Prior, likelihood, and posterior are all necessary to state the error and determine its direction or magnitude. Bayesian updating supplies the normative integration rule against which the child's likelihood-tracking estimate is diagnosed. The fallacy violates that rule; it is not itself a valid Bayesian update or a kind of mathematical operation.

The base-rate fallacy presupposes Bayesian updating because it is defined by a posterior that fails to integrate the prior with the likelihood.


The live child is a repeatable signed error, not an isolated wrong answer: estimates remain too near the likelihood and too far from the Bayesian posterior in the rare-prior, vivid-evidence regime. Bias supplies the general process-level directional deviation; the child fixes the target to probabilistic belief revision and supplies the omitted-prior mechanism, danger zone, and natural-frequency repair.

Base-rate fallacy is bias specialized to a posterior estimate that is systematically displaced toward vivid likelihood evidence because its prior is underweighted.


Basis-risk failure specializes proxy-target divergence to a hedge whose calm-regime proxy decouples from the protected exposure under stress. Proxy-Target Divergence supplies the genus: An apparatus calibrated against a proxy keeps operating on it after the proxy-target relationship has silently decoupled. Basis-Risk Failure preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Diagnose why a hedge collapses at the worst moment: the proxy instrument, chosen for its calm-market correlation with the exposure, decouples under stress, so protection that passed every ex-ante metric evaporates exactly when it is needed. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


Both players prefer coordinating but rank the two coordinated equilibria in opposite order. The child adds the distributional conflict, exact payoff cells, and historical label; the portable problem remains alignment on one stable outcome.

Removing the named two-by-two game leaves multiple mutually acceptable equilibria that the payoff structure cannot select without an external asymmetry.


One sector improves output per worker while the other remains structurally stagnant. Swapping which sector leads reverses which sector accumulates the wage-productivity wedge and relative-price pressure. Coupling transmits the shared wage; the directed growth-rate imbalance supplies the drift.

Baumol's cost disease contains a directed asymmetry between sectors' productivity-growth rates that makes their positions non-interchangeable.


The two sectors are linked through a shared labor market: productivity-led wage growth in the progressive sector changes stagnant-sector workers' outside option and therefore the wage the stagnant sector must pay. This cross-sector channel is internal to the mechanism; asymmetry supplies the unequal productivity-growth term.

Baumol's cost disease contains a labor-market coupling that transmits wage growth from the progressive sector to the stagnant sector.


A Bayes factor is the evidence multiplier that converts prior model odds into posterior model odds within Bayesian updating. Bayesian Updating supplies an internal constituent: Update beliefs with evidence. Bayes Factor requires that role within this mechanism: The ratio of the marginal likelihoods of the data under two specific models, isolating the data's weight of evidence between them and updating prior model odds to posterior odds multiplicatively — with an automatic Occam penalty on flexible models. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.


The source makes Bayes consistency one of two equilibrium checks, alongside best response in expectation. Updating is not the whole equilibrium and does not supply strategic mutual response, but it is an internal operation by which observed own type turns the common prior into the beliefs used in optimization.

Bayesian Nash equilibrium contains Bayes-consistent conditioning of the common prior as the belief operation supporting each type's expected response.


The Harsanyi transformation replaces open-ended uncertainty with a joint distribution that every player can use and knows the others use. Merely having individual priors would not support the single transformed game or the source's shared fixed-point calculation.

The live Bayesian-Nash identity requires the type space and common prior to be publicly shared, supplying the common epistemic substrate for mutual best response.


Each player observes its own type while lacking the opponents' realized payoff-relevant types. That unequal distribution is the problem the common prior and type-space transformation make tractable. It is a precondition of the Bayesian game, not an internal piece of the equilibrium fixed point.

The solution concept presupposes private type information distributed asymmetrically among players; without it the transformed game reduces to ordinary Nash.


The child preserves Nash's fixed point of mutual best responses but changes each strategy from an action to a function from private type to action and evaluates responses against a common prior. Every Bayesian Nash equilibrium is therefore a Nash equilibrium of the Harsanyi-transformed game; ordinary complete-information Nash lacks the type-space differentia.

Bayesian Nash equilibrium is Nash equilibrium specialized to type-contingent strategies and expected best responses under incomplete information.


Bayes-plausibility and concavification are stated over the exact posteriors a rational receiver obtains from the public experiment. Without the update, posterior-mixture design has no behavioral target.

Bayesian Persuasion contains the receiver's prior-to-posterior update on each realized signal, which is the belief-to-action link the sender designs around.


The receiver updates only because the sender cannot selectively revise or suppress an unfavorable realization. An institutional enforcement device makes the experiment reliable; without it the interaction collapses toward Cheap Talk.

Bayesian Persuasion presupposes a publicly believable ex-ante commitment to honor the chosen signal structure after the state is realized.


A Bayesian-persuasion policy fixes how states are grouped into public signals. The same state distribution can therefore induce different receiver actions because the selected representation makes different distinctions salient.

Removing the game-theoretic frame leaves truthful presentation structure altering evaluation and action even though no underlying fact is falsified.


The committed experiment cannot fabricate states, but it can merge or separate them into signal categories. That choke-point choice reshapes the downstream belief and action distribution without changing the underlying facts.

Stripping the posterior-simplex apparatus leaves selective passage control: the sender chooses which distinctions reach the receiver and at what granularity.


If the receiver already observes the state, changing signal granularity cannot move its posterior or action. The informational gap is the substrate on which the sender's truthful disclosure policy has leverage.

Persuasion presupposes that the receiver lacks payoff-relevant state information that the committed experiment can selectively reveal.


The reporter weights perceived expertise, honesty, motive, and concern before accepting, triangulating, or acting on a source's message. Source Credibility supplies an internal constituent: A receiver-side, perception-mediated weighting attached to a communicator — decomposing into expertise, trustworthiness, and goodwill — that gates how much of a message's content is accepted and acted upon, independent of the content's own evidential quality. Beat Reporting requires that role within this mechanism: The journalistic practice of assigning a reporter to sustained coverage of a bounded subject area, so accumulated tacit knowledge and a cultivated source ecology yield depth no generalist can match — while risking beat capture, the drift of the reporter's frame toward the sources'. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Beat reporting contains source-credibility weighting because the reporter must continuously judge which named, background, and quiet sources merit uptake for which claims.


Persistent attendance, record watching, and source contact supply the observation loop inside a richer reporting practice. Monitoring supplies an internal constituent: Continuously observing a system's state to detect deviation from expected behavior and trigger a response, separating genuine signal from routine noise. Beat Reporting requires that role within this mechanism: The journalistic practice of assigning a reporter to sustained coverage of a bounded subject area, so accumulated tacit knowledge and a cultivated source ecology yield depth no generalist can match — while risking beat capture, the drift of the reporter's frame toward the sources'. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Beat reporting contains continuing observation of its bounded subject, comparing new events with a learned baseline and escalating deviations into reporting attention.


Current cues are matched against stored patterns of ordinary procedure, source behavior, and prior cases so deviations can be categorized as consequential. Pattern Recognition supplies an internal constituent: Identify regularities. Beat Reporting requires that role within this mechanism: The journalistic practice of assigning a reporter to sustained coverage of a bounded subject area, so accumulated tacit knowledge and a cultivated source ecology yield depth no generalist can match — while risking beat capture, the drift of the reporter's frame toward the sources'. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Beat reporting contains pattern recognition because accumulated tacit knowledge supplies the learned baseline against which a reporter identifies unusual events and recurring institutional routines.


Under that condition, vocabulary, story selection, and salience judgments drift toward recurring sources; new or well-mitigated beats need not yet exhibit actual drift. Proximity Capture supplies an internal constituent: An observer with a duty of independent judgement gradually absorbs the target's frame through sustained proximity, eroding the independence the role requires. Beat Reporting requires that role within this mechanism: The journalistic practice of assigning a reporter to sustained coverage of a bounded subject area, so accumulated tacit knowledge and a cultivated source ecology yield depth no generalist can match — while risking beat capture, the drift of the reporter's frame toward the sources'. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it. The conditional qualifier restricts the edge to contexts in which this mechanism is active; outside those contexts the edge asserts no dependency or ancestry.

Beat reporting contains proximity capture when long tenure and source dependence outpace rotation, triangulation, or other disciplines that maintain the reporter's independent frame.


A newsroom partitions coverage into narrower partial functions; beat reporting adds continuing tenure, source ecology, tacit knowledge, audience duty, and capture risk. Specialization supplies the genus: Agents concentrate on a narrow range of tasks for efficiency. Beat Reporting preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: The journalistic practice of assigning a reporter to sustained coverage of a bounded subject area, so accumulated tacit knowledge and a cultivated source ecology yield depth no generalist can match — while risking beat capture, the drift of the reporter's frame toward the sources'. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.

Beat reporting is specialization applied to newsroom coverage, narrowing reporters to complementary bounded subjects while trading generalist flexibility for accumulated depth and interdependence.


The domain game operationalizes Keynes's expectations-about-expectations structure with a p-times-average payoff and a level-k numerical readout. Those parameters and laboratory roles are the frame; strategic choice governed by higher-order beliefs is the portable core.

