Reconsolidation is memory consolidation specialized to re-storing a previously consolidated item after retrieval makes it malleable again. Memory Consolidation supplies the genus: Converting a newly encoded trace from a fragile, overwritable form into a durable, interference-resistant one through a slow post-encoding stabilization process. Reconsolidation preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: A stored item returns to a malleable state when retrieved and must be re-stored, so every retrieval is a read-modify-write and a potential edit of the original. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


A stale authoritative record is a proxy that has decoupled from the reality (target) it describes while still driving decisions, fitting the named-children pattern (alongside Goodhart, sensor drift, etc.). Proxy-Target Divergence supplies the genus: An apparatus calibrated against a proxy keeps operating on it after the proxy-target relationship has silently decoupled. Record-Reality Divergence preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: An authoritative record of an external state drifts from the reality it describes while remaining the basis for downstream decisions. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association. The typical qualifier limits the claim to the characteristic route, not a constitutive requirement of every instance; exceptions must retain the child's identity through another mechanism.


A typed cross-system sameness verdict (equivalent/near-match-with-loss/ambiguous/no-match) that deliberately BLOCKS the transitive closure an equivalence_relation enjoys; presupposes the equivalence machinery precisely to control where it must not apply across two sets. Equivalence Relation supplies the prerequisite condition: Groups elements into equivalence classes. Record Reconciliation operates against that background: Matching records across two naming systems and declaring, for each pair, a typed sameness verdict with explicit conditions of preservation and loss. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption. The typical qualifier limits the claim to the characteristic route, not a constitutive requirement of every instance; exceptions must retain the child's identity through another mechanism.


Recruitment variability is variability specialized to externally driven differences among discrete incoming cohorts whose signatures persist through a stock.

It inherits measurable dispersion across instances and adds a sensitive entry window, weak control by current stock, lifespan persistence, and age-structured echoes. Variability supplies the genus: Differences across instances. Recruitment Variability preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: A stock replenished by discrete cohorts whose size is set by environmental conditions at an early sensitive window — not by current stock — develops persistent, age-structured echoes from which cohorts were lucky. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


Recursive Attenuating Amplification is typically a specialization of Amplification, retaining the parent's defining structure while adding the child's specific commitments.

Amplification supplies the genus: Increase signal or disturbance. Recursive Attenuating Amplification preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: A one-shot input recirculating through a leaky operator with sub-unit retention produces a bounded total response of input/(1−k). The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association. The typical qualifier limits the claim to the characteristic route, not a constitutive requirement of every instance; exceptions must retain the child's identity through another mechanism.


Red Teaming In Strategy is the framed or domain-specific realization of Wargaming; removing the local frame leaves the parent's structural relation intact.

After the military_strategic_studies frame is stripped away, the retained structural roles are those of Wargaming: Rehearse a plan against an adaptive opponent, turn by turn, to surface the assumptions it hid. Red Teaming In Strategy adds the local frame and commitments expressed in its identity: Build an independent, role-protected adversary whose job is to attack the plan before reality does. The parent pattern remains recognizable without that vocabulary, while the child is the framed realization of it. That preservation test establishes decomposition rather than taxonomic subsumption.


Strategic red teaming is external analytic challenge strengthened with an adversarial brief, institutionally separated role, protected authority, and contracted pre-commitment response. Both install a competent outside challenge to expose assumptions and failure modes while the primary work can still change, with findings routed back before commitment. Red teaming requires an explicit adversarial perspective, protected organizational authority, role separation, and capture-resistant reporting that the broader genus does not.


Redundancy is a specialization of reserve in which the maintained surplus takes the form of duplicated components that can substitute on failure.

Redundancy is a specialization of reserve. The general reserve pattern is a deliberately maintained surplus of capacity beyond expected need, valuable precisely because available when demand exceeds expected. Redundancy specializes this by giving the surplus a particular form: duplicated components whose failure-independence allows any one to maintain function if others fail. The same hold-surplus-against-shock logic of reserve applies, with component duplication as the specific implementation and fault tolerance as the specific shock to absorb.


Self-checking uses redundancy (the partially-independent path) and adds a comparator that extracts an error signal. After the systems_cybernetics frame is stripped away, the retained structural roles are those of Self Checking: A system detects errors in its own output by computing the answer through partially-independent paths and comparing. Redundancy adds the local frame and commitments expressed in its identity: Duplicate critical components. The parent pattern remains recognizable without that vocabulary, while the child is the framed realization of it. That preservation test establishes decomposition rather than taxonomic subsumption.


Maintaining two oppositely-optimised persistent substrates presupposes redundancy (the duplicate path), adding a periodic transfer mechanism that consolidates rather than masks. After the systems_cybernetics frame is stripped away, the retained structural roles are those of Two-Store Architecture: A fast interference-prone store and a slow integrated store coupled by a periodic transfer mechanism, paying for both speed and integration by maintaining two oppositely-optimised substrates. Redundancy adds the local frame and commitments expressed in its identity: Duplicate critical components. The parent pattern remains recognizable without that vocabulary, while the child is the framed realization of it. That preservation test establishes decomposition rather than taxonomic subsumption.


'Refactoring is a transformation, but a BEHAVIOR-PRESERVING one — it is the specific member of the transformation family constrained by the equivalence invariant.' A clean specialization of transformation. Transformation supplies the genus: A rule-governed mapping that restructures an input into a different output, holding certain invariants fixed while altering others. Refactoring preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Change internal structure while preserving observable behavior. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


Reference Cadence Exceeds Tracking Bandwidth presupposes Feedback, whose structure must already obtain for the child mechanism to be meaningful or operational.

Feedback supplies the prerequisite condition: Outputs influence inputs. Reference Cadence Exceeds Tracking Bandwidth operates against that background: When the signal a closed loop must track changes faster than the loop's bandwidth, persistent error follows that no amount of executor effort can close. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption.


Reference-point dependence presupposes comparison because an outcome obtains its sign and value only through contrast with the selected baseline. Remove the outcome-to-reference comparison and no signed departure exists, so moving the reference cannot change the outcome's classification or value. Reference-point dependence is an evaluation regime built on a comparison, not every comparison or a taxonomic species of comparing.


Reference Standard Decay is a specialization of Proxy-Target Divergence, retaining the parent's defining structure while adding the child's specific commitments.

