Ground-truth drift fixes the reference failure to a supervised label whose operational definition changes on an institutional clock outside model monitoring. Its four-way distributional decomposition, positive-class vocabulary, and version-and-rescore remedy are domain accent. The remaining hidden-clock, fixed-inside/variable-outside, and retrospective-audit roles are exactly reference standard decay.

Removing supervised-model terminology from ground-truth drift leaves an apparatus scoring against a reference whose definition moved invisibly.


This is one exact hydrogeologic currency of overdraft irreversibility, while inland overdraft may instead produce subsidence or ecosystem loss with no salt pathway. Salinization supplies an internal constituent: The process by which dissolved salts accumulate in soil, water, or an aquifer until they exceed tolerance thresholds — a salt-budget failure (input minus output over time) whose pathway sets the remediation and whose reversibility is asymmetric. Groundwater Overdraft requires that role within this mechanism: Diagnose an aquifer's decline as a stock-flow mismatch with embedded irreversibility — extraction outrunning the small recharge flow while the abundant stored stock creates a false sense of plenty, with part of the drawdown crossing thresholds no future pumping can buy back. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it. The typical qualifier limits the claim to the characteristic route, not a constitutive requirement of every instance; exceptions must retain the child's identity through another mechanism.

Coastal groundwater overdraft typically contains salinization when drawdown reverses the freshwater hydraulic gradient and advances the seawater interface into the aquifer.


The core error is confusing the large stock level with the much smaller renewable flow; the live accumulation identity explicitly covers stocks growing or shrinking under net flow.

Groundwater overdraft is the negative-accumulation specialization in which an aquifer stock shrinks as integrated withdrawal persistently exceeds recharge.


The distinction determines option value, urgency, and whether balancing the future budget can restore the prior state. Reversibility and Irreversibility supplies an internal constituent: Actions or transitions may or may not be undone or reverted. Groundwater Overdraft requires that role within this mechanism: Diagnose an aquifer's decline as a stock-flow mismatch with embedded irreversibility — extraction outrunning the small recharge flow while the abundant stored stock creates a false sense of plenty, with part of the drawdown crossing thresholds no future pumping can buy back. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Groundwater overdraft contains a recoverable-versus-permanent partition because some drawdown refills after pumping stops while compaction, intrusion, and ecosystem loss do not reverse on the relevant horizon.


Each crossing names a control variable and response boundary that separates recoverable drawdown from a new damage regime. Threshold supplies an internal constituent: Safe vs harmful levels. Groundwater Overdraft requires that role within this mechanism: Diagnose an aquifer's decline as a stock-flow mismatch with embedded irreversibility — extraction outrunning the small recharge flow while the abundant stored stock creates a false sense of plenty, with part of the drawdown crossing thresholds no future pumping can buy back. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Groundwater overdraft contains thresholds at the onset of aquitard compaction, saline-interface advance, and groundwater-dependent ecosystem failure.


The hydrological lever can be controlled by a single authority or extractor, so open access and multi-actor incentive misalignment are common but not constitutive of every overdrafted aquifer.

Groundwater overdraft typically contains a tragedy of the commons where many pumpers capture the private benefit of extraction while sharing only a fraction of aquifer depletion and damage.


The parent permits any p below one and any bounded numeric action space; the child retains the simultaneous closest-to-p-times-average rule and fixes p=2/3 and [0,100], producing the familiar 50, 33, 22, 14 signatures.

Guess 2/3 of the Average is the Beauty Contest Game with p fixed to two thirds, the action interval fixed to 0–100, and its canonical level ladder exposed.


Ad Hominem supplies the genus: Reject or discredit a claim by substituting an attack on its source — character, motives, circumstances, inconsistency, or affiliation — for evaluation of the claim and its evidence. Guilt by Association preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Discredit a claim by the disreputable company it keeps — treating shared supporters, origins, or venues as a verdict on content — a relevance failure that lets no truth-value flow along co-occurrence edges without an independent causal or evidential link. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.

Guilt by Association is a specialization of Ad Hominem, retaining the parent's defining structure while adding the child's specific commitments.


The named fallacy supplies a discredited source, an association edge, a target under evaluation, and a negative property treated as flowing across that edge. Strip the argumentative verdict and the special rule that truth must not travel by mere co-occurrence, and the source-link-target-transfer structure remains exactly the live associative-property-transfer prime. This ancestry is independent of the ad-hominem taxonomy: one classifies the rhetorical move and the other captures the substrate-portable mechanism.

Removing the fallacy frame from guilt by association leaves a property transferred from a source to a target along an associative link.


Habitat Fragmentation is systemic fragmentation specialized to suitable habitat broken into organism-dependent patches with area, isolation, and edge-effect mechanisms. Systemic Fragmentation supplies the genus: Siloed subsystems. Habitat Fragmentation preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: The landscape-ecology process by which continuous habitat breaks into isolated patches, decomposed into three separable mechanisms — area loss, isolation, and edge amplification — each thresholded against a species' biology and each mapping to a distinct conservation instrument. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


It inherits cumulative experience as the state variable, compounding improvements, log-linear forecasting, and decelerating gains. The child fixes the product class to LEDs and supplies its luminous-output, cost, loss-axis, and historical-rate parameters.

Haitz's Law is a Learning Curve Effect specialized to LED packages whose light output rises and unit cost falls predictably with cumulative engineering and production experience.


Under the dominance hypothesis, Haldane's rule contains hemizygosity exposure because the heterogametic hybrid sex cannot mask recessive X- or Z-linked incompatibilities. In dominance-mechanism cases, restore a homologous masking allele and the heterogametic sex loses the unbuffered expression difference that predicts its disproportionate sterility or inviability. parent_in_child Applies to the dominance-hypothesis contribution. Faster-male and faster-X routes are non-exclusive alternatives, so hemizygosity exposure is not a strict constituent of every case and not the rule's genus.


The rule's invariant claim is not that hybrids always fail but that, when breakdown differs by sex, exchanging the heterogametic and homogametic positions changes which side is predicted to be absent, sterile, or inviable. XY versus ZW systems supply the decisive swap test: the casualty follows the single-copy sex-chromosome position rather than maleness.

Removing the hybrid-genetics frame from Haldane's rule leaves a directed failure asymmetry between two non-interchangeable members of a paired system.


Haldane's sieve is selection visibility specialized to a new beneficial allele whose heterozygous expression scales with dominance while it is rare. Both place an expression or access gate upstream of a selector, leave masked beneficial candidates effectively neutral while hidden, and enrich the retained record for candidates visible when selection first acts. The child fixes candidates to new alleles in a diploid population, visibility to heterozygous expression h·s at frequency about 1/2Ne, hidden loss to genetic drift before homozygotes form, and the record to fixed or swept beneficial alleles.


A judge's global impression acts as the shared channel factor loading onto otherwise distinct attribute ratings and inflating their covariance. The child adds affect-as-information, coherence seeking, dimensional collapse, and the human rating context; the parent carries the channel-crossing remedy.

Stripping the affect-bearing judge leaves Cross-Dimensional Leakage: one shared channel injects variance into multiple nominally separate outputs.


Its proof assumes a total analyzer, feeds a constructed program its own description, and makes that program halt exactly when the analyzer predicts non-halting. Program, input, Turing completeness, and termination are the differentia on the same self-refuting diagonal genus.

The halting problem is diagonal impossibility specialized to a total program-termination decider on a self-encoding computational substrate.


The canonical state is written as q and p, and Hamilton's equations exchange derivatives of H between the two members of each pair. Remove conjugate momentum and the first-order phase-space representation collapses back toward a configuration-only description that is not the Hamiltonian formulation defined here.

Hamiltonian Mechanics contains conjugate momenta as half of every canonical position-momentum coordinate pair.


Hamilton's equations are the coordinate expression of the vector field fixed by pairing dH with a non-degenerate closed two-form. Remove Symplectic Structure and the conjugate pairing, Poisson bracket, Liouville guarantee, and canonical-transformation test no longer follow, leaving only an arbitrary first-order system.

Hamiltonian Mechanics contains the preserved symplectic form that converts the scalar Hamiltonian into a flow and defines which coordinate changes are canonical.


All system-specific content is compressed into H(q,p,t), a single-valued map from state and time to a scalar. Its derivatives determine every coordinate's rate of change. Without that function mapping there is no generator for Hamilton's equations and no object on which bracket or symmetry tests can act.

Hamiltonian Mechanics contains a scalar function mapping each phase-space state and time to the Hamiltonian value that generates the system's flow.


The formulation replaces configuration plus velocity with a single position-momentum state on a 2n-dimensional space. Without that arena the Hamiltonian has no complete state as its input and the generated flow has no trajectory to evolve.

Hamiltonian Mechanics contains phase space as the complete state arena in which each instantaneous state is a point and motion is a trajectory.