Removing the bounded-number experiment leaves the Keynesian structure in which the best choice depends on beliefs about others' beliefs and choices.


The child does not merely lack evidence; it installs the very proposition at issue in the layer that must be granted before the inference can run. Assumption supplies that unproved load-bearing proposition. The child adds identity with the conclusion, the cyclic support geometry, the doubting audience, and the dialectical-emptiness verdict.

The contested conclusion treated as already true inside an offered premise is an internal load-bearing assumption of every question-begging argument.


Whether the surface is immediate restatement, mutual support, definitional fiat, an authority loop, or a disguised intermediate premise, normalizing equivalent propositions exposes a path from the contested conclusion back to itself. The child adds argumentative roles, lack of an external warranting anchor, audience relativity, and a normative verdict to the neutral graph object.

The canonical fallacy contains a closed path in its justification graph: the conclusion depends on a premise whose warrant returns to the conclusion.


The conclusion relies on the offered premise for warrant, while that premise's acceptability relies on the conclusion already being granted. Dependency supplies the directed reliance relation and its failure mode; Cycle supplies closure; the child adds the epistemic and dialectical interpretation.

Directed premise-to-conclusion and conclusion-back-to-premise reliance edges are internal constituents of the fallacy's justification graph.


It is a named, recurring, normatively faulted argument that can be valid and even sound while failing materially in its support relation. Its conclusion- assumption, audience-relative independence test, and demand for an external ground distinguish it from the other content- and context-located fallacies.

Begging the Question is the informal-fallacy subtype whose premises assume the conclusion and therefore provide no independent warrant to a doubter.


The crossed validity-by-believability design supplies the benchmark and the signed deviation required by the live Bias genus. Errors are not random: verdicts move toward prior plausibility in both conflict cells and persist across reasoners and tasks. The child fixes the distorted output to a human judgment of argument validity and the direction to the conclusion's prior believability.

Belief Bias is the specific directional error in which conclusion believability systematically displaces logical validity, over-accepting believable conclusions and over-rejecting unbelievable ones.


The defining target is not general agreement or conclusion truth but whether a conclusion necessarily follows from premises under a valid inference rule. The conflict-cell instrument works only because Deductive Reasoning separates formal validity from soundness and conclusion truth. Deduction is the pre-existing normative target that the cognitive substitution corrupts, not a part or species of the bias.

Belief Bias presupposes a deductive truth-preserving inference whose validity can be judged independently of whether its conclusion is believable or true.


The source makes the cost substitution identity-constitutive: the reasoner can run the form check but the familiar-content plausibility rule delivers a much cheaper verdict. The rule is useful for estimating conclusion truth in ordinary environments yet systematically fails when the task asks for content-independent validity, satisfying the live Heuristic task, simplified rule, cognitive economy, ecological-fit, and named-failure-regime roles.

Belief Bias contains a fast plausibility heuristic that uses conclusion believability as a cheap answer to an effortful logical-form question.


Logical form is the target-relevant channel and conclusion plausibility is the easier but validity-irrelevant channel. In the conflict cells, verdicts track the latter while subjects believe they are judging whether the conclusion follows. That exactly preserves Relevance Substitution's target, relevant channel, substituted active channel, relevance gap, and blindness roles; the child adds the human syllogistic paradigm and signed 2-by-2 measurement apparatus.

Removing syllogisms and prior-belief content leaves a psychologically active but epistemically irrelevant channel substituted for the available relevant channel without the evaluator noticing the swap.


The Bellman equation supplies the recursive optimality relation on which dynamic programming's state-by-state decomposition operates. Dynamic Programming supplies an internal constituent: Solve via subproblem reuse. Bellman Equation requires that role within this mechanism: The recursive optimality condition V(s) = max over a of [R(s,a) + γ·E V(s')] that reframes a sequential decision problem as a fixed point in value space, collapsing a combinatorial search over policy sequences into a solvable |S|-dimensional problem. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.


In the canonical formulation, Bell's approximately decadal emergence of new computer classes depends on the continuing improvements in density, cost, and performance summarized by Moore's Law. Moore scaling is not itself one of the resulting classes; it is the prior technological trajectory whose threshold crossings make those classes viable, so the relation is presupposes rather than part_of.

Bell's recurring class formation presupposes the sustained semiconductor scaling described by Moore's Law, which supplies the cost-and-capability trajectory that repeatedly crosses new feasibility thresholds.


Bell's Law retains the tipping-point structure after its computing frame is removed: a continuously changing control variable crosses a viability threshold and the system reorganizes into a qualitatively distinct regime. The law fixes that variable as component cost and capability and the emergent regimes as computer classes, making it a domain application of the broader transition pattern rather than merely a chronological technology label.

Bell's Law is the computer-architecture form of a threshold transition, where continuous improvements in component economics cross feasibility boundaries and produce discrete new computer classes.


The dissonance account predicts the voluntariness, cost, prior-attitude, and sign-reversal boundary conditions and so supplies a genuine causal prerequisite for the canonical mechanism. The qualifier is typical rather than strict because self-perception theory explains the same act-to-attitude finding through inference from one's behavior without requiring an aversive dissonance state.

The Ben Franklin Effect is typically mediated by Cognitive Dissonance: a voluntary costly favor conflicts with a non-positive prior attitude, and revising that attitude is a cheap resolution.


It inherits Probability Distribution's allocation of mass over a defined outcome space and specializes the support to leading digits 1 through 9 with a fixed logarithmic probability mass function. The forensic applicability gate and interpretation of deviations are additions, not a different formal object.

Benford's Law is the particular probability distribution over leading digits with mass log10((d+1)/d).


Scale Invariance explains the logarithmic digit curve for the canonical multiplicative, magnitude-spanning generators. The qualifier is typical rather than strict because wide mixtures and finite empirical datasets can approach the Benford distribution without each component generator being exactly invariant under every positive rescaling.

Benford behavior typically expresses scale invariance because rescaling a magnitude-spanning process does not change its leading-digit law.


Benjamini Hochberg Procedure presupposes False Discovery Rate. The parent can occur independently, but without it the child mechanism is undefined, establishing prerequisite dependence.


It operates on a declared family of simultaneous tests, modifies the rejection threshold because multiplicity changes aggregate error, and supplies a formal family-level guarantee. Its differentia are sorting the p-values, selecting the largest qualifying rank, and controlling the expected false-discovery proportion instead of the probability of any false rejection.

Benjamini-Hochberg is multiple-comparisons correction specialized to a rank-based step-up rule that controls false discovery rate rather than familywise error rate.


The rule explicitly rejects cold directly enlarging individuals and instead requires a persistent clade-level change whose fit criterion is the energetic cost of maintaining core temperature.

Bergmann's rule contains adaptation because sustained thermal conditions retain heritable body-size configurations with better heat balance.


Both predict a system-level response from a characteristic scaling exponent. The child fixes the quantities to exposed surface and metabolic volume in a phylogenetically constrained endotherm clade and turns their ratio into a cold-larger, warm-smaller body-mass prediction.

Bergmann's rule is allometric scaling specialized to whole-body heat conservation as surface grows with size squared and volume with size cubed.


Latitude, annual temperature, or winter minimum supplies a scalar field over the clade's range; without its local direction and rate, a body-mass cline cannot be distinguished from unrelated size variation.

Bergmann's rule contains the geographic thermal gradient along which mean body mass changes directionally.


Without a small set of mutually responsive sellers there is no paradoxical contrast between few-firm market structure and the marginal-cost outcome. Oligopoly supplies the seller interdependence and choice of price-setting equilibrium template; Bertrand supplies the homogeneous, simultaneous, unlimited-capacity corner.

The Bertrand Paradox presupposes Oligopoly because its surprise is a two-seller strategic market producing the competitive price despite concentrated supply.


The paradox is not merely a downward trajectory: it proves that the joint marginal-cost price profile admits no profitable unilateral deviation. Remove that Nash fixed-point result and the entry loses the equilibrium claim that makes the two-firm competitive outcome exact.

A marginal-cost Nash Equilibrium is the strict computed result inside the Bertrand Paradox.


Bertrand's homogeneous sellers, price offers, lowest-price-takes-all demand, equal marginal cost, and zero-profit result are the industrial-organization frame. The preserved mechanism is competitive undercutting on a shared ordered dimension: every positive margin permits a profitable slightly lower offer, so only the floor is stable. That is the exact Race-to-the-Bottom structure.

Removing firms, prices, and marginal cost leaves the strict Race-to-the-Bottom core in which every above-floor position is vulnerable to a rival's undercut.


The question mark leaks evidentiary stance only inside a communicative regime where readers expect a writer to be as informative and well-supported as the evidence permits. Remove that convention and the interrogative can be a stylistic choice with no diagnostic force.

The heuristic strictly presupposes the Gricean inference that choosing a weaker form when a stronger warranted form was available is informative.


A writer who could safely assert the claim is expected to use the stronger declarative form. Choosing the weaker question form is therefore an observable cue from which readers infer the hidden state of evidence, confidence, or legal exposure.

Betteridge's Law is the editorial specialization of Signaling in which interrogative mood reveals a hidden low-evidentiary-commitment state.