Proxy-Target Divergence supplies the genus: An apparatus calibrated against a proxy keeps operating on it after the proxy-target relationship has silently decoupled. Reference Standard Decay preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: A measuring apparatus keeps scoring against a reference standard that has silently drifted, so its numbers stay stable while their meaning shifts. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


Refinement presupposes feedback because each iterative improvement requires evaluating the current candidate and routing that judgment back to adjust the next pass.

Refinement is the iterative sharpening of a candidate through repeated cycles of evaluation and adjustment, which structurally requires that the output of each round (the current candidate's quality) be routed back to shape the next round's input. Without feedback's closed loop — output measured, signal returned, input modified — there would be no mechanism by which iterations could accumulate progress; refinement would collapse into one-shot creation or undirected variation rather than the directed convergence that defines the pattern.


Refinement is the specific shape iteration takes when each cycle progressively sharpens the precision, quality, or fitness of a candidate.

Refinement is the convergence-toward-fitness particularization of iteration: each cycle takes a current candidate, evaluates it, and produces a sharpened successor that becomes the input to the next cycle. Where iteration names repeated application of a step with cumulative use of prior outputs generally, refinement fixes the progress notion as monotone improvement toward precision or fitness, the state carried as the current candidate, and the operation per cycle as evaluation-and-adjustment — a particular shape iteration takes when an initial approximation is being progressively sharpened.


A refractory period is intrinsic rate limiting specialized to an automatic post-action interval during which the same unit cannot act again.

It caps one identifiable unit's action rate over time, inheriting the structural effect of a temporal budget. Its differentia are that the limit is imposed by the unit's own post-action state, starts immediately after firing, and expires after a recovery interval rather than being administered by an external counter.


Reframing is framing specialized to a before-and-after operation in which the referent stays fixed while a replacement frame changes how it is interpreted.

Framing supplies a presentational or contextual structure that changes what an observer notices, infers, or values. Reframing is the strict specialization that starts with an already active frame, substitutes another frame over substantially the same referent, and compares the changed meaning or action implications. Every reframe therefore performs framing, while an initial framing need not replace anything and is not yet a reframe.


Reframing is the interpretive species of Frame Change, preserving a referent while replacing the frame that assigns its meaning and implications.

Frame Change supplies the broader genus: a referent is preserved while an operative coordinate, classificatory, tonal, or interpretive frame is replaced and bridged. Reframing preserves that structure and adds an interpreting agent or community plus a change in meaning, salience, evaluation, or action. Non-interpretive frame changes can occur without Reframing, establishing strict subsumption.


Regime Change is a State Transition between qualitatively distinct stable regimes with altered governing dynamics.

Regime Change retains the general before-state, transition, and after-state structure and adds a change between stable operating regimes whose feedback, attractor, or governing-response structure differs qualitatively. The broader parent admits ordinary state changes without that regime-level discontinuity.


A regime-transition plateau necessarily contains declining marginal gains from the strategy that powered the first regime.

Diminishing Returns supplies the exhaustion arm of the conjunction. If additional use of the incumbent strategy still produced undiminished gains, the system would not be stalled between regimes; it would merely have an optional future capability to develop. The plateau identity therefore requires diminishing returns inside it, while adding the absent, qualitatively different successor-capability arm that Diminishing Returns alone does not contain.


Prior-regime investments and beneficiaries typically constrain the pivot, although an exogenous capability gap can produce the plateau without strong historical lock-in.

A successful first regime commonly leaves specialized assets, routines, skills, evaluation criteria, and beneficiaries that raise the cost of building its successor. This history-shaped constraint deepens many transition plateaus, but it is not universal: a successor capability may simply be unavailable or slow to mature even when the inherited path is easy to abandon.


Register shifting is the specific shape accommodation takes when speakers selectively adjust linguistic form to context, audience, or task.

Register shifting is the structurally-particularized form accommodation takes in the sociolinguistic case: the system (the speaker) modifies internal structure (lexical, syntactic, phonological selections) in response to external pressure (formality, audience, mode) to remain coherent without rupturing identity. It inherits accommodation's commitment to selective internal adjustment that preserves the system under external demand, particularized to the case where what is adjusted is style position along a register continuum.


The specific three-party form of indirection — provider, consumer, and a registry that is its own addressable entity — whose payoff is turnover survival (a provider can relocate without consumer change). Indirection is the abstraction's structural parent; registry-mediated discovery uses indirection but adds the registry, the stable-name/mutable-location split, and turnover survival. Indirection supplies the genus: Introduces intermediary references. Registry-mediated discovery preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Agents find each other through a shared registry rather than by direct reference: a named indirection mapping stable identifiers to current locations, so coupling survives turnover. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


Regression to the mean is a kind of probability phenomenon in which extreme observations re-measure closer to the population mean due to transient noise.

Regression to the mean is a specialization of probability: it follows directly from the calibrated quantification of uncertainty when observations decompose into a stable component plus a transient random component. It inherits probability's coherence apparatus — sample space, conditioning, expectation — and particularizes it to the conditional-expectation case where an extreme initial draw, conditioned on, predicts a less extreme re-measurement. The magnitude (1−r) times the initial deviation is a direct consequence of bivariate distribution structure.


Regression to the mean presupposes bias because uncorrected use of extreme-selected observations yields a systematic offset away from the underlying mean.

Regression to the mean presupposes bias because failing to account for the regression effect when selecting on extreme initial values produces a systematic displacement: extreme observations re-measure closer to the mean, and treating the change as causal effect introduces an offset proportional to (1 minus correlation) times the initial deviation. Without bias's framing of systematic-rather-than-random displacement, the regression phenomenon would be mere noise; instead it is a predictable directional offset that survives averaging, generating spurious causal claims (drug works on the sick, second-novel slump) unless corrected.


Regret presupposes Comparison: it is the value gap measured between the realized outcome and a counterfactual alternative.

Regret is the difference an agent registers between the outcome obtained and the better outcome a forgone alternative would have produced. Computing that gap requires placing the actual and counterfactual outcomes under a shared evaluative frame and reading off a greater-lesser relation. Without Comparison as the underlying operation, no value gap can be formed, so regret presupposes the alignment-and-difference machinery that comparison supplies, applied retrospectively to chosen versus unchosen paths.


Regret presupposes Decision: there must have been a prior commitment among alternatives before retrospective evaluation can register a gap.