Without relatedness-weighted accounting across allele copies, rB and C are not commensurate contributions to one evolutionary objective and the inequality loses its interpretation. Inclusive Fitness supplies the prerequisite condition: Redefine the quantity natural selection maximizes as an organism's own reproduction plus its effect on relatives' reproduction, each relative weighted by the coefficient of relatedness r, so a costly helping behaviour is favoured whenever rB exceeds C. Hamilton's Rule operates against that background: Predict when an allele for a costly social behaviour spreads by relocating the accounting from organism to gene: it is favoured whenever rB > C — the relatedness-weighted benefit to relatives exceeds the cost to the actor. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption.

Hamilton’s rule presupposes the inclusive-fitness quantity whose marginal change its inequality tests.


Without the sign-changing boundary, variations in cost, benefit, or relatedness cannot route the social allele into spread, neutrality, or decline. Threshold supplies an internal constituent: Safe vs harmful levels. Hamilton's Rule requires that role within this mechanism: Predict when an allele for a costly social behaviour spreads by relocating the accounting from organism to gene: it is favoured whenever rB > C — the relatedness-weighted benefit to relatives exceeds the cost to the actor. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Hamilton’s rule contains a threshold boundary at rB equals C between favored and disfavored alleles.


Handoff loss is boundary-state loss specialized to work, context, and intent crossing from one responsible actor or team to another. Boundary State Loss supplies the genus: State crossing a carrier boundary through a bounded artifact is constitutively reduced, surfacing later as failure. Handoff Loss preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Locate post-transition failures at the transfer relation itself: work crossing a boundary between actors arrives degraded because a bounded artifact cannot carry the sender's tacit state, so downstream decisions run on an impoverished reconstruction. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


The p-squared, two-p-q, q-squared distribution is the named balanced state of the construct and persists against further random-mating updates until a listed evolutionary force perturbs it.

Hardy-Weinberg contains an equilibrium in which random mating restores stable genotype proportions while allele frequencies remain unchanged under the zero-force conditions.


Both deliberately set a named list of perturbing forces to zero, derive an exact retained reference, and diagnose the identity and magnitude of active forces from structured deviations. The child fixes the system to diploid allele and genotype frequencies, the baseline to p-squared, two-p-q, q-squared after random mating, and the force list to selection, drift, mutation, migration, mating structure, and technical error.

Hardy-Weinberg is the population-genetic specialization of a zero-force null baseline.


The after-the-fact fit is commonly experienced or presented as foresight, giving HARKing its narrative plausibility. The relation is typical because deliberate strategic relabeling can occur even when the researcher privately knows the hypothesis was not predicted in advance.

HARKing typically recruits hindsight by making an explanation fitted after the result appear to have been predictable beforehand.


In this entry HARKing is not merely after-the-fact storytelling. Its distinctive inferential harm depends on a reported null-versus-alternative test being presented as if the hypothesis preceded the data, so the test is a constitutive internal operation of the practice.

The HARKing practice contains a hypothesis test whose apparent prespecification and nominal error rate are the objects being falsified.


Removing publication norms, preregistration vocabulary, and the HARKing label leaves selection on the dependent evidence. The surviving claim is not an independent draw from a prespecified hypothesis family; it was retained because the observed result made it look successful, invalidating the nominal error rate.

HARKing selects the claim by inspecting which outcomes favored it, so the reported hypothesis is conditioned on the evidence later used to test it.


When senescent bloom biomass sinks under a stratified lid, bacterial oxygen demand produces the bounded hypoxic bottom-water volume described by the dead-zone node; toxin-dominant, shading-dominant, short, or well-mixed blooms need not reach that persistent spatial state.

A harmful algal bloom typically contains dead-zone formation as its decomposition-driven hypoxia arm.


Both contain rapid population growth, a peak and senescence, and a collapse that creates a second and often larger stress. The child fixes the population to algae or cyanobacteria, the enabling load to aquatic nutrients and physical triggers, and the collapse damage to toxins, decomposition-driven hypoxia, benthic shading, and internal-loading recovery.

A harmful algal bloom is the aquatic, species-keyed specialization of a bloom-and-bust cycle whose collapse becomes a second stressor.


Without an enabling nutrient load crossing the water body's assimilation envelope, the entry's control escape, runaway biomass, secondary oxygen depletion, and sediment-internal-loading tail no longer form its stated cascade.

The defined harmful-bloom cascade presupposes eutrophication as the nutrient-enrichment process that raises algal carrying capacity before the trigger fires.


It preserves the family frame of productive stock, accumulation, output, closure, and a long-run path, then fixes output per unit of capital and makes the saving rate determine the warranted growth rate without a stabilizing substitution response.

Harrod–Domar is the strict Economic Growth Model species with a fixed capital-output ratio, saving-determined warranted rate, and knife-edge instability.


The model defines the rate at which planned saving, investment, demand, and productive capacity are mutually consistent. Its knife-edge claim concerns failure to return after leaving that equilibrium, not absence of an equilibrium reference.

The warranted-rate Equilibrium is a strict but dynamically unstable reference inside the Harrod–Domar Model.


Growth above the warranted rate creates excess demand and induces investment that pushes growth farther above it; growth below the rate weakens demand and investment, pushing the system farther below. Output is routed back into the next investment input with the same sign rather than corrected.

Reinforcing Feedback around the warranted path is the strict mechanism that turns small Harrod–Domar deviations into cumulative expansion or contraction.


It inherits a hard reliable-throughput bound fixed by the medium and adds the Hartley formula, Nyquist sample rate, bandwidth in hertz, discrete signaling alphabet, and noiseless assumption that Shannon later generalizes.

Hartley's Law is Channel Capacity specialized to a noiseless bandwidth-limited channel whose ceiling is the product of signaling opportunities and the logarithm of distinguishable levels.


The child arranges key-value information under hash-distribution and load- factor invariants to make lookup, insertion, and deletion cheap while sacrificing order and paying collision and resize costs. This matches the live data-structure identity exactly.

A hash table is a data structure specialized to content-derived bucket addressing and an expected-amortized constant-time point-lookup profile.


Each player's best response is to differ from the opponent in the costly-fight regime, yielding two asymmetric pure equilibria and a symmetric mixture. The child fixes that general anti-aligned geometry to Hawk/Dove actions, V and C payoffs, the ESS interpretation, and the Bourgeois convention.

Hawk-Dove is the canonical anti-coordination game specialized to escalation versus display, a divisible prize, and a fight-cost parameter.


The game asks whether a resident strategy can be invaded by a rare alternative and reads its equilibrium accordingly. The child supplies the contest payoffs, regime ratio, animal-conflict labels, and named asymmetry refinement.

Hawk-Dove contains an invasion-resistant population strategy as its solution criterion in both the pure-Hawk and mixed V-over-C regimes.


The randomization is the model's canonical solution when fight cost exceeds prize value and neither pure population is stable. When prize exceeds cost, Hawk becomes dominant and the mixed constituent disappears, so the edge must preserve the source's explicit regime condition.

In the costly-fight regime, Hawk-Dove contains a mixed strategy whose escalation probability is fixed at V divided by C.


The cost-to-prize comparison is not a generic important number: crossing equality changes the qualitative response from dominance by escalation to an invasion-resistant randomized population. The child adds the exact payoffs, strategies, ESS interpretation, and V-over-C rate.

The game contains V equals C as the critical value separating a pure-Hawk regime from the mixed-strategy regime.


It inherits documented and enacted registers, their widening gap, an assurance apparatus sampling the nominal artifact, and a surfacing event. The child fixes the object to a hazard control and adds safety-specific decay drivers and functional-test remedies.

Hazard-Control Decay is Nominal vs. Actual Control specialized to a protective safeguard whose documented presence conceals eroded enacted protection.


It inherits systematic capability loss over time and the need for maintenance or recalibration. The child adds normalized workarounds, blind assurance, a hazard, and the distinction from absence, bad initial design, and overload failure.

Hazard-Control Decay is temporal degradation specialized to the protective effectiveness of a safeguard diminishing while its nominal artifact remains in force.


Schema-Bounded Blind Spot supplies a finite schema, an open target space, a missing slot, and false completeness after diligent within-schema work. HAZOP Guideword Miss adds the HAZOP apparatus and the downstream fact that a deviation never generated cannot acquire safeguards or risk assessment.

HAZOP Guideword Miss is the process-safety species of Schema-Bounded Blind Spot, where the finite schema is the guideword-times-parameter-times-node grid.


Headline-body mismatch specializes divergence between a compressed summary surface and the fuller substance it purports to represent. Summary Substance Divergence supplies the genus: An artefact's short summary surface and long substance surface, authored under different incentives and consumed by different audiences, drift apart into two truth-conditions. Headline-Body Mismatch preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Diagnose a news artefact as carrying two truth-values indexed to consumption depth — the headline claiming more than the body supports because the two surfaces are written by different actors under opposed incentives, so the headline-only majority acquires an unwarranted belief. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


The heap deliberately arranges information under a maintained invariant, makes root access constant and mutation logarithmic, and sacrifices full order and range access. Its binary, d-ary, Fibonacci, and pairing variants are representation choices within the same operation-profile genus.