Inside the spatial integration window the visual system maps many fine-grained chromatic samples to a single local percept, retaining a blended hue, brightness, and saturation while discarding which tiny element contributed which part. Remove that many-to-one pooling and the target remains separately resolved, eliminating the defining assimilation shift. Aggregation supplies the general operation; the Bezold Effect specifies retinal scale, chromatic content, and the direction of the resulting perceptual pull.

Aggregation is a constituent of the Bezold Effect because unresolved target and surround samples are pooled into one local chromatic estimate.


With target reflectance and surround hue held fixed, fine elements inside the integration scale are pooled and pull the target toward the surround, whereas coarse resolved elements produce simultaneous contrast and push it away. The qualitative change in mechanism and direction is therefore controlled by scale, not merely by a larger or smaller magnitude. Scaling and Scale Dependence is the portable core; Bezold adds chromatic channels, a visual pooling window, and the assimilation-versus-contrast response.

The Bezold Effect decomposes to Scaling and Scale Dependence because changing surround granularity across the visual integration scale reverses the governing perceptual mode.


The effect contains a regime-separating boundary in surround granularity. Below the resolving limit, samples are pooled and the target shifts toward its surround; beyond it, the boundary is resolved and the shift reverses toward simultaneous contrast. Without that threshold the effect loses both its applicability test and its predicted mode switch. Threshold is broader and does not itself perform chromatic pooling or specify either direction.

A spatial-resolution Threshold is a constituent of the Bezold Effect because crossing the integration-window boundary switches assimilation to contrast.


Bias blind spot is introspection illusion specialized to evaluating cognitive bias in self and others, with persistence despite explicit knowledge as its distinguishing signature. Self-assessment privileges felt access to reasons and intentions while other-assessment privileges behavioral evidence, and the self channel is blind to the target process, producing a systematic gap. The child fixes the target process to automatic cognitive biases and adds demonstrated persistence when the agent knows and can identify the bias.


Naive realism predicts the blind spot as a self-directed corollary: one's own construction feels unmediated while distortion is visible in others. Bias blind spot narrows the object to bias detection and adds the introspective-versus-behavioral channel mechanism and persistence despite explicit bias knowledge.

Bias blind spot typically realizes naive realism's self-objective and other-biased asymmetry, but its exact channel-mismatch mechanism can occur without a live disagreement or universal-consensus expectation.


Against the calibration target of applying comparable evidence standards to self and other, the effect systematically understates bias in self and overstates it in others. Explicit knowledge does not average the signed gap away because self-assessment continues to use the blind channel.

Bias blind spot is a bias specialized to the persistent directional gap between self- and other-attribution of otherwise shared cognitive biases.


The effect requires a first-order reasoning process, a second-order judgment about whether that process was biased, a confidence-like signal generated from introspection, and comparison against behavioral evidence. Those are metacognitive commitments even though the monitoring is inaccurate.

Bias blind spot presupposes metacognition because it is a miscalibration of second-order monitoring of one's own first-order cognitive bias.


Big O is not itself a growth phenomenon; it is the formal upper-bound notation for classifying one. Its constants, threshold, companion symbols, and compositional algebra are domain apparatus, while dominant-term classification and the small-versus-large-scale boundary are the portable structural core already carried by asymptotic behavior.

Removing Landau symbols from Big O leaves asymptotic behavior's exact move of retaining the dominant term in the limit and discarding finite detail.


Carbonate buffering, temperature-sensitive respiration versus photosynthesis, and ice-albedo coupling are not incidental examples; feedback couplings are one of the framework's five simultaneous commitments. Feedback supplies an internal constituent: Outputs influence inputs. Biogeochemical Cycle requires that role within this mechanism: Track how a chemical element moves through Earth's reservoirs via biological, geological, and chemical transformations, treating its conserved mass as a closeable budget of stocks, fluxes, and residence times. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Biogeochemical-cycle analysis contains feedback because reservoir stocks and climate variables alter flux rates whose redistribution changes those later stocks and forcings.


Its measurable stocks, named transfer fluxes, declared Earth-system boundary, residence times, and closeable mass balance satisfy every commitment of the live genus. Reservoir-Flux Network supplies the genus: Named stocks linked by conserved flows. Biogeochemical Cycle preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Track how a chemical element moves through Earth's reservoirs via biological, geological, and chemical transformations, treating its conserved mass as a closeable budget of stocks, fluxes, and residence times. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.

A biogeochemical cycle is the Earth-system specialization of a conserved reservoir-flux network, fixing the reservoirs and transformations to planetary bio-geo-chemical ones.


Both track one persisting substance through distinct reservoir or phase states via named transformations, with residence times and the coupled rate graph governing the whole-system distribution. The child fixes the substance to a chemical element, the states to atmosphere-hydrosphere-biosphere-lithosphere reservoirs and chemical forms, and the transformations to biological, geological, and chemical fluxes.

A biogeochemical cycle is the Earth-system, conserved-element specialization of the generic rock-cycle pattern.


Biogeochemical cycling is a conserved-material cycle specialized to Earth-system reservoirs connected by transformation and flux pathways. Cycle supplies the genus: A closed path in a network that returns to its origin, opening return, foreclosing ordering, and creating a loop invariant. Biogeochemical Cycling preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Model the circulation of a conserved Earth-system element through compartmental reservoirs — each with a stock and residence time — linked by canonical transformations and governed by a rate-limiting bottleneck, with mass balance forced to close. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


The biological pump is the biological and gravitational transfer subsystem that moves carbon between surface, deep-ocean, and sediment reservoirs within biogeochemical cycling. Biogeochemical Cycling supplies an internal constituent: Model the circulation of a conserved Earth-system element through compartmental reservoirs — each with a stock and residence time — linked by canonical transformations and governed by a rate-limiting bottleneck, with mass balance forced to close. Biological Pump requires that role within this mechanism: The suite of biological and gravitational processes that transfer carbon fixed in the sunlit surface ocean down into the deep ocean and sediments, maintaining the surface-deep dissolved-inorganic-carbon gradient that keeps atmospheric CO2 far lower than it would otherwise be. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.


Mixing is a constituent of bioturbation rather than its whole identity. Burrowing, ingestion, defecation, and irrigation repeatedly transport distinguishable grains and dissolved constituents across neighboring regions, reducing the dependence of local composition on original depth and smearing the layered record. Bioturbation adds resident organisms, pore-water ventilation, redox chemistry, and the stratigraphic consequences specific to inhabited sediment and soil.

Bioturbation contains agent-driven mixing that redistributes grains and pore-water constituents across the inhabited substrate.


The effect retains Implicit Egotism's positively evaluated self, an association linking a neutral target to that self, automatic valence transfer, and a preference readout. It specializes the target to birthday digits and adds controls for baseline digit pleasantness, popularity, and cohort composition; those controls delimit the child without changing the family mechanism.

The Birthday-Number Effect is the digit-specific instance of Implicit Egotism, transferring self-positivity to numbers associated with one's birth date.


The unchanged artifact was fitted to toolchain, dependency, interface, security, and platform conditions that no longer obtain. Its bytes and internal logic remain fixed while performance and operability decay at the interface, exactly preserving the parent's rule-world mismatch.

Removing software-ecosystem furniture from bit rot leaves a frozen functional mapping losing fit as its operating world moves.


Motivated Reasoning is a constitutive part of Black Elephant. The live Black Elephant identity is a recurrent assembly whose rationalization layer lets status-quo beneficiaries discount or reinterpret already-known risk. Remove that layer and other components remain, but the full performed-surprise and collective-deferral configuration does not. parent_in_child


Unowned Known Risk supplies the common-knowledge hazard, diffuse prevention ownership, horizon mismatch, normalized precursors, and narrative inversion. Black Elephant inherits that complete structure and adds its governance metaphor and accountability idiom.

Black Elephant is the risk-governance species of Unowned Known Risk, preserving all five commitments while adding the vivid performed-surprise frame.


Remove global information preservation and thermal evaporation no longer contradicts quantum mechanics: inaccessible correlations could simply be destroyed. The conservation ledger is therefore internal and load-bearing, although its exact quantum implementation is unitarity rather than an assertion that information is a conventional thermodynamic conserved charge.

The paradox contains a conservation requirement—the initial state's quantum information must remain recoverable under unitary evolution—whose apparent violation creates the conflict.


Unitary quantum evolution, Hawking's semiclassical thermal-radiation result, and classical horizon inaccessibility are each credible in their home regime, yet their conjunction at complete evaporation destroys the initial quantum state. The named problem is therefore a strict physical species of Paradox: its productive work is to locate which premise or regime boundary must yield.

The Black Hole Information Paradox is a physics-specific paradox whose individually credible quantum and gravitational commitments yield an unacceptable information-loss conclusion.


The model derives price from the possibility that traders exploit any gap between an option and a dynamically replicating portfolio. Without financial arbitrage and the law of one price, replication would construct a hedge but would not force market price to equal its cost.

Black–Scholes pricing presupposes a financial arbitrage mechanism that forces a replicable option payoff to equal the cost of its stock-and-bond hedge.