Regret is meaningful only after an agent has selected one alternative from a set and foreclosed the others; it then evaluates the realized path against unchosen counterfactuals. Without a prior Decision — the act of collapsing deliberation into commitment — there is no chosen-versus-foregone pair to compare and no commitment whose costs can be registered. Regret therefore presupposes the decision event as the structural precondition of its own evaluative geometry.


Regret presupposes modal reasoning because the value gap it registers is a comparison between the actual outcome and a counterfactual alternative.

Regret presupposes modal reasoning because its defining structure is retrospective comparison of the realized outcome against the better outcome a forgone alternative would have produced. That comparison requires quantifying over a space of possible-but-unrealized alternatives and evaluating a counterfactual conditional, which is exactly what modal reasoning supplies via its operators over accessible alternatives. Without the prior availability of structured reasoning over what could-have-been, regret reduces to a brute affective response with no benchmark against which to register the gap between actual and alternative.


Regularization is 'a MODIFICATION of the objective — adding a penalty term — that changes which extremum is sought; it presupposes an optimization but is not one.' Presupposes-parent. Optimization supplies the prerequisite condition: Finds best solution under constraints. Regularization operates against that background: Add a tunable soft penalty on the complexity of a candidate solution to a fitting procedure, trading data-fit against complexity by an explicit weight chosen for out-of-sample performance. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption.


Regulatory capture presupposes institution because it is the redirection of an institution's rule-enforcement apparatus toward the interests it should regulate.

Regulatory capture presupposes institution because the dynamic operates on the durable rule-complex Stigler analyzes: a regulator is an institution -- a self-reproducing set of rules, roles, and shared expectations enforcing a mandate -- and capture is the redirection of that institutional apparatus to serve private rather than public interests. Without institution's framing of enduring rule-enforcement structure beyond individual actors, capture collapses into mere corruption. Capture is institutional precisely because the rule-complex itself becomes the instrument, not just particular officials.


'Capture is one instance of rent-seeking — an agency taken over by the interests it regulates'; rent_seeking names the direction-of-effort criterion wherever an allocation channel exists. rent_seeking is the genus, regulatory_capture the species. Add rent_seeking as parent. Rent Seeking supplies the genus: Expending real resources to capture a larger share of existing value by working the rules that govern allocation, rather than to produce new value. Regulatory Capture preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Regulated agents gain influence over institution redirecting it. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


Rehearsal is maintenance specialized to preserving a capability through repeated near-live execution and feedback before it is needed at full stakes.

Both expend effort before failure to preserve future function. Rehearsal adds a particular intervention: rerun the whole action in a lower-stakes but behaviorally faithful setting, observe performance, and correct between iterations. It is distinct from bare refresh in Maintenance Rehearsal.


Reification is a failure that befalls an abstraction: the constructed summary is identified with its substrate and the audit trail atrophies. Presupposes an abstraction to corrupt; the pathology is the lost provenance, not the abstracting. Abstraction supplies the prerequisite condition: Focus on core elements. Reification operates against that background: An abstraction designed to summarise a substrate is treated as the substrate itself, with the audit trail back to the original allowed to atrophy. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption.


Reward prediction error is a common internal teaching signal in reinforcement, updating value or action strength from expected-versus-received reward.

In prediction-based reinforcement systems, the loop computes received reward or bootstrapped return minus expected value and uses that internal signal to change action probability or value. The error is a constituent of the larger consequence-driven process, not the whole process and not its taxonomic genus.


Reinforcement is the OPERANT core of conditioning (action-strengthening-by-consequence); conditioning_behavioral is the broader umbrella (incl. Pavlovian). Conditioning (Behavioral) supplies the genus: Learning via association. Reinforcement preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: An action's consequence selectively changes the probability of that action recurring under similar conditions. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association. The typical qualifier limits the claim to the characteristic route, not a constitutive requirement of every instance; exceptions must retain the child's identity through another mechanism.


Reinforcement is a specialization of Natural Selection, retaining the parent's defining structure while adding the child's specific commitments.

Natural Selection supplies the genus: A population of varying, heritable variants is filtered by a selection pressure so that the better-performing variants differentially reproduce or persist, shifting the population's composition over rounds — variation, selection, and retention as a substrate-neutral engine. Reinforcement preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: An action's consequence selectively changes the probability of that action recurring under similar conditions. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


Asset specificity is the specific condition that ELEVATES transaction-cost frictions into a hold-up problem; high specificity CAUSES high transaction costs via appropriable quasi-rents. A driver presupposing the transaction-cost frame (Williamson). Transaction Costs supplies the prerequisite condition: Frictions in exchange. Relationship Specific Investment operates against that background: Resources spent to build an asset whose value is highest inside one specific relationship and drops sharply outside it, creating asymmetric hold-up exposure. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption. The typical qualifier limits the claim to the characteristic route, not a constitutive requirement of every instance; exceptions must retain the child's identity through another mechanism.


A relationship-specific investment contains an irreversible commitment decision: resources are sunk into a configuration and cannot be costlessly restored or redeployed once the partner-specific asset exists.

The exposure is measured by the restoration or redeployment gap between the asset's inside value and next-best outside value. Preserving reversibility reduces specificity and forfeits surplus; committing irreversibly creates quasi-rent and closes alternative paths—the prime's exact choice spectrum.


Release From Controlling Context is Constraint Release specialized to an actor separated from its home regulators by transfer into a recipient context lacking them.

The child retains the general pattern of intrinsic capacity, an actively suppressive constraint set, a composite prior baseline, and removal or separation from the suppressor. It adds explicit home and recipient contexts, non-portability of the constraint set, a transfer boundary, and the joint-attribution error that mistakes the constrained home equilibrium for an actor-only property.


Remediation is legacy integration specialized to a successor medium that selectively carries forward an older medium's conventions while exploiting new substrate affordances.

Both preserve selected structure from a predecessor across a discontinuous migration into a successor. Remediation adds a medium change, quoted older forms used as legitimacy scaffolding, progressive shedding of substrate-bound conventions, and divergence through affordances unavailable to the predecessor.


A renewal process is recurrence specialized by reset events and distributed interarrival times. The parent supplies the genus and can occur without the child; the child preserves that structure while adding commitments the parent does not require.


Interarrival, survival, and hazard functions require a probability measure over event times. The parent can occur independently, but without it the child’s mechanism is undefined; this is prerequisite dependence rather than subsumption.


Renormalization is a kind of abstraction: it retains only the long-distance structure that matters for the use at hand and discards the rest.