A heap is a data structure specialized to a partial-order invariant that keeps one extreme cheap under continuous insertion and extraction.


A heap is not the cross-domain act of prioritizing, but its substrate- neutral structural core is a set of competing claims ordered by priority, with the extreme selected next while claims continue to arrive and depart.

Removing heap representation machinery leaves prioritization's discipline of keeping the most urgent open item available under continuing churn.


Allometry and Scaling Law supplies the form Y proportional to X raised to a characteristic exponent and the interpretation of that exponent as a scale fingerprint. Heaps' Law fixes X to token count, Y to cumulative distinct types, and the exponent to the sublinear regime below one, adding the never-saturating vocabulary and coverage interpretation.

Heaps' Law is the discrete-type-growth specialization of an allometric scaling law, with distinct types scaling as a power of accumulated observations.


Under the identity defined here, the sublinear, unbounded type-growth curve is the cumulative-sampling face of a Zipf-like frequency distribution. If the type pool were bounded or its rare tail exhausted quickly, vocabulary would saturate rather than continue as K times N to beta. The heavy tail is the generating precondition, not a constituent of the fitted curve itself.

Heaps' Law presupposes a heavy-tailed type-frequency generator whose many rare types keep entering the cumulative count as the sample grows.


The Hedonic Treadmill is adaptation specialized to gain-controlled re-referencing of subjective well-being toward an affective baseline after changed circumstances. Adaptation supplies the genus: Systems adjust to conditions. Hedonic Treadmill preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: The pattern in which subjective well-being rises or falls after a life change but drifts back toward a temperamentally stable baseline over weeks to years, because a gain-control mechanism recalibrates affective evaluation against recent experience. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


It contains a pre-event baseline, a perturbing life change, a measurable short-run displacement, a relaxation time, and a return curve toward a settled level. It specializes the general trajectory with subjective well-being, temperament, social comparison, aspiration adjustment, and the empirically incomplete and asymmetric character of hedonic adaptation.

The Hedonic Treadmill is a Transient Response specialized to a life-event perturbation of subjective well-being followed by recalibration toward an affective baseline.


A Mandelbug is a software defect whose manifestation depends on a difficult-to- reproduce joint runtime state. A Heisenbug satisfies that genus and adds a strict differentia: observation itself perturbs the timing, layout, or interleaving that closes the failure path, so the defect disappears or moves under the instrument used to inspect it.

A Heisenbug is the observation-perturbed subtype of Mandelbug, distinguished by the fact that the debugging apparatus changes the rare runtime state or timing conjunction that activates the defect.


A heisenbug is an observer effect specialized to software faults whose triggering timing or state is perturbed by debugging instrumentation. Observer Effect supplies the genus: Observation alters system. Heisenbug preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Name the software defect whose failure vanishes under observation because attaching a debugger, adding a print, or disabling optimization perturbs the timing window or interleaving it rides on — so disappearance-under-observation is the diagnostic tell, not evidence the bug is gone. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


Removing the genetic frame leaves a directed non-interchangeability between a single-copy position and a homolog-paired position under the masking swap test. Remove alleles, loci, chromosomes, ploidy, recessiveness, and phenotype vocabulary. Two positions differ in whether a second counterpart can buffer an effect; swapping the single and paired positions changes which side exposes it.


A Bayesian treatment preserves the logical confirmation verdict while assigning the white shoe a Bayes factor only infinitesimally above one and the black raven a non-trivial posterior effect. It is typical rather than strict because the paradox can be stated, and rival resolutions defended, without adopting this treatment; in the current account it is the principal quantitative dissolution.

The standard dissolution of Hempel's Paradox contains Bayesian updating to distinguish technically positive but vanishing evidence from a materially informative observation.


Remove the contrapositive and the observation of a non-black non-raven no longer reaches the original universal hypothesis through the equivalence condition, so the characteristic white-shoe inference disappears. Contraposition is therefore a strict logical constituent; the child adds Nicod's criterion and the confirmation-theory interpretation of the rewrite.

Hempel's Paradox contains contraposition as the equivalence-preserving rewrite from all ravens are black to all non-black things are non-ravens.


Black ravens and white shoes matter only as observable traces assessed against a universal hypothesis. Remove that defeasible trace-to-hypothesis relation and neither confirmation nor the dispute over its degree remains. Evidence supplies the relation; the child exposes a formal tension between binary confirmation and informativeness within it.

The paradox presupposes an evidence-to-hypothesis relation whose logical relevance and quantitative weight can come apart.


Nicod's criterion and confirmation under logical equivalence are each plausible, and contraposition is valid, yet their conjunction appears to make irrelevant non-counterexamples confirm an ornithological law. That is the live Paradox structure of acceptable commitments producing a revealing, unacceptable conclusion; the child specializes it to qualitative confirmation theory.

Hempel's Paradox is a paradox in which plausible confirmation principles license the unacceptable conclusion that a white shoe confirms a universal claim about ravens.


Registers, dialects, jargons, worldviews, and historical idioms are distinct types whose semantic contributions cannot be collapsed to one uniform voice without losing coverage and differential response. Heteroglossia adds shared- utterance copresence, dialogic interanimation, double-voicing, and a reader's technique inventory.

Removing Bakhtinian discourse furniture leaves functionally distinct types maintained together so their non-uniform responses expand what the whole can express.


The earlier epistemic state is not recovered as a sealed record. It is rebuilt after the outcome is known, so the realized path becomes more coherent and its alternatives less available. Reconstructive Memory supplies that present-input contamination of the past representation; the child specializes it to known outcomes and the memory, inevitability, and foreseeability shifts they produce.

Hindsight Bias contains Reconstructive Memory because outcome knowledge is folded into the retrieval-time representation of the prior situation and judgment.


The reproducible one-direction hindsight gap supplies the genus; memory reconsolidation, creeping determinism, unconscious insulation, and the three foreseeability levels are its cognitive differentia. Bias supplies the genus: Systematic, directional error distinct from random noise. Hindsight Bias preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: The tendency, once an outcome is known, to inflate its perceived prior probability and misremember one's own judgment as closer to it than it was, because outcome knowledge is folded into the memory of the prior situation and reconstructs rather than retrieves it. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.

Hindsight Bias is the outcome-informed reconstruction species of Bias whose remembered prior probability moves systematically toward the realized result relative to contemporaneous or outcome-blind judgments.


Hindsight Bias is the human-memory species in which outcome knowledge contaminates reconstruction of what was known or foreseeable before the outcome. Information available only after the indexed state changes a representation asserted to describe that earlier state. The carrier is a human retrospective judgment and the signed output is an inflation of remembered prediction, inevitability, or foreseeability.


A complete enforceable agreement fixing every relevant future allocation would protect the quasi-rent and remove the counterparty's renegotiation margin. The live prime supplies the gap, gap-handler or residual-rights allocation, and governance problem on which the economics mechanism operates.

Hold-up requires an acknowledged or unavoidable contractual gap that leaves a future contingency open to residual control and renegotiation after investment.


The investment creates the temporal leverage shift: before commitment the investor can choose another partner; afterward its non-redeployable asset worsens that exit option. Remove the relationship-specific value gap and the counterparty has no newly created exposure to exploit.

Hold-up cannot occur until one party sinks an asset whose inside-relationship value exceeds its next-best outside value and creates extractable quasi-rent.


The deal's value is conditional on assembling every required consent. The participants occupy distinct contribution or entitlement slots, the complete transaction is the whole, and the inability to substitute for a withheld slot is what makes that party pivotal rather than merely expensive.

Holdout contains a joint surplus whose non-substitutable participation slots must all be filled; more of one slot cannot replace the missing party.


Every participant is non-substitutable under unanimity: remove any one and the complementary surplus cannot be realized. That counterfactual flip is the prime's exact pivotality test, and the resulting marginal-contribution leverage explains why a small holder can demand a disproportionate settlement.

Removing legal-economic consent machinery leaves necessity under a collective outcome rule producing leverage beyond nominal share.


Homophony is the Musical Texture species with one lead melodic line and coordinated subordinate harmonic support. The parent supplies the genus and can occur without the child; the child preserves it while adding commitments the parent does not require.


Melody is the lead, chordal accompaniment and inner voices are support, musical time is the shared substrate, and voice-leading is the deference apparatus. Homophony adds pitch, harmony, cadence, and texture taxonomy.

Removing tonal music leaves one lead channel and coordinated subordinate channels that actively defer in prominence, timing, register, and direction.


The horizon is a structured knowledge framework assembled from generic conventions, prior works, cultural codes, publishing practices, and norms. It supplies defaults against which an artifact is registered and updated over time, exactly the slot-and-expectation work of a Schema. It adds a historical audience, aesthetic distance, and reconstruction method, while Schema also spans cognition, design, data, and institutions without that reception apparatus.