Black–Scholes assumes that the underlying follows geometric Brownian motion, an indexed family of random variables with a shared law. Remove those stochastic dynamics and the delta hedge, pricing PDE, volatility parameter, and closed-form solution lose their mathematical substrate.

A specified stochastic price process for the underlying is a constituent of Black–Scholes and supplies the dynamics from which its pricing equation is derived.


A Bloom filter is assembled from a bit array and multiple hash functions. Its insertion operation sets the positions produced by those functions, and its query operation tests the same positions; without hashing, the structure is no longer a Bloom filter. Hashing is therefore an internal constituent of the instrument rather than an external precondition.

Hashing is a constitutive part of a Bloom filter because both insertion and membership queries are defined by applying multiple hash functions to select the bit positions that are set or tested.


Strip away the bit array, hash functions, and space-efficiency frame and the operation that remains is a membership test over a set. The Bloom filter specializes that structural question by representing the set approximately: negative answers are definitive while positive answers are probabilistic. It therefore decomposes to Set and Membership rather than to the base-rate reasoning captured by the false-positive paradox.

A Bloom filter is the probabilistic-data-structure form of set membership, answering whether an item belongs to a represented set while deliberately permitting one-sided false positives.


Blue carbon inherits Natural Capital's standing-stock identity: an ecological asset is kept distinct from the benefit and climate-regulation flows it generates, and damage to the stock lowers future service capacity. It specializes that genus to organic carbon buried in the anaerobic sediments of mangroves, seagrasses, and salt marshes, with avoided-emission preservation as the characteristic valuation logic.

Blue carbon is the coastal-wetland carbon-stock specialization of the broader natural-capital asset frame.


Accumulation is the stock-flow operation that builds the standing store. The stock grows only when carbon burial exceeds decomposition and export over long intervals, and it shrinks when erosion, drainage, or oxidation makes outflow dominate. This constituent explains the entry's load-bearing slow-build / fast-release asymmetry.

A blue-carbon stock is built as the time-integral of burial inflow minus decomposition, export, and disturbance release.


Sequestration supplies the isolation operation inside Blue Carbon: organic material is buried in waterlogged, oxygen-poor sediment and removed from rapid atmospheric and biological circulation. Without that isolation there is no centuries-scale coastal carbon stock. Blue Carbon adds the coastal vegetation, sediment chemistry, accounting boundary, and disturbance-driven reversal risk.

Long-term isolation of organic carbon from rapid circulation is a constituent mechanism of blue-carbon storage.


Self Engagement Under Misclassification supplies a defensive apparatus, a self-versus-other classifier, a harm effector, classifier-gated action, and symmetric self-harm. Blue-on-Blue Risk adds military identification, rules-of-engagement, deconfliction, and time-pressure constraints.

Blue-on-Blue Risk is the kinetic military species of Self Engagement Under Misclassification, where identification or deconfliction failure gates a weapon onto own-force.


Bonferroni Correction is a strict specialization of Multiple Comparisons Correction. The parent supplies the genus and can occur without the child; the child preserves that structure while adding commitments the parent does not require.


Remove the BFO/DOLCE vocabulary, continuant typing, trope-versus-universal dispute, and formal-ontology enforcement layer. What remains is a directed reliance relation: the quality-token cannot exist unless its bearer exists. Dependency supplies that substrate-neutral structure; Quality Inherence adds the upper-ontology claim that attributes are specifically dependent particulars and treats an unbound quality as a category error.

Quality inherence is the upper-ontology form of existential dependency in which a property-token cannot exist without its bearer.


The abstraction requires identifiable relata — bearer and quality — plus a membership rule for the special binary tie `inheres_in`. Remove that relation and the quality is no longer attached to a bearer, so the defining bearer-quality-context grammar collapses. Relation is therefore a strict constituent, while the child adds existential dependence and upper-ontology typing.

Quality inherence contains the bearer-to-quality inherence relation that binds every property-token to the particular on which it existentially depends.


Differential Equation supplies the local law and its solution family. The BVP adds a bounded domain, prescribed edge data, all-sides coupling, Dirichlet-Neumann-Robin classification, a boundary-conditioned well-posedness verdict, and global solution machinery.

A Boundary Value Problem contains a governing Differential Equation that every admissible interior solution must satisfy.


Boundary supplies a bounded entity, inside-outside demarcation, and consequential crossing or edge rule. The BVP fixes these to a mathematical domain and its frontier and adds differential operators, condition types, well-posedness, and reconstruction of interior values.

A Boundary Value Problem contains the domain's operative Boundary, where value, flux, or mixed data is prescribed to determine the interior.


Constraint supplies a candidate domain, an admissibility condition, and the feasible-infeasible partition. The BVP instantiates these as candidate solutions filtered by Dirichlet, Neumann, Robin, or mixed edge conditions and adds compatibility, uniqueness, and continuous-dependence tests.

Boundary conditions are internal Constraints that prune the equation's solution family to functions matching prescribed edge data.


Both replace an owed merits evaluation with an origin account lacking an adequate relevance bridge. Bulverism fixes the origin to the believer's psychology or social position and adds assumption of falsity, response-after- claim timing, and Lewis's reversibility diagnostic.

Bulverism is Genetic Fallacy specialized to psychological or sociological origins narrated after a disputed claim as a debate-terminating verdict.


Before explaining the alleged error by class, motive, upbringing, trauma, or ideology, the target conclusion is already loaded into the exchange as false. Removing that assumed-false proposition leaves a possibly legitimate causal explanation of belief rather than Bulverism's characteristic refutation.

Bulverism internally treats the disputed conclusion as false without first demonstrating it.


It retains the parent's controller, desired item, attached condition, and take-both-or-forgo structure, then adds seller pricing, component valuations, surplus extraction, complements, and possible foreclosure. Conditional Access supplies the genus: A controller couples a desired item with an undesired one, leveraging access asymmetry to force acceptance of both. Bundling preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: A seller conditions access to one good on accepting another by offering a combined package, extracting more surplus when component valuations are dispersed and negatively correlated — or leveraging market power in one good to foreclose rivals in a complementary one. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.

Bundling is Conditional Access specialized to a market offer in which obtaining one separable good requires accepting another as part of the transaction unit.


The instrument requires all five terms to be populated before a dominant ratio is chosen. Omitting the act, scene, agent, agency, or purpose breaks the audit by hiding a competing attributional location.

The fixed five-slot decomposition of a human act is a strict internal constituent of the Burkean Pentad.


Populating act, scene, agent, agency, and purpose and privileging a ratio organizes ambiguous conduct into a motive-bearing account. The pentad inherits Sensemaking's interpretive work and adds Burke's fixed five terms, ten ratios, and substitution discipline.

The Burkean Pentad is a strict motive-attribution grammar within Sensemaking that turns an ambiguous human act into a contestable coherent interpretation.


Removing the team and tacit-knowledge framing leaves a measure of how system-critical dependency weight is concentrated across providers. After the computer_science frame is stripped away, the retained structural roles are those of Dependency Distribution Concentration: How a system's dependency weight is distributed across providers — concentrated or spread — is a structural property that bounds its fragility independent of its own defenses. Bus Factor adds the local frame and commitments expressed in its identity: The minimum number of team members whose sudden simultaneous loss would halt a project — a per-capability count of how many people could take a subsystem, credential, or relationship over tomorrow, exposing where tacit human knowledge is dangerously concentrated. The parent pattern remains recognizable without that vocabulary, while the child is the framed realization of it. That preservation test establishes decomposition rather than taxonomic subsumption.


Samuelson-style endogenous cycle models combine respending propagation with capacity investment driven by the change in demand, generating overshoot and repeated contractions. The live business-cycle abstraction deliberately also covers empirical NBER dating, real-business-cycle, monetary, and financial-friction accounts that need no accelerator.

Multiplier-accelerator business-cycle models contain the accelerator as the investment-on-demand-change mechanism, but theory-neutral dating and other cycle models do not.


The live child calls its phase schema an ordered ring and uses position on that ring to infer the next phase. Removing closure would leave a one-way lifecycle ending at recovery, not a recurrent business cycle. The graph cycle is only one constituent: aggregate comovement, trend-relative coordinates, empirical turning-point dating, and policy use remain.

The business-cycle identity contains a closed state-transition path through expansion, peak, contraction, trough, and recovery back to expansion.


The live child describes contractionary propagation in which lower output reduces income and investment, further lowering output until capital and credit conditions stabilize. That return path is an internal mechanism in the standard RBC, New Keynesian, and financial-friction accounts, but the empirical dating concept intentionally commits to no generating theory.

Standard endogenous business-cycle models typically contain feedback as output, income, investment, collateral, and credit conditions return to change subsequent aggregate activity.


Under the endogenous-cycle reading, stripping output, employment, prices, credit, and policy vocabulary leaves a state variable moving around trend, a restoring mechanism, storage and propagation, and characteristic period, amplitude, and phase. The NBER's theory-neutral dating identity and sequences generated by unrelated exogenous shocks need no such oscillator, so the relation cannot be strict or merely inferred from the word cycle.

A business cycle decomposes to oscillation only when an endogenous model supplies a restoring tendency and capital, inventory, or credit storage that carries aggregate activity through repeated departures and returns.