Renormalization coarse-grains shorter-scale degrees of freedom and rescales to produce an effective description in which irrelevant couplings flow away and only the load-bearing structure remains. That is the move of abstraction: a purpose-relative projection from a concrete original onto the features that matter for the reasoning at hand, with the rest deliberately dropped. Renormalization specializes abstraction by tying the projection to a scale-flow and a universality argument about what survives.


Renormalization is a kind of invariance: universal long-distance behavior is preserved across the flow's rescalings at a fixed point.

Renormalization-group flow drives the effective theory through a space of couplings, and its fixed points are precisely the loci where the theory is unchanged under further rescaling. The universal critical exponents and long-distance behaviors observed across disparate microscopic systems are features preserved under the rescaling transformation. That makes renormalization a specialization of invariance: a named family of transformations (the RG flow) leaves a named feature (the fixed-point physics) unchanged.


Renormalization is the specific shape scaling and scale dependence takes when coarse-graining defines an explicit flow of effective theories across scales.

Renormalization is the structurally-particularized instance of scaling and scale dependence in which the dependence is captured by a concrete procedure: integrate out shorter-scale degrees of freedom, rescale, and read off how the effective theory's couplings change with scale. It carries forward the general scaling-and-scale-dependence commitment that dominant physics, mechanisms, and bottlenecks shift qualitatively as scale changes, and gives this idea its specific apparatus: a flow in theory space whose fixed points, attractors, and relevant or irrelevant perturbations determine which microscopic features survive at macroscopic scales.


Removing hippocampal, software-buffer, simulation, and review framing from replay leaves post-encoding stabilization that converts a fragile trace into durable structure.

Strip the source of the captured sequence, the biological or computational storage medium, and the particular offline window. The preserved role is a post-encoding process that reactivates a fragile trace so it becomes more durable and interference-resistant: Memory Consolidation. Replay names one exact mechanism for it.


Reporting-Pyramid Undercount is Selection Bias specialized to an ordered sequence of non-random inclusion gates whose capture fractions multiply.

It retains Selection Bias's defining mismatch between the target population and the systematically selected observed sample, then fixes the selection mechanism to a sequence of reporting or ascertainment stages. Each stage admits a non-random fraction of the events surviving the previous stage, so both the total and composition of the final count can diverge from the true event population.


Representation presupposes abstraction because mapping a target onto a medium requires first deciding which features of the target to retain.

Representation is the structured mapping of a target system onto a medium that preserves selected features under a stated convention while deliberately dropping others. The selection of which features to preserve is itself an abstraction — purpose-relative retention of structure that keeps what matters for a given use and discards what does not. Abstraction supplies the prior judgment about what is load-bearing; representation then mechanizes that judgment as a faithfulness-claiming mapping. Without the abstract selection in place, the representational mapping has no principle by which to choose what features its medium should carry.


Representational modality is a specialization of representation that focuses on the medium (visual, auditory, tactile) through which content is encoded.

Representational modality is a specialization of representation. Specifically, it instantiates the target-to-medium mapping by fixing attention on which medium carries the encoding -- visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, multimodal -- and on how the choice of medium reshapes what can be expressed, what is easily understood, and what actions become available. Like every representation, it commits to a faithfulness claim under stated conventions; modality is the subclass that varies the substrate while holding the represented system constant, exposing differential cognitive load and behavioral consequences.


Representational Structure Mismatch presupposes a representation whose target, medium, mapping, and purpose-relative faithfulness claim can be compared at the level of relations. Representation supplies the prerequisite condition: Model complex ideas. Representational Structure Mismatch operates against that background: A representation preserves its target's elements but misstates one or more task-relevant relations among them, so content can appear complete while its shape licenses the wrong traversal, inference, or action. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption.


Reproducibility and replicability are a specialization of verification in which the conformance check is repeating the study to confirm the finding.

Reproducibility and replicability are a kind of verification specialized to scientific findings: the object being checked is a reported result, the specification is the claim made about an effect, and the procedure is independent repetition — computational reproduction with the same data or replication with fresh data under similar conditions. They inherit verification's commitment to checking conformance against a stated criterion via a defined evidence-producing procedure, and supply the particular evidence-source — repeated independent execution — that constitutes valid checking in the scientific domain.


Reputation is the specific shape feedback takes when an agent's prior conduct loops back through third parties to shape future treatment.

Reputation is the specific shape feedback takes when the output is an agent's conduct and the return path runs across time and across observers. The agent's behavior at t feeds into a public record; that record shapes how third parties treat the agent at t+1, which feeds back into the agent's incentives for behavior at t+1. The loop closure feedback requires is realized through the information channel third parties maintain, and the present value of future reputation premiums disciplines current quality through the same input-from-prior-output structure feedback names.


Requisite Variety presupposes Adaptive Capacity: matching disturbance variety draws on the regulator's reserve of internal states and response options.

Requisite variety holds that a regulator must possess at least as much internal variety as the disturbances it absorbs. Sustaining that match across novel disturbances requires the regulator to draw on a reserve of latent states, flexibilities, and learning mechanisms it can reconfigure when current responses are exhausted. That reserve is exactly Adaptive Capacity. Requisite variety presupposes adaptive capacity because the variety requirement is unsatisfiable in changing environments without the reorganization reserve that adaptive capacity supplies.


Requisite Variety is a kind of constraint: it imposes a binding lower bound on the regulator's variety relative to disturbance variety.

Requisite variety states that only variety can absorb variety, formally V(R) >= V(D) / V(E), so any regulator failing the inequality cannot hold essential variables within bounds. The inequality functions as a binding restriction on admissible regulator designs: configurations below the threshold are not feasible candidates regardless of other merit. That is the defining structure of a constraint, here specialized to cybernetic regulation and the variety budget it demands.


Requisite variety presupposes diversity because a regulator can only absorb disturbance variety if its response repertoire contains functionally distinct types.

Requisite variety presupposes diversity because its core inequality, V(R) at least V(D)/V(E), requires that a regulator's available states be functionally distinct from one another so that each can absorb a different disturbance type. Diversity supplies the general notion of meaningful variation across elements where the variation has functional consequences; requisite variety is the cybernetic theorem that, without sufficient functional diversity in the controller's repertoire relative to the environment's disturbance repertoire, essential variables cannot be held within tolerance.


RDF is a systematic, directional inferential error (false-positive inflation) produced by an un-audited comparison budget — a specialized inferential bias arising at the analysis/reporting stage, distinct from random noise. is-a bias in the inference pipeline.