A Horizon of Expectations is a historically situated reception Schema whose slots and defaults encode what a community anticipates from a work.


The shared-artifact symmetry is a canonical observable signature of naive realism, but the live hostile-media identity also permits selective categorization or a partisan comparison standard without proving the full universalization-and-defect-attribution posture in every case.

Hostile-media perception typically realizes naive realism when each partisan experiences its own reading as neutral and explains balanced coverage's disagreement with that reading as bias toward the opponent.


The effect is defined by objectively balanced shared coverage yielding opposed against-our-side judgments in invested camps. Repetition sharpens the symmetric displacement; it does not converge the ratings on the source-allocation and framing target that anchors the diagnosis.

Hostile media effect is a bias specialized to a sign-stable displacement of neutrality judgments away from perception-independent content balance.


Removing the child’s frame leaves the reusable structure named by Motivated Reasoning. The child’s frame can be removed while the parent roles remain, so the edge records portable structural cargo rather than taxonomic identity.


Two strategically interdependent sellers share a demand field and choose positions rather than prices or quantities. Political, committee, and non-market uses preserve the positional game but do not instantiate a seller market.

In its commercial two-seller frame, Hotelling is the spatial-positioning species of oligopoly with fixed prices and nearest-provider demand.


Hotelling supplies a solved parametric location game. Its ratchet and comparative statics are specialized consequences of strategies whose payoffs depend on the joint positioning profile.

Removing spatial-market vocabulary leaves contingent strategic positioning in which each provider's best move is defined against the rival's position.


Each separated provider can gain share by moving inward; the process stops when no provider can improve share by moving alone. That joint best-response fixed point is the result the law predicts and then perturbs through assumption relaxations.

Hotelling's base result contains the no-profitable-unilateral-relocation profile at the median as its equilibrium claim.


The rule internally applies financial no-arbitrage: if the net price of an unextracted unit appreciates faster than the alternative market return, owners defer extraction, and if it appreciates more slowly, they accelerate extraction. That holding-versus-selling comparison and its convergence pressure are constituents of the rule, while the finite reserve, extraction cost, and transversality condition are the natural-resource additions.

Hotelling's Rule contains a no-arbitrage carry comparison in which an unextracted unit is an asset whose appreciation must match the available market return.


The rule equates the capital appreciation of the in-situ resource with the return available over the same interval. This is the present-value and compounding apparatus of Discounting (Present Value) operating inside the extraction decision: a future net price must be discounted, or today's net price compounded, before the two dated alternatives can be compared.

Hotelling's Rule contains present-value discounting because extraction now and extraction later are compared only after their dated returns are made commensurable at the interest rate.


The child retains the invest, accumulate, depreciate, return, and present- value accounting package and the cross-form commensurability claim. It adds a human substrate—knowledge, skill, experience, and health—plus Mincer earnings profiles, general-versus-firm-specific portability, Grossman health capital, and the schooling-versus-signaling dispute. Both sources explicitly identify human capital as one instance beneath the capital-stock frame.

Human capital is the capital-stock frame specialized to productive capacity embodied in people.


Active failure supplies the sharp-end unsafe-act constituent stratum of the staged HFACS whole. Remove the sharp-end act stratum and the taxonomy has no visible event whose upstream causal layers it was built to reclassify and trace. parent_in_child


Organizational influence failure is the apex constituent stratum of HFACS. Remove the organizational-influence apex and HFACS loses its defined top and its resource, climate, and process intervention layer. parent_in_child


Preconditions for unsafe acts are the third constituent stratum of HFACS. Remove the precondition stratum and HFACS can no longer separate the operator's immediate probability-shifting state from the act itself. parent_in_child


Unsafe supervision is the second constituent stratum of HFACS. Remove unsafe supervision and the framework jumps directly from organization-wide decisions to operator state, erasing its supervisory transmission layer. parent_in_child


HFACS is the human-and-organizational accident-investigation form of the Swiss-cheese model, adding a fixed four-level taxonomy and layer-indexed remedies. Remove HFACS, aviation mishap investigation, organizational influence, unsafe supervision, operator precondition slots, unsafe-act taxonomy, and layer-specific countermeasures. A hazard penetrates imperfect layered defenses through aligned active and latent holes, and analysis traces the complete trajectory rather than stopping at one visible failure.


Attention is a causal part of the law's mechanism: directing it to the mechanics of an automatic skill produces the characteristic degradation. Attention supplies an internal constituent: The selective allocation of a fixed processing capacity to some inputs while the rest are filtered out, surfacing scarcity upstream of every decision. Humphrey's Law requires that role within this mechanism: Consciously attending to a well-practiced automatic skill degrades it — declarative monitoring reinvested into a proceduralized pathway fragments and slows execution, which is why the expert chokes while the novice, who has no such pathway, does not. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Reinvested conscious attention is the intruding constituent that converts fluent execution into disruptive stepwise supervision.


Automaticity is the law's strict enabling condition; novices who still require declarative supervision do not exhibit the same reinvestment failure. Automaticity supplies the prerequisite condition: Execute a trigger-to-output pathway with little contemporaneous stepwise supervision, gaining speed and low control cost while sacrificing inspectability, interruptibility, and rapid adaptation. Humphrey's Law operates against that background: Consciously attending to a well-practiced automatic skill degrades it — declarative monitoring reinvested into a proceduralized pathway fragments and slows execution, which is why the expert chokes while the novice, who has no such pathway, does not. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption.

Humphrey's law applies only after a skill has entered a low-supervision automatic execution regime that conscious stepwise monitoring can disrupt.


The law is not mere attention use but destructive contention between two control modes over the same execution sequence. Interference and Contention supplies an internal constituent: Competing demands for shared bottleneck degrade throughput. Humphrey's Law requires that role within this mechanism: Consciously attending to a well-practiced automatic skill degrades it — declarative monitoring reinvested into a proceduralized pathway fragments and slows execution, which is why the expert chokes while the novice, who has no such pathway, does not. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Performance degrades because declarative monitoring contends with and fragments the already-running procedural pathway.


Both identities require one directing actor, a portfolio of qualitatively distinct instruments, a resistant target with siloed defenses, cross-instrument sequencing and calibration, and a combined effect greater than the same tools acting independently. Hybrid warfare retains that whole genus and fixes military, irregular, cyber, informational, economic and influence instruments; a violence- or coercive-law-backed escalation threshold; attribution ambiguity; and deterrence evasion.

Hybrid warfare is a multi-instrument coordinated campaign specialized to armed or near-armed contests whose response thresholds are deliberately straddled through overt-deniable blending and adversary-specific calibration.


In the canonical grey-zone mode, the defender's escalation ladder, legal frame, alliance commitments, and attribution standard form a discoverable decision boundary. The attacker searches for a mix that remains nominally below any single trigger while retaining the aggregate strategic payload, then adapts as the defender closes a route. Hybrid campaigns that openly cross the response line or use combined instruments without a stable rule- concept gap do not instantiate the full portable prime.

Below-threshold hybrid warfare typically instantiates adversarial boundary navigation by mapping a defender's response rule and preserving aggressive substance through individually non-triggering, deniable configurations.


Both require a fluid loop driven by density differences from a temperature gradient, with cool descent, heating, buoyant ascent, and bulk transport. The child fixes the fluid path to permeable rock and adds load-bearing rock-fluid chemical exchange, mineral transport, venting, and self-sealing.

Hydrothermal circulation is the reactive porous-rock specialization of convection.


Hypoxia is scarcity specialized to oxygen availability below the tissue-level threshold required for aerobic metabolism. Scarcity supplies the genus: A finite resource is insufficient to satisfy all competing wants. Hypoxia preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Define oxygen shortage at the tissue level, where availability falls below what aerobic metabolism requires — so five upstream causes converge on one cellular state of oxidative-phosphorylation failure, lactate fallback, and active HIF-mediated genetic remodelling around the deficit. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


The law's dependency-accretion mechanism cannot operate on behavior that no user can observe. Observability supplies the prior condition that makes an implementation detail available for reliance; it is not itself a constituent behavior or a kind of contract. This is why shrinking the observable surface, rather than merely the documented surface, is the law's effective intervention.

Hyrum's Law presupposes observability because only behaviors exposed to users can be sampled, depended upon, and converted into a de facto contract.


Removing the API vocabulary leaves a history-dependent constraint: early and repeated use of observable behavior creates dependents whose accumulated reliance narrows the system's later options. Hyrum's Law fixes the carrier as an interface's observable surface and makes the constraint scale with user count, but the durable dependence on prior states is the same structural mechanism named by Path Dependence.

Hyrum's Law is the software-interface form of path dependence, where accumulated reliance on historically observable behavior constrains later changes regardless of the published contract.


Every correct instance guarantees that processing the same message any number of times has the same net effect as processing it once. It adds an at-least-once channel, stable message IDs, a deduplication store, a retention window, and an atomic boundary around dedup and business effect.