A Business Model Canvas literally contains a Value Propositions block. The block is not contextual advice or a possible use: the fixed nine-part template is not the named artifact without it. The value-proposition entry supplies the more exact domain constituent rather than flattening the canvas directly to all of that block's primes.

Value Proposition is one of the canvas's nine named blocks and participates in its customer-segment dependency.


The canvas is an applied representation with nine business-specific slots. Its portable work is encoding a system on one visible surface so omissions, inconsistencies, and dependencies can be inspected. Representation carries that skeleton; the commercial block roster remains the domain differentia.

Stripping the fixed venture vocabulary leaves a one-surface representation that makes components and dependencies inspectable.


It retains agreement, validity, termination, local proposals, and faulty communication while strengthening the fault model from crash or omission to arbitrary behavior. The 3f+1 or signature-assisted 2f+1 bounds and round costs are its formal differentia.

Byzantine Generals is the consensus problem specialized to up to f arbitrarily malicious or equivocating participants.


Removing callbacks and asynchronous-programming vocabulary leaves a target temporal sequence represented by a non-corresponding containment structure, with content completeness masking traversal, scope, and error-propagation failures. After the computer_science frame is stripped away, the retained structural roles are those of Representational Structure Mismatch: A representation preserves its target's elements but misstates one or more task-relevant relations among them, so content can appear complete while its shape licenses the wrong traversal, inference, or action. Callback Hell adds the local frame and commitments expressed in its identity: The readability collapse that results when a sequential chain of asynchronous steps is written as nested continuation callbacks, so indentation depth grows with step count and the code's textual shape inverts the computation's temporal order. The parent pattern remains recognizable without that vocabulary, while the child is the framed realization of it. That preservation test establishes decomposition rather than taxonomic subsumption.


Callback Hell contains an intended precedence-ordered chain of dependent steps; the pathology arises because the surface syntax nests rather than directly expresses that sequence. Sequencing supplies an internal constituent: Deliberately ordering steps under precedence constraints so that the arrangement itself, not just the set of tasks, determines the outcome. Callback Hell requires that role within this mechanism: The readability collapse that results when a sequential chain of asynchronous steps is written as nested continuation callbacks, so indentation depth grows with step count and the code's textual shape inverts the computation's temporal order. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.


Every Campbell case places a proxy under binding optimization pressure and therefore instantiates Goodhart's proxy-target collapse. Campbell adds a strict institutional differentia: an authority uses a quantitative social indicator for consequential decisions about people or organizations; the measured actors strategically adapt to that use; and the pressure both corrupts the indicator and distorts the social process it was meant to monitor. Mechanical reward hacking can instantiate Goodhart without those social-governance roles and is therefore not Campbell's Law.

Campbell's Law is Goodhart's Law specialized to consequential use of quantitative social indicators, where measured actors game the indicator and distort the social process it governs.


Canonical inclusion is not passive popularity. Anthologists, curriculum committees, publishers, prize bodies, and professional communities control passage across a boundary whose downstream effects are visibility, teaching, citation, and exemplar status. Remove that selective passage control and the set can no longer maintain the policed, contested edge that distinguishes a canon from everything widely read. Gatekeeping is one strict constituent, while Canon adds the authoritative work-set and its pedagogical and hermeneutic functions.

A Canon contains Gatekeeping because its contested boundary is reproduced by selective passage decisions over which works enter teaching, anthologies, prizes, and authoritative citation.


A popular list or cluster of widely read works is not yet a canon. Canonical status exists only where a tradition repeatedly teaches the set as exemplary, invokes it to adjudicate interpretation, and reproduces its contested boundary through anthologies, curricula, juries, or comparable roles. Institution supplies that durable rule-and-expectation complex; Canon narrows it to the authoritative work-set a tradition uses to reproduce itself.

A Canon presupposes an Institution because its exemplary and authoritative status must be durably reproduced through roles, rules, teaching, and boundary enforcement.


The entry expressly treats canonicity as governance rather than discovery: another string could have served, community policy binds the selected form to the concept, and installed use makes later change costly. Per-language uniqueness and output rendering are the controlled-vocabulary differentia.

The preferred form is selected and stabilized by policy because no intrinsic property of the concept forces one candidate signifier to be its public name.


The child fixes one per-language public label, demotes every other admitted form, resolves those forms to the same concept, and makes display, exchange, and citation converge on the selected authority. It adds vocabulary policy, language scoping, SKOS fields, and display discipline to the live prime.

Preferred Label is the controlled-vocabulary realization of one authority form, subordinate variants, directional resolution, and stable aggregation.


It defines a domain of distributed stores, states three individually desirable guarantees, proves they cannot be jointly satisfied under partition, and redirects design from impossible search to explicit relaxation or branch selection.

CAP is axiomatic incompatibility specialized to consistency, availability, and partition tolerance over replicated state.


It specifies three independently desirable guarantees, proves their joint satisfaction impossible under partition, and yields a small taxonomy of admissible CP and AP choices plus relaxation and per-data scoping moves. The formal network model and linearizability definition are differentia.

CAP is a trilemma specialized to consistency, availability, and partition tolerance in an asynchronous replicated data store.


The variant entry coordinates the partition C/A axis, Else-regime L/C axis, per-request consistency dials, bounded staleness, and CRDT-specific convergence. PACELC supplies the first two axes and already contains CAP, avoiding a redundant direct variant-to-CAP shortcut.

The broad CAP-and-variants synthesis contains PACELC as its exact two- regime backbone before adding granular knobs and merge-algebra escapes.


Capital accumulation is the dynamic process ΔK = I − δK, with saving, investment, diminishing returns, and a steady state. Capital stock is the durable productive resource K treated as a level with investment, depreciation, return, and pricing roles. Remove K and the process has no state variable to update; nevertheless a process is not a species or an internal constituent of the snapshot stock frame.

Capital accumulation presupposes the capital stock whose level its investment-minus-depreciation law changes through time.


The capital frame's level, additions, depreciation, and net-change history are a direct instance of the live accumulation prime's stock-versus-flow identity. The frame adds a productive-resource interpretation, a return flow, present-value pricing, and imposed cross-form commensurability. Those additions do not alter the substrate-neutral stock-flow equation.

Removing capital pricing and ROI vocabulary leaves a stock whose level is the time-integral of investment inflow minus depreciation outflow.


The frame values each stock at the discounted present value of expected returns so holdings with different time profiles and substrates can be compared on one ledger. The exact live node for that calculation is discounting_present_value, not the broader time-value-of-money principle. Capital accounting adds the productive stock and cross-form allocation frame; the rate, temporal stream, conversion, and common-time value survive.

Removing the capital-resource frame leaves the present-value operation that converts a future return stream to a common-time scalar.


It inherits the bounded component, reference pool, accounting window, tracked quantity, net-sign rule, and conditional role reversal. It adds carbon species, the atmosphere as the reference reservoir, carbon-cycle biogeochemistry, and the policy-relevant source roster.

Carbon Source is the carbon-cycle specialization of a Source-Sink Role whose net transfer to the atmosphere is outward.


Threshold is an internal constituent of the diagnostic. The dimensionless ratio is interpreted by comparing it with one: above one the solution is supersaturated, below one it is undersaturated, and at one the mineral disposition changes. Remove that boundary and omega remains a number but loses the formation-versus-dissolution verdict that gives Carbonate Saturation State its identity.

Carbonate saturation state contains the exact threshold at omega equals one that separates precipitation-favored from dissolution-favored regimes.


Carryover is hysteresis specialized to an experimental unit whose prior treatment state persists into a later measurement window. Hysteresis supplies the genus: Path dependence. Carryover Effect preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: The validity threat in crossover and within-subject designs where residual influence from an earlier treatment persists into a later measurement window, biasing the contrast — its magnitude set by the unit's relaxation time against the inter-treatment gap. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


It retains the parent pattern of an instrument's interpretive practice changing while its stated identity remains fixed, then specifies the instrument as an operational case definition used for surveillance comparisons across time, place, or data source.

Case-Definition Drift is Instrument-Interpretive Drift specialized to an epidemiological case-classification instrument whose stable output label conceals changed inclusion practice.


Remove the comparison between outcomes under alternative treatment or intervention states and only association, description, or prediction remains. Causal inference operates on that counterfactual target but is not itself a counterfactual proposition.

Causal Inference presupposes outcomes under alternative treatment states because their contrast defines the effect it seeks to identify.


It retains inference from finite, noisy observations to an uncertain conclusion about an underlying population or process. Its differentia are a directed causal estimand and a defended design or assumption that separates the target effect from noncausal association.

Causal Inference is Statistical Inference specialized to intervention or counterfactual effects whose recovery requires an explicit identification warrant.


The node is not merely an extensive-form payoff table; its authored identity is the tension between the unique subgame-perfect prescription and observed multi-round passing. SPE supplies the solution standard, while the child adds the particular growing-pot tree and empirical diagnostic program.

The canonical centipede construction contains its subgame-perfect solution, whose every-node credibility requirement yields take on the first move.