Reserve is the framed or domain-specific realization of Mobilization; removing the local frame leaves the parent's structural relation intact.

After the engineering_design frame is stripped away, the retained structural roles are those of Mobilization: Latent capacity is activated, channeled into directed action, and then sustained or returned to rest. Reserve adds the local frame and commitments expressed in its identity: Deliberately maintained surplus held beyond expected need so the system can absorb variation, uncertainty, or shock without failing. The parent pattern remains recognizable without that vocabulary, while the child is the framed realization of it. That preservation test establishes decomposition rather than taxonomic subsumption.


The reserve is one named component of economy of force — the hedge against decisive-point misidentification. 'reserve is one component of economy of force, not the prime.'. After the engineering_design frame is stripped away, the retained structural roles are those of Economy Of Force: Deliberate minimum-sufficient under-resourcing of non-decisive efforts so that mass can be concentrated at the decisive point. Reserve adds the local frame and commitments expressed in its identity: Deliberately maintained surplus held beyond expected need so the system can absorb variation, uncertainty, or shock without failing. The parent pattern remains recognizable without that vocabulary, while the child is the framed realization of it. That preservation test establishes decomposition rather than taxonomic subsumption.


A Reservoir-Flux Network presupposes a conservation law that closes internal transfers over its declared boundary.

Without conservation closure, changes in named stocks need not equal internal inflows minus outflows plus explicit boundary exchange, and the structure is only a stock-and-flow graph. Conservation Laws supplies the invariant bookkeeping constraint; Reservoir-Flux Network adds multiple named reservoirs, directed fluxes, rate laws, and a boundary over which that constraint makes mass-balance reasoning auditable.


Prediction errors are the observed-minus-predicted objects that residual analysis collects and examines for remaining structure.

Remove the model-relative residuals and there is no leftover series on which to test trend, autocorrelation, heteroscedasticity, or other structure. Residual Analysis is the method that studies a collection of Prediction Errors against a noise specification; the individual error signals are constituents of that method.


Resilience is a kind of homeostasis that maintains essential function under disturbance, either by returning to setpoint or reorganizing within a regime.

Resilience is a specialization of homeostasis: it is the closed-loop self-regulation capacity to hold key variables (or regimes) within acceptable bounds against perturbations. It inherits homeostasis's sensor–comparator–actuator structure but generalizes the response repertoire beyond simple setpoint restoration to include regime maintenance under wider perturbations and adaptive reorganization. The engineering, ecological, and adaptive senses of resilience are progressively richer specifications of homeostatic regulation under increasingly demanding disturbance regimes.


Resilience is a specialization of robustness in which the maintained function is reached by absorbing disturbance and recovering or adapting rather than only by graceful degradation.

Resilience is a specialization of robustness in which the maintained function is achieved through absorption-and-recovery dynamics: returning to the prior state, remaining within a regime, or reorganizing to preserve essential function. It inherits the general robustness commitment of sustained adequate function across a wide envelope of perturbations and conditions, and specializes by emphasizing the time-extended response to disturbance: absorbing the hit, then returning, persisting, or transforming. Robustness names the static envelope; resilience names the dynamic trajectory back into it after a disturbance.


Resilience is a specialization of adaptive capacity focused on absorbing disturbances and continuing essential function.

Resilience is a specialization of adaptive capacity. Adaptive capacity is the reserve of latent resources, flexibilities, and slack determining how effectively a system can reorganize itself when disturbances exceed first-tier regulation. Resilience specializes this by focusing on the function-preserving aspect: absorbing disturbances and continuing to function, either by returning to prior state, remaining within a regime, or reorganizing while maintaining essential function. The general reorganization-reserve principle of adaptive capacity supplies the substrate; resilience names the particular outcome — sustained essential function under disturbance.


Resistance to change presupposes inertia because organizational and social resistance manifests the general structural pattern of trajectory-persistence requiring force to alter.

Resistance to change is the tendency of human and organizational systems to defend their existing structures, processes, and identities against alteration, requiring active effort to overcome the forces reinforcing the current state. This is a particular case of the general inertia pattern: a system's default behavior is continuation of its current trajectory, with departure requiring force proportional to the change desired. Inertia supplies the structural commitment — trajectory-persistence-against-net-zero-force — that organizational resistance instantiates with human, social, and structural restraining forces as its specific mass.


Resistance to change is the specific shape equilibrium takes when driving forces toward alteration balance against restraining forces preserving the status quo.

Resistance to change is the specific shape equilibrium takes in human and organizational systems when the balanced quantities are driving forces (toward change) and restraining forces (toward the status quo), and the balance is preserved against perturbations that propose alteration. It is a structurally-particularized instance of a balance condition holding against transformations, with the added commitment that the restraining forces are not mere inertia but active, often legitimate, psychological and social commitments — habits, identities, relationships, mental models — whose weight must be specifically weakened or counterbalanced for the equilibrium to shift.


Resistance to change is the specific shape homeostasis takes when human and organizational systems regulate against alterations to their established state.

Resistance to change is the specific shape homeostasis takes when the regulated variables are organizational routines, identities, processes, and mental models, and the corrective mechanism is the array of psychological and social forces that push back when those variables drift from their established settings. It is a structurally-particularized instance of closed-loop self-regulation maintaining a setpoint against disturbance, with the added commitment that the regulation is performed not by a dedicated physiological loop but by distributed human responses — habit, identity defense, coalition formation — that collectively sense deviation from how-we-do-things-here and act to restore it.


Resolution Matching is scale specialized to the fit between a resolver's discrimination scale and the smallest distinction a task must preserve.

Scale supplies the level of granularity at which a system observes, records, or acts. Resolution Matching specializes it by introducing a second, task-required scale and classifying the relation as under-resolution, sufficient fit, or costly over-resolution.


Resonance presupposes Feedback: amplitude builds because energy returned through the system's own dynamics constructively reinforces the input.

Resonance is the disproportionate amplification that occurs when driving forces match a system's natural frequencies, with the buildup arising because the system's prior oscillatory output returns in phase to constructively amplify subsequent input. That accumulation requires Feedback — output rerouted back to influence subsequent input — as the underlying structural arrangement. Without the loop, energy cannot accumulate selectively at the natural frequency, so resonance presupposes feedback as the substrate on which frequency-selective amplification rides.