The idempotent consumer pattern is idempotence specialized to absorbing redelivered messages by remembered identity at the business-effect layer.


In the performance branch, defensive self-evaluation consumes the same limited working-memory budget the focal task requires and becomes an internally generated load component. The relation is typical rather than strict because withdrawal, hostile attribution, and some belief-defense episodes can instantiate identity threat without measurable working-memory overload as Cognitive Load defines it.

Identity threat typically contains the extra working-memory demand of self-monitoring and defense competing with the primary task.


The child explicitly identifies itself as the Edwards-Aronson Type-B branch and retains the parent conditions of correct exposure, unintended harm, a drug-causal mechanism, classification, and post-market surveillance. It adds a small biologically defined responder tail, departure in kind from ordinary pharmacology, dose independence, trial invisibility, and the possibility of converting unpredictability into screening once a susceptibility factor is found. Type A and the C-F time/use branches prove the parent is wider.

Idiosyncratic Reaction is the Type-B Adverse Drug Reaction specialized by dose independence, qualitative novelty, and a rare susceptible subgroup.


Uniform exposure meets a responder population whose small biologically defined subset has a qualitatively different effect, often invisible to average-powered trials. The child adds Type-B adverse-reaction classification, genotype and immune mechanisms, pharmacovigilance, and screen-or-withdraw interventions to Distributional Effects' cross-unit heterogeneity.

Removing clinical vocabulary leaves one intervention producing structurally heterogeneous unit effects concealed by an aggregate or average response.


If-by-Whiskey requires a contested term with at least two live senses whose opposing connotations can be split into separate favorable conditionals. Polysemy supplies the prerequisite condition: Multiple meanings. If-by-Whiskey operates against that background: Take no real position on a contested issue by splitting its loaded term into two opposite-valence conditionals, asserting an unobjectionable stance on each and indexing neither to the actual case — so every audience hears what it wants while the speaker commits to nothing. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption.


IKEA Effect is Effort Justification specialized to successful personal construction of an identifiable product whose creator assigns it a valuation premium. Personally expended effort raises the attributed value of the attained result relative to matched nonbuilders or low-effort comparators. The result is a tangible or otherwise identifiable self-made product, construction is completed successfully, and the creator is the valuer.


Illusory Superiority preserves the crossover genus's self-versus-reference-group comparison, privileged access to one's own felt ability, under-modeled peer distribution, and task-dependent placement error. It adds the positive-sign regime: on easy, familiar, subjective, or socially desirable traits, a majority places itself above the group median. The sibling Worse-than-Average Effect fixes the negative-sign regime on difficult or expert-dominated tasks.

Illusory superiority is the above-average regime of the comparative self-assessment crossover, where easy, familiar, or desirable traits make self-anchored placement skew upward.


Function Mapping supplies the domain, codomain, and single-valued rule from each input to an output. Image adds the derived output collection, its inclusion in the codomain, the coverage test, and the factorization through that collection.

An Image requires a Function Mapping whose outputs can be collected and compared with its declared codomain.


Image frames the prime's full two-set comparison as im(f) against a declared codomain. Surjectivity is equality of the two, non-surjectivity is the gap, rank or measure reports the realized reach, and epi-mono factorization is the mathematical apparatus added by the frame.

Stripping function-theory vocabulary from Image leaves the realized output set, possible codomain, subset gap, and coverage question intact.


The failure preserves the focal image and changes what it can warrant by projecting away meaning-bearing surrounding state. Visual medium and misinformation use provide the domain differentia; the invariant-signal and removed-context operation is the general parent.

Image Decontextualization is Context Stripping specialized to an authentic visual artifact whose time, place, attribution, or sequence is removed while its pixels remain intact.


Mental model supplies the cognizer-held relational map; imageability supplies the physical element vocabulary and integration that make it vivid and navigable. Mental Model supplies the prerequisite condition: Internal system representation. Imageability operates against that background: Kevin Lynch's property of a physical environment that lets inhabitants build a vivid, navigable mental map of it, decomposed into five element classes — paths, edges, districts, nodes, landmarks — plus the integration that binds them into one coherent image. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption.

Imageability presupposes a mental model because it is defined by whether an inhabitant can construct, retain, and use an internal spatial representation.


Imageability is not wayfinding itself; it is the environmental support property that makes the live navigation structure succeed. Navigation supplies the prerequisite condition: A positioned agent moves through a structured space toward a goal using an incomplete map, staying oriented at each step. Imageability operates against that background: Kevin Lynch's property of a physical environment that lets inhabitants build a vivid, navigable mental map of it, decomposed into five element classes — paths, edges, districts, nodes, landmarks — plus the integration that binds them into one coherent image. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption.

Imageability presupposes navigation because its success criterion is that a positioned inhabitant with an incomplete map remains oriented while moving through local spatial choices.


Lynchian roles add spatial organization and integration; salience supplies bottom-up local contrast against surround. Salience supplies an internal constituent: A bottom-up, relational score by which items stand out from their surround before deliberate attention is allocated. Imageability requires that role within this mechanism: Kevin Lynch's property of a physical environment that lets inhabitants build a vivid, navigable mental map of it, decomposed into five element classes — paths, edges, districts, nodes, landmarks — plus the integration that binds them into one coherent image. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

Imageability contains salience because its paths, edges, districts, nodes, and landmarks must be perceptually differentiated before they can anchor one coherent city image.


Associative Property Transfer supplies a source carrying a property, an associative rather than evidential link, a target, and an update at that target. Implicit Egotism fixes the source as an agent's positively evaluated self, the property as affective valence, the link as name, birthday, possession, or other self-association, and the update as an automatic preference. Removing that psychological frame leaves the parent structure intact.

Implicit Egotism is the self-positivity specialization of Associative Property Transfer: positive valence flows from the self to a linked target without direct evidence about the target.


The text defines a durable audience slot by presuming knowledge, leaving inferences to complete, and inviting a stance; empirical readers may occupy, exceed, or resist that slot. This is Role's position-versus-incumbent separation specialized to literary reception. The Implied Reader adds an authored artifact and formal reconstruction from textual choices, while the broader Role can organize social, ecological, organizational, and software systems.

An Implied Reader is an artifact-encoded Role whose expected competences and interpretive acts attach to a receiver position rather than to any actual person.


Impossible Trinity is the international-monetary species of the general three-way pick-two Trilemma structure. Trilemma supplies the genus: Three desirable properties that cannot be jointly guaranteed, forcing a pick-any-two choice with a distinct dissolve-or-scope intervention catalogue. Impossible Trinity preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: A monetary authority can hold at most two of a fixed exchange rate, free capital mobility, and independent monetary policy because interest-rate parity and balance-of-payments adjustment make the third a residual. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


Impostor Syndrome stipulates strong external competence evidence and a standing belief that the competence is fake. Each credential, award, or successful performance is not merely missed; it is explained away as luck, charm, timing, or evidence that the deception still works. That is the live Confirmation Bias identity of a prior belief, an evidence-processing activity that could be symmetric, and a measurable asymmetry that favors belief-consistent interpretation over disconfirmation. The framed child adds a reflexive human self, competence identity, exposure anticipation, concealment costs, and peer-disclosure remedy.

Removing the competence-identity and fraudulence frame leaves a prior belief sustained by asymmetrically discounting or recoding every disconfirming success, an exact biased-interpretation branch of Confirmation Bias.


The child's defining two-track structure compares first-order performance and external validation with a second-order felt-competence estimate. Its self-assessment channel represents, monitors, and evaluates the agent's own cognition and task performance, producing confidence and belonging signals that can be compared against actual results. The live Metacognition prime explicitly allows such signals to be inaccurate; calibration is a quality metric, not an existence condition. Metacognition is therefore an internal constituent, not a taxonomic genus or merely a therapeutic tool.

Impostor Syndrome contains a second-order monitoring judgment in which the agent represents and evaluates the quality of their own competence and performance, even though that metacognitive signal is persistently miscalibrated.


Framing changes perception by selecting, configuring, foregrounding, and omitting features of a presentation. Impression management applies that structure reflexively: the represented object is the actor, the receiver is an evaluating audience, and the desired output is a particular attribution about identity, competence, morality, status, or affiliation. Every defined impression-management act frames a self-presentation, although most framing is about objects, events, or choices rather than the presenter.

Impression management is framing specialized to an actor's presentation of self, where selected cues make a desired public identity salient to an evaluating audience.


The audience may be physically present, imagined, recorded, or expected in the future, but the actor must treat conduct as observable and evaluable. Without that public side of the public-private distinction, there is no external impression to construct: private self-deception may remain, but it is not impression management. Public vs. Private Contexts supplies the audience-presence condition that makes reputation, face, and social evaluation behaviorally salient.

Impression management presupposes a perceived public context because its motive and cue construction require an audience whose evaluation can change the actor's social outcomes.