Individual rationality alone does not generate full unraveling. Each player must know the next is rational, know that they know, and continue that tower through the finite tree. The experimental departures are diagnostic precisely because they locate breaks in that common-knowledge constituent.

The centipede model contains common knowledge of rationality and the final move as the epistemic chain that propagates backward to immediate taking.


Remove selective allocation of limited processing capacity according to maintained goals and the network can no longer prioritize task-relevant inputs, suppress competitors, or coordinate externally directed action.

Goal-directed selective attention is a strict internal function of the Central Executive Network's control role.


It inherits Network's node-and-relation architecture and fixes the nodes to interacting frontoparietal regions, the edges to functional coupling, and the system-level behavior to flexible executive coordination.

The Central Executive Network is a functional network specialized to distributed frontoparietal coordination during goal-directed cognition.


The governed unit is the localized circuit, the inner authority is its membrane and synaptic dynamics, the candidate outer authorities are sensory and descending inputs, and the scoped matter is cycle-by-cycle timing. External inputs can still start, stop, stabilize, or retune the circuit, so the mapping also preserves Autonomy's graded, scoped boundary rather than independence.

Endogeneity is a scoped autonomy relation: intrinsic circuit dynamics govern cycle timing while sensory and descending sources are denied pacing authority.


The source defines a network of mutually coupled neurons and derives pattern formation from the strength, sign, direction, and delay of those links. Coupling is therefore a constituent interaction architecture, not merely a common accompaniment or a consequence of observing correlated firing.

The localized generator is constituted by neurons whose membrane and synaptic states are dynamically linked into one circuit.


Voltage-dependent conductances return membrane state as current input; half-centres reciprocally inhibit and release one another; recurrent excitation and synaptic delay route network output back into later network input. This internal closure is distinct from optional afferent feedback from the body.

Every source-defined CPG mechanism closes an internal state-to-next-state loop, even though external sensory feedback is not required.


The stomatogastric-ganglion lesson is exactly Neuromodulation's operational test: hold the anatomical circuit and primary activity channel fixed, vary the modulator, and the input-output mapping changes into a different functional circuit. Typical rather than strict preserves minimal CPGs without that broad, slow, orthogonal control channel.

Canonical CPGs separate fast motor-pattern content from slower diffuse signals that retune the same circuit's gain, frequency, and operating mode.


Pacemaker conductances, reciprocal inhibition, and recurrent delayed network dynamics are alternative neural implementations of the same oscillatory roles. The child adds coupled neurons, motor-pool output, fictive-locomotion evidence, and named neural preparations without changing the structural cycle.

Removing the neural substrate leaves a sustained endogenous oscillator with a cycling state, restoring dynamics, period, amplitude, and phase.


The child explicitly excludes bare oscillation and a one-output pacemaker. Flexor and extensor phases, inter-limb relations, and gait groupings are the recurring frame plus differentiated event roles that make the output a rhythm.

A CPG contains a pattern-formation layer that turns repeated activity into structured phase roles across behaviorally meaningful motor outputs.


Remove the two-route architecture and there is no central route to select, no peripheral counterpart, and no cross-route durability prediction. Central Route Processing is one persuasion-specific pathway inside that architecture, not the broader theory itself.

Central Route Processing presupposes Dual Process Theory because its identity is one effortful, content-engaged branch selected against a distinct low-elaboration route.


Certainty Effect is the p=1-boundary species in which the subjective transform assigns a disproportionate increment to eliminating the final probability of failure. Probability Weighting Function supplies the genus: Transform objective or stated probabilities into subjective decision weights, typically overweighting small probabilities, underweighting middle and high probabilities, and treating the zero and certainty boundaries nonlinearly. Certainty Effect preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Capture the way people overweight an outcome made fully certain relative to one merely probable of equal expected value, so the move from 0.99 to 1.0 commands a disproportionate premium the arithmetic does not justify. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


Repetition does not average the effect away: it systematically redirects choice toward guaranteed outcomes. The probability-weighting curve, Allais menu, and eliminated-uncertainty premium are its cognitive differentia.

Certainty Effect is the human risky-choice species of Bias whose stable signed error overweights equal probability changes at the p=1 boundary relative to the normative linear-probability target.


The effect is not a kind of Expected Utility; it is a patterned departure whose Allais signature and term `overweight` are defined by comparison with that probability-weighted ranking rule.

Diagnosing the Certainty Effect requires the expected-utility benchmark that multiplies outcome utility by known probabilities and treats equal probability changes as fungible under the independence axiom.


The intermediary commits product-specific selling capacity before the producer's channel move, its outside option worsens after commitment, and the open margin permits ex-post appropriation and rational retaliation. The child adds producer, intermediary, route-to-market, and channel-coordination machinery to that hold-up sequence.

Channel Conflict is Hold-Up Problem specialized to an intermediary whose relationship-specific distribution investment is expropriated when its producer opens an undercutting direct channel.


Richness is a property of a communication channel. Without a bounded conduit between source and receiver there is no medium whose cue inventory, repair latency, expressive flexibility, or personal focus can be rated. Channel supplies that portable conduit structure; Channel Richness adds the human-communication dimensions and comparative profile rather than technical throughput alone.

Channel richness presupposes a bounded communication channel whose supported cues, feedback paths, expressive range, and personalization can be characterized.


Full revelation, finite partitions, and babbling are equilibrium regimes, not properties of costless language alone. Sender message choices and receiver actions must be mutual best responses conditional on the private state and prior.

Cheap Talk contains a Bayesian equilibrium linking private sender states, message partitions, receiver posteriors, and receiver best responses.


The named effect adds faces, attractiveness, the averageness premium, and the inherited lift to the broader summary-extraction process. Removing ensemble extraction eliminates the stable group mean and the toward-mean direction that distinguish the effect from pairwise contrast or a truly more attractive crowd.

The cheerleader effect contains ensemble coding as the mechanism that extracts a simultaneous group's mean face and assimilates each individual percept toward it.


Remove the earlier plant, later activation, and relevance mapping between them, and there is no ledger on which to identify either an orphan setup or an unmotivated payoff. The child adds a prescriptive completeness constraint to the underlying craft relation rather than becoming a kind of that relation.

Chekhov's Gun contains the setup–payoff relation it audits in both directions, matching every conspicuous plant to a return and every major return to prior preparation.


The maxim does not require every background detail to return. Its contract is triggered when local contrast, emphasis, repetition, or lingering makes an element stand out to a pattern-seeking audience, so Salience is an internal discriminator rather than a neighboring consequence.

Chekhov's Gun contains a salience threshold because only elements made conspicuous enough to solicit interpretive investment incur its payoff obligation.


Foregrounding communicates hidden design information from author to audience: this element matters and should be retained. Without that signal there is no prediction-bearing promise, only an item in the work, and its later absence cannot breach the same interpretive contract.

A conspicuous setup functions as an authored signal of later relevance, creating the implicit promise whose fulfillment or default Chekhov's Gun audits.


Every cherry-picking case contains Selection Bias's distorted move from a selected subset to a larger evidence population. Cherry Picking adds a presenter, a display decision, and an inclusion rule correlated with the favored conclusion. Mechanical undercoverage and instrument thresholds can produce selection bias without those rhetorical differentiae, so the domain node is the deliberate-presentation species rather than the generic parent.

Cherry picking is selection bias specialized to a deliberate presenter whose conclusion-correlated evidence selection makes the displayed subset misrepresent its source population.


It inherits a transformation that reverses an ordering or mapping and thereby reaches Symmetry through Inversion's existing ancestry. The child adds paired linguistic clauses, a pivot, listener uptake, and the implicit assertion that the relation runs both ways.

Chiasmus is inversion specialized to a two-part utterance whose element order and semantic roles cross around a pivot in an A-B / B-A form.


Each player's best response is to choose the action opposite the other's, so the two pure equilibria are asymmetric as Anti-Coordination predicts. Chicken adds the yield-versus-hold payoff order, catastrophic mutual holding, and a credible-commitment contest over which player occupies the non-yielding role.

Chicken is the two-player anti-coordination game whose mismatched outcomes are equilibria and whose matched non-yielding outcome is catastrophic.


It inherits Bias's process-level, repeatable displacement from a recoverable target: chosen attributes are recalled too favorably and rejected attributes too unfavorably relative to the contemporaneous record. It adds the prior- choice trigger, autobiographical-memory substrate, chosen/rejected sign rule, and dissonance-reduction mechanism.

Choice-Supportive Bias is a systematic directional error in reconstructing the evidence for chosen and rejected options.


The live child identifies post-choice inconsistency as the aversive state and retrospective memory revision as the reduction pathway. Removing the autobiographical-memory frame leaves the live Cognitive Dissonance pattern: incompatible active cognitions, motivational pressure, and a representation- changing resolution. The child adds a prior decision, chosen-versus-rejected option roles, and a directional rewrite of remembered attributes.

Choice-Supportive Bias is cognitive-dissonance reduction applied to the remembered attribute profile of a completed choice.


The child is post-decisional by identity. Decision supplies the commitment event that partitions the option set and creates the counterfactual foregone paths. The later memory rewrite is not a kind or internal phase of deciding; it acts on a decision that must already have occurred.