Resonance is a specialization of temporal synchronization and phase alignment in which constructive amplification occurs when driver phase matches a natural frequency.

Resonance is a specialization of temporal synchronization and phase alignment in which the phase relationship at issue is between an external driver and a system's natural frequency. It inherits the general phase-alignment commitment that aligned phases produce constructive coherence and amplification while misaligned phases cancel, and specializes by fixing one party to a system with a frequency-peaked response function and showing that energy accumulates efficiently exactly when the driving phase tracks the natural-frequency phase, with amplitude limited only by damping.


Resonance is a specialization of amplification in which the gain is frequency-selective and powered by stored oscillatory energy at a matched natural frequency.

Resonance is a specialization of amplification in which the gain mechanism is the cumulative storage of energy in a system driven near one of its natural frequencies. It inherits the general amplification commitment that an input controls a much larger output drawing on a separate energy source, and specializes by making the response frequency-dependent, peaked at the natural frequencies, and limited by damping. The amplifying "power supply" is the system's own oscillatory storage, and gain can become arbitrarily large as damping vanishes.


Resource management presupposes allocation because acquiring, provisioning, and reclaiming finite resources requires assigning supply across competing demands.

Resource management is the operational discipline of handling the full lifecycle of finite resources — acquisition, provisioning, monitoring, reclamation — and at its heart sits the moment of assigning supply across competing consumers. Without allocation's machinery of assigning limited supply to competing claims under feasibility constraints, the management discipline would have no central act to coordinate around: scarcity would not translate into a distribution decision, and competing demands could not be served from a common pool.


Propagation is one of the two processes in the race; this prime is the COMPARISON of propagation against a containing response, with a threshold at the crossover. Presupposes propagation as one term. Propagation supplies the prerequisite condition: The systematic spreading of a signal, effect, or state from a source through a medium or network, where the medium's structure governs how fast it moves, how it attenuates, and which paths it follows. Response-vs-Propagation Race operates against that background: Containment wins or loses by timescale comparison. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption.


Responsibility attribution is the specific shape causality takes when the directed assignment runs from outcome back to agents under normative gating.

Responsibility attribution is the specific shape causality takes when the cause-effect relation is read backward for the purpose of apportioning credit or blame to agents. The causal apparatus -- antecedent, consequent, productive connection, modal robustness -- supplies the input: the counterfactual-dependence test asks whether the outcome would have differed had the agent acted otherwise. Attribution adds normative gates (control, foresight, fault) that select which of the causal contributors bear responsibility, transforming bare causal facts into a directed assignment from effects to morally answerable sources.


The retention dynamic depends on uncertainty about an element's hidden function or the consequences of removing it. Uncertainty supplies the prerequisite condition: Incomplete knowledge. Retention Under Removal Uncertainty operates against that background: A durable system accumulates obsolete-but-not-removable elements because each removal decision faces an asymmetric cost that loses individually and wins only in the integral. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption.


A specific design pattern within maintenance for handling labels that must change (sunset of new use and read-back guarantee and migration signal). A specialization of the general keep-a-system-in-working-order activity, scoped to naming systems. Maintenance supplies the genus: Sustained preventive work that keeps a system's intended function intact against inevitable degradation, acting ahead of failure rather than repairing after it. Retired Term preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: A label withdrawn from new use but kept resolvable for existing references, with its retired status and successor publicly marked. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association. The typical qualifier limits the claim to the characteristic route, not a constitutive requirement of every instance; exceptions must retain the child's identity through another mechanism.


Reversibility is the PROPERTY (can a change be undone in principle); return_path is the separately-designed INFRASTRUCTURE that makes reversal operationally available. The infrastructure presupposes the property — a system reversible in principle may have no return path in practice. Reversibility and Irreversibility supplies the prerequisite condition: Actions or transitions may or may not be undone or reverted. Return Path operates against that background: Every forward-flow pipeline serving goal-directed users requires a separately-designed backward channel whose optimisation criteria invert the forward channel's. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption.


Is emphatic: 'Revealed preference is an INFERENCE METHOD... RIDING ON the deeper notion preference. The recovered ranking is what one estimation procedure produced under its axioms, not the agent's valuation as such.' It presupposes preference (the latent valuation it recovers). Preference supplies the prerequisite condition: Agent's ordering over a choice set on some evaluative dimension. Revealed Preference operates against that background: Infer latent value from observed choices rather than stated reports. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption.


Decomposition is an internal operation in reverse engineering, separating an existing system into components and relations before its design logic is reconstructed.

Reverse engineering works backward from an existing artifact or observable system to recover its components, interfaces, operational logic, and design rationale. Decomposition is an internal operation within that larger process: the analyst separates the whole into independently examinable parts and maps their relations before using abductive inference and validation to reconstruct how and why the system works. Decomposition is therefore necessary internal machinery, but it does not exhaust reverse engineering's inference, documentation, or validation commitments.


Reverse engineering is the specific shape abductive reasoning takes when inferring design intent backward from an observed artifact.

Abductive reasoning is inference to the best explanation: starting from an observation, the reasoner posits the hypothesis that, if true, would best account for it. Reverse engineering is the particular shape this move takes in engineering and analysis: starting from an assembled product or executing system, the reasoner infers the underlying design intent, component relationships, and architectural choices that best explain the observed form and behavior. It is a structurally-particularized instance of ampliative inference whose target hypothesis is design intent and whose evidence base is observable final form.


Reversibility horizon is the specific shape reversibility takes when reversal cost rises over time, converting a reversible decision into an effectively irreversible one.

Reversibility horizon is the temporal-threshold particularization of the reversibility-versus-irreversibility dimension: it names the moment in a decision's timeline at which the cost of reversal crosses the cost of committing forward. Where the parent prime treats reversibility as a structural property of actions, the horizon adds the time dimension along which that property degrades, so that an action which was reversible early becomes effectively irreversible later as sunk costs, ecosystem dependencies, and lock-in accumulate.


Reversibility horizon presupposes path dependence because the rising reversal cost over time is the mechanism by which prior decisions lock in future options.

Reversibility horizon requires that the costs of reversing a decision accumulate as a function of the historical trajectory — sunk investments, ecosystem dependencies, downstream commitments — which is precisely the path-dependence mechanism. Without the prior commitment that current options are constrained by the specific sequence of past choices rather than by present conditions alone, there would be no rising reversal cost to define a horizon, and the closing of the window would have no causal substrate.