Imputation leakage is data leakage specialized to preprocessing statistics fitted with information from outside the training fold or decision-time boundary. Data Leakage supplies the genus: Information that should have been unavailable at decision time crosses the firewall into calibration, inflating measured performance until deployment exposes the gap. Imputation Leakage preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: The model-evaluation failure in which a missing-value repair step is fit across the train/test boundary, so its parameters encode facts about the held-out rows — inflating performance that survives into the test metric, because imputation, mentally filed as data cleaning, is really a model. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


The command node must exist continuously even as occupants change. ICS therefore includes declared assumption, a structured state briefing, explicit acceptance, broadcast to units, and formal termination as constitutive command-continuity machinery.

ICS contains a formal procedure that establishes one commander and transfers the role, authority, and operational state without a gap or overlap.


Each operational period is governed by a short ordered objective list that drives section assignments, tactics, forms, and period-end verification. Remove that re-aiming layer and the ICS planning cycle loses the shared output around which its parallel sections coordinate.

ICS contains per-operational-period Incident Objectives as the pivot translating durable intent into owned, measurable tactical assignments.


Incidents with multiple authoritative agencies typically require PIOs, joint clearance, rumor control, and a coherent public-message output. Small or single-agency incidents can perform the public-information function without a separately activated JIS, so the constituent is typical rather than universal.

Multi-agency ICS implementations typically contain a Joint Information System to coordinate public messaging while agencies retain substantive authority.


It inherits tiered authority with distinct scopes, downward strategy and resources, upward status and escalation, and lateral coordination. The child adds a rehearsed all-hazards template, five fixed functional sections, one- supervisor accountability, unified command, a 3-to-7 span band, common forms, and an operational-period planning rhythm.

ICS is layered coordination specialized to a pre-rehearsed, modular emergency command structure with bounded span, fixed functional sections, and bidirectional command/reporting flows.


Remove recurrence by operational period and the defining temporary setpoint, period-end comparison, and next-cycle revision disappear. Cadence is one internal constituent of the time-boxed control ritual.

Incident Objectives contain Cadence because they are reset on each operational period's recurring planning, execution, verification, and re-aiming beat.


Remove the common aim that fuses Operations, Planning, Logistics, and Finance around the same period priorities and the objectives become a list rather than the coordination spine of the incident plan.

Incident Objectives contain Goal Congruence Alignment by replacing many section-level interpretations of purpose with one ordered aim set every function must consult.


Remove Incident Command, operational periods, section chiefs, ICS-202, and Planning-P vocabulary. What remains is a specification of what is wanted mechanically lowered into measurable, owned aims that guide execution under a correctness relation to the larger purpose.

Incident Objectives decompose to Operationalization because they translate durable incident purpose into measurable, owned aims that can drive executable assignments and a later verdict.


Without differential reproduction and inheritance changing allele frequencies, the relatedness-weighted quantity is not a fitness measure and has no evolutionary maximand to summarize. Natural Selection supplies the prerequisite condition: A population of varying, heritable variants is filtered by a selection pressure so that the better-performing variants differentially reproduce or persist, shifting the population's composition over rounds — variation, selection, and retention as a substrate-neutral engine. Inclusive Fitness operates against that background: Redefine the quantity natural selection maximizes as an organism's own reproduction plus its effect on relatives' reproduction, each relative weighted by the coefficient of relatedness r, so a costly helping behaviour is favoured whenever rB exceeds C. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption.

Inclusive fitness presupposes natural selection acting on heritable variants across generations.


After relative prices are fixed at their new values, the income component asks how demanded quantity changes as real purchasing power changes. That counterfactual movement is read on an Engel Curve conditional on those prices. Remove the schedule and the sign that classifies the good as normal or inferior is no longer defined.

The Income Effect contains movement along an income-demand schedule at fixed prices, which is the defining Engel Curve construction.


The elasticity is not a free-standing response ratio. Its numerator and derivative are taken from the income-demand schedule for a particular good. Engel Curve supplies that schedule and the locality caveat; the child normalizes its slope and adds the sign and unit-threshold classifier.

Income Elasticity of Demand contains an Engel Curve because the coefficient is the normalized local slope of quantity against income at fixed prices.


It retains Elasticity's dimensionless fractional-response over fractional- stimulus form, fixes quantity demanded as the response and income as the stimulus, and adds the sign and unit-threshold classification into inferior goods, necessities, and luxuries.

Income elasticity of demand is elasticity specialized to the fractional quantity response of a good to a fractional change in consumer income.


The backlash retains expenditure on privilege-protecting activity rather than value creation and specializes the broad genus to an incumbent responding to a market entrant by moving the contest onto a non-market battleground.

Incumbent Backlash is the entrant-triggered species of Rent Seeking in which an incumbent expends political, legal, or institutional resources to protect threatened rents.


It preserves the threatened incumbent configuration, perturbing entrant, and structure-preserving counter-response, then adds rents, an incumbent capability stack, and a contest relocated from market merit to a non-market battleground.

Incumbent Backlash is Resistance to Change specialized to an established market actor defending threatened positions through organized non-market power.


An Inferior Good is defined by demand falling as income rises, equivalently an income elasticity of demand below zero. The measure is an internal criterion rather than the taxonomic genus of the good; without it the category has no operational or theoretical boundary.

The negative income-elasticity criterion is a constitutive internal part of the Inferior Good classification.


The planning child retains the bounded system, slack interior positions, capacity demand, intensify-versus-expand choice, distinct cost structures, and compounding boundary trajectory, then fixes them to parcels, infrastructure, growth controls, and urban politics.

Infill development is the land-use specialization of internal intensification, adding capacity on underused serviced parcels inside the urban boundary before extending that boundary outward.


The distinction is not a downstream use appended to inflation: it is a named structural commitment, the meaning of purchasing-power erosion, and the bridge to real wages, real GDP, Fisher decomposition, and redistribution. Inflation adds sign, persistence, basket-wide common movement, causes, and policy.

Inflation contains the nominal-versus-real conversion that turns a rising price level into shrinking purchasing power and deflates monetary series.


The source makes the agentive boundary explicit: without a utility-bearing anticipator there is no one for whom knowing is worse. The avoider has a represented goal such as affect relief or obligation escape, a model of what the signal is likely to reveal, and an action-selection coupling that chooses not opening, not asking, delegating, or designing the signal away.

Information avoidance presupposes agency because it requires a system to forecast the consequence of knowing, pursue a preserved benefit, and select an action that prevents signal receipt.


Decision supplies the genus: Committing to one alternative from a set under uncertainty and trade-off, collapsing open deliberation into a chosen path and foreclosing the others. Information Avoidance preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Actively decline information that is freely available because the anticipated content carries disutility — affective pain, identity threat, or an unwanted obligation — so the resulting non-knowledge is a chosen decision, not an absence. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.

Information Avoidance is a specialization of Decision, retaining the parent's defining structure while adding the child's specific commitments.


The construct is defined by utility attaching to information states, not merely to underlying outcomes. Without an evaluator-relative ordering of knowing and not knowing, no content can be anticipated as disutility- bearing and declining a free signal reduces to access failure, inattention, or arbitrary non-consultation.

Information avoidance presupposes preference because anticipated disutility is an ordering of the not-knowing state above the knowing state in the relevant context.


The positive domain node covers whether goal-relevant capabilities and destinations enter a user's bounded exploratory option set through usable cues. Scent failure is its misleading-cue branch: the cue is encountered, but vocabulary, specificity, category, or staleness makes the desired target effectively unreachable through that route.

Information-Scent Failure presupposes the graded Discoverability property whose encountered cue sends exploration away from the intended destination.


Strip menus, hyperlinks, labels, snippets, clicks, bounce analytics, and interface remedies. The exact remaining object is a local cue used before path cost is paid to predict a destination whose cue-content correlation is too weak or wrong to guide search.

Information-Scent Failure is the HCI navigation form of a broken Information Scent relation between a local cue and a distal destination.


Both identities require an interleaved contest, per-actor decision cycles, a tempo asymmetry, a response-forcing condition, a stable reactive posture, the failure of merely reacting faster, and recovery by changing the move-space. Initiative Loss adds the strategic-studies valuation and military diagnostic vocabulary but no additional portable role.

Removing OODA, manoeuvre doctrine, and initiative-as-operational-currency language leaves the exact decision-cycle-subordination structure.


Data and directives share a stream that a downstream interpreter reparses; a boundary marked by content rather than construction lets attacker-shaped input become SQL, shell, markup, template, deserializer, or model control. Parameterization and context-specific encoding are the software mechanisms for restoring the general channel separation.

Injection weakness is control/data channel confusion specialized to software interpreters, untrusted input surfaces, and inertization rules.