Choice-Supportive Bias requires a prior decision that fixes which option is chosen and which alternatives are rejected before memory can tilt between them.


Removing the child’s frame leaves the reusable structure named by Motivated Reasoning. The child’s frame can be removed while the parent roles remain, so the edge records portable structural cargo rather than taxonomic identity.


Both replace present evaluation with origin information lacking an adequate relevance bridge. Chronological Snobbery fixes the channel to historical period and adds the date-versus-refutation distinction and temporal sign parameter.

Chronological Snobbery is Genetic Fallacy specialized to historical period as the origin channel substituted for present merits.


Without temporal ordering there is no historical period, belief age, or distinction between date of abandonment and refutation. Time supplies the neutral axis on which the fallacy later assigns unjustified credit or discredit.

Chronological Snobbery requires earlier-versus-later order and a date of adoption or abandonment.


A chronotope does not place independent temporal and spatial coordinates side by side; it binds them so that each changes which events, encounters, and protagonists the other can admit. That reciprocal dependence is Coupling's defining structure. Chronotope adds a narrative substrate, Bakhtin's named configurations, and the commensurability and translation-cost diagnostics, while Coupling remains neutral about what kinds of systems are linked.

A Chronotope is Coupling specialized to a narrative's mutually determining time-pattern and space-pattern.


After the economics_finance frame is stripped away, the retained structural roles are those of Conservation Laws: Quantities remain constant. Circular Flow adds the local frame and commitments expressed in its identity: Represent the whole economy as two loops running opposite ways between households and firms, then track every off-loop flow as a leakage or an injection whose sums must balance when the loop closes in steady state. The parent pattern remains recognizable without that vocabulary, while the child is the framed realization of it. That preservation test establishes decomposition rather than taxonomic subsumption.

Circular Flow is the framed or domain-specific realization of Conservation Laws; removing the local frame leaves the parent's structural relation intact.


The live child expressly identifies feedback as one of its portable parent structures. The opposed real and monetary loops close causal and accounting paths rather than forming a one-way chain. The child remains more than feedback because it fixes economic sectors, two carried quantities, injection/leakage categories, and national-income closure.

The household-firm loop contains literal return-as-input closure: firms' payments become household income and household expenditure returns as firms' receipts.


Every circular-flow model tracks definite carried quantities along directed sector-to-sector edges, distinguishes gross rates from net accumulation, and locates injections and leakages at system boundaries. The child adds households, firms, government, the rest of world, opposed real and monetary loops, and national-income identities.

Removing economic sector labels from circular flow leaves directed, rate-bearing movement of money, goods, and income through channels with sources, sinks, storage, and continuity.


Circular reasoning is the justification-domain realization of a cycle, adding premises, conclusions, audience acceptance, and the epistemic consequence that an internally valid loop supplies no independent support.

Removing the argumentative frame leaves a directed dependency path that returns to its origin without an external anchor.


A citation makes a source addressable through intermediary metadata and a resolution process, so claims remain separate from their support artifacts. Footnote styles, legal pinpoints, DOI syntax, and scholarly credit practice are the frame; reference-follow-resolution is the portable core.

Removing documentary style leaves a reference plus a resolver that reaches a target without embedding the target itself.


DOI, PMID, ARK, handle, accession, and similarly maintained tokens harden the pointer against location and custody change. Yet conventional author-title-year metadata plus a catalog lookup can satisfy citation identity without such a token.

Modern citation pointers typically contain a Persistent Identifier as their stable machine-resolvable identification-and-resolution constituent.


The structured reference establishes a decidable association from a citing claim to a target source. The child adds documentary conventions, optional pinpointing, retrievability, and an explicit exclusion of warrant adequacy.

Citation Pointer is a directed Relation specialized to a claim, a source artifact, disambiguation metadata, and a resolution route.


Outbound pointers let a claim be followed to sources, and a citation index supplies the inverse traversal from a source to downstream uses. Chains then support impact analysis, retraction propagation, and audit. A lone unindexed reference is still a citation pointer but does not supply full bidirectional traceability.

In an indexed citation corpus, removing documentary conventions leaves the backward-and-forward link infrastructure of Traceability.


Class imbalance is the trained-classifier specialization of a majority-dominated aggregate objective whose mass leaves an operationally important minority underweighted. Majority-Dominated Aggregate Objective supplies the genus: An aggregate objective whose mass lies with the majority systematically underweights an operationally important minority. Class Imbalance preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Diagnose why a 99%-accurate classifier can be useless: when one class vastly outnumbers the class of interest, additive loss aggregation lets majority examples dominate the gradient, so the model learns to ignore the rare minority. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


Clearance is a virtual-volume capacity statistic rather than the mechanism that removes a drug. Renal, hepatic, biliary, pulmonary, and extracorporeal routes generate the rates divided by concentration and add to total clearance; route identity also determines extraction and interaction vulnerabilities.

Clearance presupposes one or more Elimination Pathways whose organ-specific removal rates supply the numerator and additive terms of the parameter.


The live prime is the universal no-escape-under-a-designated-operation property. The child fixes the carrier to a mathematical set and supplies the topological limit-point and algebraic operation certificates, plus their distinct compactness and structure-inheritance consequences.

A closed set is closure specialized to a mathematical carrier and a designated limit-taking or algebraic operation that cannot escape it.


Both bind a behavior unit's unresolved references to a retained definition-time context that travels with the unit into later use sites and competes with an ambient invocation-time context. The child adds a programming language with first-class functions, lexical scope, free variables, captured bindings, and language-defined capture semantics.

A programming closure is a Portable Context Bundle specialized to a callable carrying definition-time lexical bindings into later invocations.


Fees, tolls, or credentials must be able to keep nonmembers out. Removing that coordinate turns the same non-rival shared benefit into the public-good cell and destroys the institutional verdict of private membership finance.

A club good contains feasible exclusion as one of the two coordinates that distinguish membership provision from public-good provision.


The super-threshold branch is not merely high demand: simultaneous users compete for shared lanes, bandwidth, seats, or facility capacity and reduce one another's service quality, triggering price or admission control.

Club Good contains the shared-capacity contention regime that begins when membership crosses its congestion threshold.


Below the kink an additional member adds revenue without diminishing others; above it, marginal membership reduces existing value. Buchanan's joint membership-and-capacity problem is organized around that crossing.

Club Good contains the congestion threshold that switches the optimal rule from fixed-cost membership finance to crowding control.


The Coase theorem is a canonical frictionless benchmark whose invariance result turns observed departures into evidence about transaction-cost frictions. Frictionless Benchmark Reasoning supplies the genus: A precisely stated idealised case yields a sharp invariance, irrelevance, or efficiency result that is then used not as an empirical claim but as a coordinate system against which the real world is decomposed into separately named and measured deviations. Coase Theorem preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: State that with clear property rights and zero transaction costs, parties bargain to the same efficient allocation whatever the initial assignment — so the assignment fixes only who pays whom, and observed inefficiency is read contrapositively as the signature of a specific friction. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


The child retains wind stress, Ekman divergence, compensating rise, stratified nutrient reservoir, and productivity cascade while fixing the divergence geometry to an alongshore wind and coastal boundary.

Coastal upwelling is the coastline-bounded specialization of the broader upwelling entry, which also admits equatorial, open-ocean-eddy, and estuarine configurations.


Strip away the named coastline, the shrinking ruler, and the paradoxical presentation, and the surviving structure is fractal geometry: a rough statistically self-similar boundary whose measured extent changes by a power law with observational scale and is characterized by non-integer dimension. The child packages that structural core as a distinctive geomorphological measurement lesson rather than constituting a kind of mathematical theory.

The Coastline Paradox is the coastline-measurement frame around fractal geometry's scale-dependent extent and non-integer dimension.


The Cobweb Model is oscillation specialized to a lagged market-feedback process whose supply and demand slope ratio determines convergence, persistence, or divergence. Oscillation supplies the genus: Repeated variation. Cobweb Model preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: The economic model of self-sustaining price-quantity oscillation in markets with a rigid production lag, where producers commit output on today's price and discover it clears at another — tracing a cobweb spiral whose stability follows from the supply-to-demand slope ratio. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


It inherits an observable trace, a supported but revisable hypothesis, provenance and context, and possible defeat by contrary evidence. The child fixes the traces to code structure, the hidden states to design and maintainability problems, and the intervention probe to behavior-preserving refactoring.

A code smell is defeasible evidence specialized to observable source-code features that support a hypothesis about a deeper design or maintainability problem.


Cognitive Load is the task-agent-format demand placed on an active workspace that temporarily maintains and manipulates representations. Remove Working Memory and there is no architecture whose finite supply the load can consume or exceed. The child is demand on that workspace, not a kind of Attention or a synonym for the workspace itself.

Cognitive Load presupposes Working Memory because it is demand imposed on that active storage-and-manipulation architecture.


Cognitive load is the working-memory budget — the mental effort required to process information at a given moment, bounded by an approximately four-chunk capacity. The construct is meaningful only against a binding restriction: the limit prunes the feasible set of cognitive demands and any task exceeding it is not admissibly performable. Constraint supplies that structural object — a condition that defines the admissible subset of demands. Cognitive load theory's intrinsic-extraneous-germane decomposition then operates within the constraint, allocating budget across components against the binding capacity ceiling.