Revisionism is a specialization of interpretation in which an existing interpretive consensus is treated as provisional and tested against new inputs.

Revisionism is a kind of interpretation specialized by its stance toward existing consensus readings: the prior interpretation is explicitly held as provisional, and new evidence, perspectives, or theoretical lenses are brought into contact with it to test, partly revise, or replace it. It inherits interpretation's commitment to recovering meaning from a representational substrate within a framework that constrains available readings, and supplies the specific case where the framework itself is held corrigible by design and successor interpretations are themselves offered as further open to revision.


Revisionism is the specific shape refinement takes when an interpretive consensus is treated as provisional and incrementally revised against new evidence.

Refinement is the iterative process of progressively improving the precision or fitness of a candidate through cycles of evaluation and adjustment, starting from an initial approximation rather than first principles. Revisionism is the particular shape this pattern takes in interpretive disciplines: an existing consensus is treated as the current approximation, new evidence or perspectives are brought to bear, and the consensus is partially revised and offered for further revision. A structurally-particularized instance of refinement whose specific medium is interpretive consensus and whose feedback signal is new evidence or perspective.


Revocation Closure presupposes Authority because some recognized issuer must have standing to create and later invalidate the grant.

Without a recognized right to issue a binding grant or status, there is no authoritative withdrawal whose reach can be evaluated; raw causal interruption is not revocation.


Complete reachability over the grant's actual live effect set is a strict constituent of Revocation Closure.

The property fails if even one active manifestation or derivative lies beyond every revocation pathway, so the required target set must be covered by the issuer's invalidation mechanisms.


A finite revocation horizon is a strict constituent because eventual withdrawal with no upper time bound does not provide operational closure.

Revocation Closure claims not merely that all effects may someday end but that every active effect becomes invalid within a declared finite interval; Boundedness supplies that deadline property.


Reward prediction error is prediction error specialized to reward or value predictions and value-policy updating.

Both compute a signed operational residual between a prediction and a realized observation. Reward Prediction Error fixes the predicted quantity to reward, return, or value and fixes the main consumer to a value estimate, policy, or reward-linked association. Generic forecast, sensor, and reconstruction residuals remain instances of Prediction Error without becoming reward errors.


Rhetorical Velocity presupposes Modularity, whose structure must already obtain for the child mechanism to be meaningful or operational.

Modularity supplies the prerequisite condition: Breaks systems into smaller units. Rhetorical Velocity operates against that background: Compose an artefact in anticipation of how others will cut, remix, and forward its fragments. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption.


Rhythm is a specialization of recurrence that organizes repeated events into accented hierarchical patterns generating expectation.

Rhythm is a specialization of recurrence. Specifically, it instantiates the pattern-reappearance-across-time structure with the additional commitment that the repetitions are organized into accented groups laid over a recurring frame, so that each event is heard as strong or weak, on-time or displaced, against the established expectation. Like other recurrences, it has identifiable spacing and triggers; rhythm is the subclass where the repetition becomes a parsing structure for time, with information carried in how stresses confirm or violate the recurrent template.


Rights vs. freedoms is a kind of normative framework that distinguishes claim-entitlements from constraint-absences within the ought-side of a domain.

Rights vs. freedoms is a specialization of normativity: both rights (enforceable claims producing correlative duties) and freedoms (absences of constraint) are normative entitlements held to be required, permissible, or protected relative to a standard. It inherits normativity's commitment to the ought-side — evaluation, criticism, and guidance against a norm — and particularizes it by drawing the structural distinction between active claim-entitlements with duty-bearers and passive absences of interference. Both halves are normative-statement types, not descriptive ones.


Rights vs. freedoms presupposes authority because enforceable claims and protected liberties require a legitimate power to recognize and uphold them.

The distinction between rights and freedoms structures normative entitlements as claim-entitlements against duty-bearers versus absences of constraint. Both halves require an authority structure: rights need a legitimate power that recognizes claims and binds duty-bearers; freedoms need a power that refrains from constraining and protects against constraint. Authority supplies the recognized capacity to create binding obligations and to underwrite the institutional infrastructure of courts and enforcement. Without an authority structure, rights have no duty-bearer and freedoms have no protector — both collapse to mere assertions.


Risk presupposes probability because risk requires an assignable distribution over outcomes that turns mere unknowing into something measurable.

Risk is defined as exposure to a quantifiable distribution of possible outcomes that includes adverse ones, the Knightian distinction from sheer uncertainty. The defining condition is that probabilities are assignable to outcomes, so that expectation, variance, and decision rules can operate. Probability supplies exactly that apparatus: the calibrated numerical quantification of uncertainty obeying coherence laws over a sample space. Without a probability assignment, the unknown remains uncertainty rather than risk, so risk presupposes probability as the measurement substrate on which its second valuation component then operates.


Risk is a specialization of uncertainty; it is the case where the unknown distribution has been quantified and attached to stakes.

Uncertainty is the structural condition of incomplete or contested knowledge about a system's state, future, or governing rules. Risk is the specific case where the unknown has been rendered measurable — a probability distribution can be assigned over outcomes — and where some outcomes are valued as harmful. It inherits uncertainty's incomplete-knowledge structure and adds two specifications: quantifiability and stakes. This is the Knightian fork: where probabilities are assignable, uncertainty hardens into risk. A specialization of uncertainty keyed to measurability plus adverse-outcome valuation.


Risk aversion presupposes preference because preferring a sure outcome to an uncertain prospect of equal expectation is a property of the preference ordering.

Risk aversion presupposes preference because the property of preferring a sure outcome to an uncertain prospect of equal expected value is a feature of the agent's preference ordering — specifically the concavity of the utility function representing those preferences over risky prospects. Without preference as the underlying ordering on the choice set, there is no ranking to exhibit the certainty-over-gamble bias, no concavity to measure, and no risk premium to quantify. Preference supplies the ordering primitive; risk aversion is the curvature feature that ordering displays under uncertainty.


Risk aversion presupposes expected utility because the certainty-over-gamble preference is formally defined as concavity of the expected-utility value function.

Risk aversion presupposes expected utility because the property of preferring a sure outcome to an uncertain prospect of equal expected value is formally captured as concavity of the utility function inside the expected-utility integral. The Arrow-Pratt measures of risk aversion are derivatives of the utility function whose probability-weighted aggregation defines expected utility. Without expected utility's probability-weighted-aggregation machinery, there is no formal way to compare a gamble's certainty-equivalent against its expected value, and no quantitative apparatus for the risk premium that risk aversion describes.