The inner-platform effect is the failure mode of an embedded sub-system built atop a host platform; it presupposes a platform_design context (a host with a customisation surface) and names the degenerate re-implementation that surface invites. It is the cautionary dual of platform design. Platform Design supplies the prerequisite condition: extensible core systems. Inner-Platform Effect operates against that background: A system built on top of another tends to re-implement the host's facilities inside itself, badly, because the embedded sub-system's customisation surface is narrower than the host's while the requirements arriving at it are not bounded by that narrowness. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption. The typical qualifier limits the claim to the characteristic route, not a constitutive requirement of every instance; exceptions must retain the child's identity through another mechanism.


This is the domain hierarchy the flat prime-only view obscures: the accounting layer contains and aggregates validated-learning events; it is not merely a sibling practice that happens to share Learning or Experimental Design.

Innovation Accounting literally uses validated learning as its unit of progress and maintains a balance of assumptions confirmed versus still open.


Learning remains a direct whole-layer core even though Validated Learning is a constituent: the accounting system's output and progress criterion are themselves accumulated state change that must alter later behavior.

The ledger counts durable belief updates that carry forward to change later tests and strategy, rather than activity or transient metric movement.


The leap-of-faith assumption, actionable metric, evidence cut, and review event form the how-level procedure; the correctness contract is whether those measures genuinely discharge uncertainty reduction rather than reward activity.

The practice lowers the vague specification “make progress under model uncertainty” into an executable ledger of hypothesis-tied measures and decisions.


Customer demand and margin filters make sustaining investments locally rational, but they exclude the initially inferior disruptive trajectory whose performance later overtakes the mainstream. Local Optimum carries that structural trap; incumbency, customers, margins, and disruption supply the business frame.

Removing incumbent-management vocabulary leaves a system selecting the best reachable moves in its current neighborhood while missing a superior trajectory outside it.


The dilemma is produced by accumulated commitments rather than a single bad choice. Earlier success constructs the evaluation criteria and organization that keep later capital on the sustaining path. Path Dependence is therefore an internal mechanism, not merely historical context.

Existing customers, cost structures, and resource-allocation routines constrain which innovation paths the incumbent can rationally fund.


An adaptive opponent searches the reachable gap between a deployed rule's representation and the concept it was meant to capture, choosing an input on the allowed side that yields the preferred output. Pixels, prompts, sensor returns, biometric presentations, and behavior histories are modality-specific coordinates over the live prime's rule-concept gap and continuing defender-attacker update game.

Input manipulation is adversarial boundary navigation specialized to a fixed deployed decision system, attacker-constructible input manifold, perturbation budget, and robust-accuracy metric.


A deserializer is not merely decoding values: its object hooks, type tags, gadget constructors, or resolution semantics can execute behavior. When untrusted serialized content reaches that power without a type allow-list or inert format, well-formed data becomes control under the runtime's authority.

Insecure deserialization is injection weakness specialized to a parser that reconstitutes behavior-bearing objects from attacker-controlled bytes.


The method defines and estimates a causal effect under an explicit identification warrant. Its differentia are an instrument Z satisfying relevance, exclusion, and exogeneity, an estimator isolating the instrument-induced component of treatment, and a conclusion scoped to the treatment margin the instrument moves.

Instrumental Variables are Causal Inference specialized to identification by relevant, exogenous variation reaching the outcome only through treatment.


The IV recipe begins from X being endogenous and searches for Z whose relevance moves X while exclusion and exogeneity isolate variation uncorrelated with the error. The first-stage/reduced-form ratio is a remedy for that failed exogeneity condition. Endogeneity supplies the exact model- relative problem; IV adds a three-condition source of identifying variation, the ratio or 2SLS estimator, weak-instrument gate, and complier-local scope.

Instrumental-variable identification presupposes an endogenous treatment whose correlation with the model error destroys the naive causal coefficient.


In its canonical observational branch, IV locates a lottery, genotype, weather shock, geographic accident, administrative rule, or practice variation outside the analyst's control. Relevance, exclusion, and exogeneity are the branch-specific substantive defence of the parent design's as-if-random assignment, and LATE names the population actually moved. Randomized encouragement instruments are deliberately installed by an experimenter and therefore fall outside the natural-experiment genus.

A found instrumental-variable design is a natural experiment whose real- world exogenous variation shifts treatment and reaches outcome only through it.


Both abstractions require a bounded representation, a value that crosses its capacity without an adequate signal, and a downstream consumer that treats the corrupted representation as authoritative. Integer overflow adds the computing-specific differentia of fixed-width integer fields and binary arithmetic semantics, including modular wraparound and signed-overflow behavior.

Integer overflow is the fixed-width binary-arithmetic species of silent representation overflow, with modular wrap, truncation, or saturation producing an ordinary-looking value that downstream code trusts.


Without entities, discrete categories, and an assignment rule there are no labels whose convergence can be measured. IAA audits the reproducibility of that classification operation rather than supplying the categories itself.

Inter-Annotator Agreement presupposes Classification because its raters must independently assign the same items under one fixed category scheme.


Remove kappa, alpha, marginal corrections, and rater terminology and the remaining structure is independent repetition of one specified procedure with convergence treated as evidence that the procedure reproduces. The domain entry adds the rater-scheme-item setup and chance-corrected readout.

Inter-Annotator Agreement is the categorical-coding instrument for testing whether a fixed procedure reproduces across independent applications.


Proxemic distance, gaze, touch, silence, timing, gesture, and vocal tone are exact internal sites where shared surface behavior acquires different meanings across cultures. Textual and document-only exchange need not contain this cluster.

Embodied intercultural exchange contains culturally calibrated nonverbal channels whose mismatched decoding rules generate predictable frame gaps.


Code-switching is an authored repair lever, not a universal requirement. Parties can share one language yet differ culturally, or use brokers and meta-communication without any speaker alternating codes.

Multilingual participants may repair or manage a cultural gap by switching deliberately among linguistic codes in response to audience and discourse goals.


A culturally familiar proposition may be privately known by both parties yet not mutually recognized as available for inference. The field diagnoses exactly that silent common-ground failure below a grammatically shared surface form.

Intercultural frame gaps are failures of mutually recognized presupposition, and repair promotes hidden assumptions into explicit shared ground.


Cultural difference alone is insufficient. The branch applies only when the systems collide in a way that produces resistance or forces renegotiation; many intercultural exchanges are successfully bridged without such incompatibility.

When communicative frames encode incompatible values or obligations, the gap becomes cultural friction requiring negotiation, modification, or hybrid practice.


Intercultural communication is not reducible to this round trip, but scheme mismatch is a distinct portable core. A channel can carry an utterance perfectly while decoder conventions still recover a different obligation or intention.

The same surface code yields different recovered meaning when sender and receiver use culturally divergent schemes for directness, hierarchy, silence, and face.


The entry explicitly distinguishes word translation from cultural mediation. Brokerage and meta-communication bridge what counts as direct, obligated, polite, or salient across frameworks rather than merely replacing code tokens.

Frame-level cultural repair maps meaning between non-identical conceptual systems, preserving function while surfacing losses lexical substitution cannot reach.


The rate is the monetary operationalization of time value: it converts principal and dated cash flows into present-value equivalents. Compounding, tenor, yield curves, Fisher decomposition, risk spreads, arbitrage, and central-bank transmission are the child's domain differentia.

Removing monetary-market vocabulary from an interest rate leaves the present-versus-future value relation that prices delayed receipt.


The principle operates by measuring a consumer's method footprint on an interface and splitting unused obligations away. Without a contract surface that hides implementation while clients depend on its members, there is no fat interface, change blast radius, or segregated role interface.

Interface segregation presupposes a rule-governed dependency surface whose exposed contract can be compared with each client's actual use.


Each client should depend only on a coherent module of capability it uses. Splitting by usage footprint contains change behind smaller boundaries and permits roles and providers to evolve independently.

ISP is modular decomposition applied to a contract surface, partitioning a fat interface into independently changing role-sized units.


Interior inherits ambient-topology relativity and the neighborhood-room criterion from Open Set. It adds a containing set A, maximality among its open subsets, the interior operator, and the interior-boundary-exterior partition.

Every Interior is an Open Set distinguished as the unique largest open subset contained in a specified set.


The equality int(int(A)) = int(A) is one of the Kuratowski interior axioms. Interior adds contraction into A, preservation of the whole space and finite intersections, and its topological interpretation.

Interior contains Idempotence as the operator law that taking the interior of an already-open interior changes nothing.


Without negatively coupled pursuit of the limiting resources, low disturbance has no active exclusion filter and the left side of the two-mechanism explanation disappears. Competition supplies an internal constituent: Rivalrous pursuit of a scarce prize where one party's gain is another's loss. Intermediate disturbance hypothesis requires that role within this mechanism: Species diversity peaks at intermediate levels of disturbance because two filters collapse it at the extremes — competitive exclusion when disturbance is too rare, differential mortality when it is too frequent — leaving an inverted-U with an interior maximum. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

The low-disturbance arm contains competition because uninterrupted rivalry lets dominant species exclude weaker competitors and collapse diversity.


