shuffle, and reduce stages with a rigid interface and one cost-governing synchronization boundary.