Cognitive load presupposes constraint because the working-memory budget is a binding restriction on admissible processing demands.


Both constructs preserve a situation while replacing the interpretive frame and tracing changed consequences. Cognitive Reframing narrows the agent and purpose to a psychological intervention: the practitioner identifies an appraisal, generates a plausible and more adaptive alternative, then rehearses it until emotion and behavior recouple to the new frame. Legal, narrative, historical, and organizational reframes need none of that therapeutic apparatus, so the clinical construct is the strict domain child.

Cognitive Reframing is the psychological intervention species of Reframing, adding deliberate adaptive selection, emotional-behavioral recoupling, rehearsal, and consolidation.


The method's repeatability and mergeable output depend on explicit per-step questions, severity fields, and redesign notes rather than an informal impression. Those rules and records are a constitutive formalization inside the broader evaluation method.

Cognitive Walkthrough contains Formalization because it converts an evaluator's novice-perspective judgment into a fixed four-question protocol and itemized breakdown record.


Stripping Norman's four questions, HCI, and usability-evaluation vocabulary leaves an expert deliberately reasoning from a viewpoint that lacks the expert's own system knowledge. The domain method adds a bounded task, per-step questions, and a breakdown catalogue.

Cognitive Walkthrough is Perspective applied as a disciplined step-by-step adoption of a novice user's goals, knowledge, and perceptual field.


A module is the bounded unit, functions and data-bearing responsibilities are its members, and functional relatedness determines whether the unit can be named, tested, replaced, and kept intact rather than split. LCOM and the Constantine-Yourdon scale are the software measurement frame.

Software cohesion applies internal binding to responsibilities collected inside a module, with shared purpose supplying the binding force.


A cohort effect is not an intrinsic property of one cohort in isolation. It is a systematic between-cohort contrast, so the groups must be placed in a commensurable outcome frame and related to one another. Comparison is a prerequisite; it does not supply the age-period-cohort design, the time-defined membership, or any causal interpretation.

Identifying a Cohort Effect requires a common outcome frame in which at least two time-defined cohorts can be compared.


Collaborative Maintenance inherits the shared-resource stewardship, community rulemaking, monitoring, dispute-resolution, and accountability bundle of Commons Governance, then specializes it with proposal review, deprecation, attribution, and version-history practices for informational artifacts.

Collaborative maintenance is commons governance specialized to versioned knowledge and standards artifacts.


Collaborative Maintenance contains the recurring work of preserving and updating an artifact. Remove Maintenance and only a governance forum remains; the indefinite upkeep commitment that distinguishes this practice disappears.

Ongoing maintenance is a defining constituent of collaborative maintenance rather than merely a precondition.


Collaborative Maintenance contains Provenance through attribution and a recoverable version history linking each change to its contributor, review, and decision. That audit trail is part of the practice's stated five-pathway architecture.

Recoverable contribution and change provenance is one of collaborative maintenance's defining governance pathways.


The action imposes unpriced costs on third parties or adjacent assets; collateral-damage blowback contains that spillover but adds a return channel that ordinary externality does not require.

Peripheral harm outside the narrowly scored target is the externality constituent from which blowback begins.


Blowback is distinguished by output returning as a new input to the actor's strategic position, often amplified and delayed through opinion, recruitment, litigation, alliance, or exit channels.

A delayed reaction channel feeds the peripheral harm back into the initiating actor's future capacity.


A Collateral Squeeze is a positive feedback loop specialized to price-linked borrowing capacity, forced sales, and further price declines in a shared collateral market. Feedback supplies the genus: Outputs influence inputs. Collateral Squeeze preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: The procyclical spiral in which a fall in a pledged asset's price cuts every leveraged holder's borrowing capacity and forces sales into the same market that sets the price — coupling firms through a shared observable rather than a counterparty network. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


Collinearity inflation is defined relative to regression estimation: a near-singular design matrix makes individual coefficient estimates unstable and inflates their variance. It is a failure mode within the apparatus, not a kind of regression.

Collinearity inflation presupposes a regression design matrix whose near-linear dependence inflates coefficient variance.


Without centralized intent coupled to decentralized execution there is no commander's-intent artifact bearing the disambiguation load; mission command is the operating architecture in which this failure occurs.

The failure presupposes a mission-command architecture in which edge actors must reconstruct action from centrally stated intent.


It inherits the many-answers-fit-one-artifact failure and adds mission-command roles, delegated execution, changed-condition reasoning, and the precision–delegation coupling. Underspecification supplies the genus: A selection process treats evidence as if it picked out a single answer when many distinct answers fit it equally well, so a hidden closure silently chooses one representative and the behavior that distinguishes them is left uncontrolled. Commander's-Intent Ambiguity preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Locate incoherent decentralized execution in the purpose artefact one level up: when delegated subordinates must re-derive action under changed conditions but the intent statement is too imprecise to disambiguate their choice, locally rational actions aggregate into globally incoherent outcomes. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.

Commander's-intent ambiguity is underspecification specialized to a delegated purpose artifact that must disambiguate action under changed conditions.


It inherits a source-visible trace, a deeper maintainability hypothesis, contextual defeaters, and a behavior-preserving refactoring probe. The child fixes the trace to a compensating comment whose local explanatory value masks poor naming, mixed responsibility, hidden dependency, or confusing control flow.

Comments as Deodorant is the meta-level code smell in which explanatory prose suppresses the visible trace that should have triggered structural investigation and refactoring.


The confusing function is the debt-bearing artifact, the comment is the overlay, and local readability substitutes for renaming or decomposition. Because the overlay works well enough, maintainers preserve both it and the underlying structure whose change could retire it.

Comments as deodorant is the code-specific case where an explanatory overlay makes structural confusion locally tolerable and delays its repair.


Both automatically organize discrete stimulus elements into a perceived whole before reflective attention. The child fixes the decisive cue to common motion, flicker, or other covariation, adds a common-origin inference, and gives that dynamic cue priority over conflicting static proximity or similarity cues.

Common fate is the dynamic member of the Gestalt grouping family, specializing the grouping cue to shared synchronous change over time.


Distributed responders depend on a jointly maintained authoritative artifact to synthesize their partial observations. Without that shared representation there is no COP whose lag, fragmentation, sensing gaps, inconsistent copies, or neglect can make locally rational decisions globally incoherent.

Common-operating-picture breakdown presupposes an engineered shared mental model whose currency, completeness, consistency, or use has failed.


The node uses the complete Excludability axis, including its technology- and institution-dependent feasibility test, at the non-excludable side. Changing that coordinate through enforceable quota or enclosure changes the regime.

A common-pool resource contains the non-excludable coordinate whose failed gate prevents ordinary price rationing of a rival stock.


Fish, groundwater, pasture, spectrum, API capacity, and maintainer time vary in substrate, but each has concurrent claims on a limited pool whose use reduces the quality or quantity available to competing claimants.

Rivalry in a common pool is the portable shared-bottleneck pattern in which one user's concurrent appropriation degrades availability for the others.


The resource cell is the antecedent and the tragedy is its default dynamic, not its identity or unavoidable fate. Rules that close the appropriability gap can preserve the same cell while suppressing the overuse equilibrium.

An unmanaged common pool typically takes the portable tragedy shape: private gain plus shared depletion cost drives appropriation beyond sustainable use.


The ambient topology supplies open sets, covers, continuity, and the relativity under which compactness can change. Compactness adds the finite- subcover guarantee and the associated extraction and existence theorems.

Topological Compactness requires a Topological Space whose open covers are universally tested for finite subcovers.


Comparative Self-Assessment Crossover preserves Egocentric Bias's privileged access to the self, costly inference about others, self-as-default anchor, and insufficient adjustment. It adds an ability-ranking judgment, a reference-group distribution, perceived task difficulty as a sign selector, and paired above- versus below-average population-incoherence regimes.

The crossover is the comparative-ability species of Egocentric Bias, using one's own felt skill as the readily available anchor while under-modeling the abilities of others.


The crossover cannot be stated from a self-rating alone. It requires placing the focal person's ability and an imagined peer distribution in a shared frame and reading off relative standing. Comparison is therefore an internal constituent; the domain node adds self-evaluation, difficulty moderation, egocentric weighting, and a population-level coherence test.

A comparative self-assessment literally contains a comparison between the focal person's estimated ability and a reference group's estimated ability distribution.


Both arrange for a formal program's semantics to become running behavior and fix where implementation work is paid. Compiler adds the strict differentia of ahead-of-time, semantics-preserving translation through a phased pipeline into a target artifact that subsequently runs without the compiler.

Compiler is the Program Realization Strategy species that performs semantic work ahead of execution and emits a target artifact able to run independently of the compiler.


A compiler crosses a level of description through rule-governed refinement from source semantics to target primitives, with observable behavior as the correctness contract. Parsing, IR, optimization, and code generation add programming-language differentia to that genus.

Compilation is operationalization specialized to mechanically lowering a formal source program into an executable target under semantic preservation.