Remove functionally distinct species types and their richness and the predicted inverted-U has no response variable or coexistence claim left. Diversity supplies an internal constituent: Maintaining functionally distinct types within a system so that variation provides resilience and coverage that uniformity cannot. Intermediate disturbance hypothesis requires that role within this mechanism: Species diversity peaks at intermediate levels of disturbance because two filters collapse it at the extremes — competitive exclusion when disturbance is too rare, differential mortality when it is too frequent — leaving an inverted-U with an interior maximum. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.

The hypothesis contains diversity as the response variable whose interior maximum it predicts and whose survivor composition diagnoses either arm.


The canonical coexistence window contains early- and late-successional occupants at once, but an inverted-U can also be supported by competition and mortality without strong occupant-driven substrate modification or an ordered sere.

Intermediate-disturbance explanations typically contain ecological succession because disturbance resets stages before late competitors exclude early occupants.


Both assert a response that rises with a driver to an interior maximum and then falls because a different mechanism dominates each side. The child fixes the driver to disturbance, the response to species diversity, the rising-side mechanism to interrupted competitive exclusion, and the falling-side mechanism to repeated differential mortality.

The intermediate disturbance hypothesis is the community-ecology specialization of an inverted-U response.


Remove the two-mode distribution with a depressed intermediate band and there is no missing middle for the differential-burden test to explain. Bimodality supplies only the shape; the child adds a removable institutional rule, historical reversibility, and a change-the-rule intervention.

Intermediate-Scale Option contains Bimodality because populated extremes separated by a sparse middle are its necessary observed signature before the producing rule can be diagnosed.


Remove the causal conclusion and its identifying design and there is no treatment-effect warrant for the threat catalog to validate. Internal validity is a property or audit result of an inference, not the process of drawing that inference from data.

Internal Validity presupposes a Causal Inference whose in-setting warrant it audits against confounding, selection, history, attrition, and other threats.


The canonical Cook-Campbell use audits a controlled or quasi-experimental design and ranks randomization, blinding, blocking, and preregistration above post-hoc adjustment. The live experimental-design node supplies that deliberate assignment-and-measurement architecture. The relation is not strict because internal validity is also assessed in observational studies that use analytic identification without controlled treatment assignment.

Internal validity typically presupposes experimental design because its strongest threat controls are built into assignment and measurement before analysis.


Randomized trials, policy assignments, and controlled A/B tests realize the child's strongest warrant by externally setting treatment and severing treatment-confounder links. That is the live intervention signature. The relation is typical rather than strict because matching, discontinuity, and other observational or quasi-experimental analyses can evaluate a causal claim without the study itself performing a literal graph surgery.

Internal validity typically audits whether an externally assigned treatment produced the outcome after its normal incoming causes were controlled.


Nonverbal Communication is an internal channel cluster rather than a kind of Interpersonal Communication. Conditional scope preserves text-only and other mediated dyadic exchanges where most of the embodied inventory is unavailable.

Synchronous embodied interpersonal exchange contains nonlexical gaze, prosody, gesture, spacing, touch, timing, and appearance as simultaneous meaning channels.


Convergence and divergence are the communication-specific realization of selective internal or behavioral reconfiguration under external pressure. After the communication_media frame is stripped away, the retained structural roles are those of Accommodation: Systems modify internal structure or behavior in response to external pressures. Interpersonal Communication adds the local frame and commitments expressed in its identity: Study meaning as co-constructed turn by turn in dyadic exchange, reading every utterance on two simultaneous layers — content and relational — and tracking a small running state (common ground, face, repair) whose updates give the trajectory. The parent pattern remains recognizable without that vocabulary, while the child is the framed realization of it. That preservation test establishes decomposition rather than taxonomic subsumption.

Joint regulation continually modifies pace, register, disclosure, and signaling behavior in response to the other party while preserving participant identity.


Common ground is one tracked state variable, not a synonym for the whole field. Its recursive mutual recognition explains why an early uncorrected misalignment propagates through subsequent indexical and elliptical turns.

Turn-by-turn interpersonal exchange builds and updates a mutually recognized body of propositions that later turns can safely presuppose and abbreviate.


The repair routine is distinct from the common ground it restores and from the face redress that may accompany it. Tracking the open repair is explicitly part of the field's compressed running state.

Interpersonal joint regulation detects divergence, pauses the primary exchange, repairs shared meaning through a meta-communicative move, and resumes.


This prime is the exact live carrier for the entry's face-management layer. It remains separate from factual common ground and from repair of a detected understanding divergence.

Every interpersonal turn also manages relational standing, so face threat, redress, register, and indirectness shape the exchange trajectory beyond content.


Both arrange for a formal program's semantics to become running behavior and fix where implementation work is paid. Interpreter adds the strict differentia of per-execution fetch-decode-act dispatch by an always-present engine, with the program retained as data and no standalone target artifact.

Interpreter is the Program Realization Strategy species that directly enacts a represented program during every run through a resident engine and emits no independently runnable artifact.


Remove the maintained value stack, binding environment, heap, call stack, instruction position, and the transition rules that each decoded unit applies, and fetch-decode-act can no longer execute a program. The full runtime configuration plus the next unit is the sufficient state from which the interpreter produces the next configuration and observable action.

An Interpreter contains a state-and-transition execution loop in which each decoded program unit transforms the maintained runtime configuration that determines the next step.


The host surface is the sharply tracked focal signal, the reader-community's available canon and prior works are the loosely tracked surround, and the activated allusive or parodic layer is the jointly determined content. Intertextuality adds literary relation types and recognition conventions.

A fixed host text acquires different content under the external reference field a reader can bring to it, instantiating surround-selected meaning.


A mechanical link is only citation or dependency. The entry's load-bearing variable is uptake: the same surface is flat for a reader without the field and acquires an added meaning layer for one who recognizes the allusion, parody, quotation, generic relation, or transformation.

An intertextual relation becomes meaning-bearing only through a competent reader's constrained recognition and decoding of the referenced work.


It specializes the hidden-state, designed-channel, joint-record, target-marginal, and channel-crossing structure to interview procedures. Elicitation Channel Contribution supplies the genus: The recorded representation of a system's unobserved state is a joint product of state and the elicitation channel, so the analyst's marginal of interest is recoverable only by controlling the channel. Interviewer Leading preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Treat every recorded answer as the sum of the respondent's underlying state and the elicitation channel's own response function, since the act of asking — wording, presupposition, anchoring, order, interviewer affect — contributes content to the answer rather than transparently retrieving it. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.

Interviewer leading is the human active-asking subtype of elicitation channel contribution, where wording, presupposition, order, options, affect, and register write channel content into an answer.


Introspection illusion presupposes a second-order judgment about one's own first-order mental process; without metacognitive monitoring there is no introspective self-assessment to overweight. The parent can occur independently, but without it the child’s mechanism is undefined; this is prerequisite dependence rather than subsumption.


Both require a newcomer crossing a pathway into a host whose control repertoire is absent or too slow, followed by lag, rapid expansion, displacement, and hysteretic reconfiguration. The child fixes newcomer and host to biological populations and ecosystems, constraints to predators, pathogens, competitors, and resources, and impact to recipient-community damage.

Invasive-species release is the literal ecological specialization of the invasive-species control-mismatch pattern.


Remove the reusable argument templates and the canon loses the enumerated search space whose coverage makes the canvass auditable rather than improvisational. Topoi supply the named move-forms; invention supplies the ordered search discipline applied to them.

Rhetorical invention contains the topoi as its finite indexed catalogue of places to search for candidate arguments.


It inherits a searchable space, retrieval procedure, coverage criterion, and selection boundary. The child fixes the space to candidate arguments and adds the first rhetorical canon, coverage-before-quality, and canvass-before-commit.

Rhetorical invention is search and retrieval specialized to canvassing a structured argument space before selecting what to advance.


An inverse agonist is not merely a blocker: it has negative intrinsic efficacy and drives constitutive activity below the unliganded baseline. Efficacy supplies the signed activity coordinate, target-specific response ceiling, and dose-independent class boundary that makes that claim meaningful.

Inverse Agonist presupposes Efficacy because it occupies the negative region of the same intrinsic-activity scale used for full and partial agonists.


At a constitutively active receptor, the ligand stabilizes the inactive state and suppresses signaling below baseline. The child adds receptors, conformer selection, negative intrinsic efficacy, affinity conditions, and the explicit contrast with a neutral antagonist to Inhibition's general blocking pattern.

Removing receptor vocabulary leaves an external agent that actively lowers an otherwise ongoing transformation rather than merely denying access.


Officeholders gain information and procedural advantages, develop interests in continued tenure, and reshape the institution against rank-and-file preferences, instantiating the principal–agent mechanism inside the larger three-force thesis.

Systematic divergence between member-principals and professional leader-agents is one constituent of oligarchic crystallization.


Without many interdependent members whose activity must be aligned, Michels's technical-necessity force does not arise; coordination cost is the precondition that opens the leadership niche.

The law presupposes a scale-driven coordination problem that creates demand for a permanent specialized apparatus.