Risk aversion presupposes risk because the preference for sure outcomes over equal-expected-value gambles requires a measurable risk to be averse to.

Risk aversion is the property of preferences that makes an agent prefer the certain wealth E[W] to the random wealth W for non-degenerate gambles, expressed via a concave utility function. The preference only has content when a quantifiable distribution of outcomes is in place — without a probability assignment over harmful possibilities, there is no gamble to be averse to. Risk supplies exactly this: uncertainty rendered measurable and attached to stakes. Risk aversion is then the agent-side preference shape that operates on that measured object, so it presupposes risk.


Risk migration operates on a pre-existing hazard exposure — it relocates a conserved generative pressure across a boundary. Risk supplies the prerequisite condition: Exposure to a known distribution of possible outcomes. Risk Migration operates against that background: An intervention that blocks a hazard at one site without absorbing the generative pressure behind it does not eliminate the hazard but relocates it across a permeable boundary to a less-monitored region, often where controls are weaker and measurement does not follow. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption.


Loosely a constrained kind of spread (a hazard re-emerges along a return path), but the dossier argues propagation does not prevail — migration adds conservation and drawn-boundary relocation and measurement asymmetry that propagation lacks. Propagation supplies the genus: The systematic spreading of a signal, effect, or state from a source through a medium or network, where the medium's structure governs how fast it moves, how it attenuates, and which paths it follows. Risk Migration preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: An intervention that blocks a hazard at one site without absorbing the generative pressure behind it does not eliminate the hazard but relocates it across a permeable boundary to a less-monitored region, often where controls are weaker and measurement does not follow. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association. The typical qualifier limits the claim to the characteristic route, not a constitutive requirement of every instance; exceptions must retain the child's identity through another mechanism.


Risk pooling presupposes risk because aggregating exposures to shrink relative variance only operates when there are measurable risks to pool.

Risk pooling aggregates many independently-uncertain or weakly-correlated exposures so the variance of the pooled outcome shrinks below the sum of individual variances. The whole construction requires risks in place as quantified objects — without a probability assignment over adverse outcomes for each participant, there is nothing whose variance can be aggregated and the law-of-large-numbers shrinkage has nothing to operate on. Risk supplies exactly the measurable-distribution-with-stakes object; pooling is one of the principal operations defined on that object, presupposing it as input.


Risk pooling is the specific shape aggregation takes when independently uncertain exposures are combined so that the variance of the pooled outcome shrinks.

Risk pooling is the variance-shrinking particularization of aggregation: many uncertain exposures are collapsed into a single pooled outcome whose statistical properties are governed by the law of large numbers. Where aggregation names the deliberate loss of granular detail to retain chosen features generally, risk pooling specifies that the features being retained are mean exposures while the suppressed detail is idiosyncratic individual variance — a particular choice of what to aggregate over and what summary statistic is operative.


Pooling is one mechanism by which a counterparty can bear the transfer cheaply (not required — a deep-pocketed indemnitor pools nothing). After the economics_finance frame is stripped away, the retained structural roles are those of Risk Transfer: Shifting an adverse-outcome distribution from one party to another for a price, so the loss lands on whoever can bear it best. Risk Pooling adds the local frame and commitments expressed in its identity: Aggregating many independent or weakly correlated exposures so that the variance of the pooled outcome shrinks below the sum of individual variances, letting participants share a more predictable collective risk. The parent pattern remains recognizable without that vocabulary, while the child is the framed realization of it. That preservation test establishes decomposition rather than taxonomic subsumption.


Risk-return tradeoff presupposes risk because the proposition that returns rise with risk only makes sense once outcomes form a measurable distribution.

The risk-return tradeoff is the proposition that higher expected returns are systematically associated with higher risk exposure across financial decisions under uncertainty. The relation is only coherent when risk is already in place as a measurable quantity — variance, downside exposure, systematic-factor loading — that can be traded against expected return. Risk supplies the quantifiable distribution of outcomes with adverse ones marked as harmful; the tradeoff then operates on that distribution as the axis against which returns are priced. Without risk as a measured object, no tradeoff relation can be stated.


Risk-return tradeoff is a specialization of trade-offs; it is the financial case where expected return improves only by accepting more risk.

Trade-offs is the general structural situation in which improving one valued dimension requires worsening another within a feasible set. Risk-return tradeoff is the specific case in finance and investment where the two valued dimensions are expected return and risk exposure (variance, downside, systematic-factor loading), and the feasible set is the efficient frontier on which higher expected returns can only be obtained by accepting higher risk. It inherits the multi-dimensional-coupling structure of trade-offs and adds the specific dimensions and feasible set that define investment choice.


Risk transfer is a SPECIALIZED exchange — what changes hands is an adverse-outcome distribution against a price, with three sustainability conditions (alignment, symmetry, solvency) generic exchange lacks. Exchange supplies the genus: Reciprocal transfer between parties under mutual commitment, with each side's movement keyed to the other's. Risk Transfer preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Shifting an adverse-outcome distribution from one party to another for a price, so the loss lands on whoever can bear it best. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


Operates on a pre-existing risk exposure; presupposes risk. Risk supplies the prerequisite condition: Exposure to a known distribution of possible outcomes. Risk Transfer operates against that background: Shifting an adverse-outcome distribution from one party to another for a price, so the loss lands on whoever can bear it best. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption.


Ritual is a kind of recurrence in which symbolic performative actions reappear at predictable intervals or in response to identifiable triggers.

Ritual is a specialization of recurrence: rule-governed performative activity that reappears across time on prescribed occasions, with the periodicity and triggers being constitutive of the practice rather than incidental. It inherits recurrence's structural property that a pattern or event reappears with predictable spacing or trigger-response structure, particularized to symbolically-charged human performance. The transformative and traditional dimensions of ritual rest on the recurrence pattern: efficacy accumulates only because the form is repeated.


Ritual is a kind of social norm in which the prescribed pattern of behavior is enforced by community expectation and sanction.

Ritual is a specialization of social norms: rule-governed prescribed behavior whose violation invites disapproval, correction, or exclusion, sustained jointly by internalization and enforcement within a community. It inherits the structural commitments of social norms — shared expectation, deviation-sanction, distributed knowledge, mutual reinforcement — particularized to the symbolic-performative case where the prescribed action is meaningful in itself. The formal repetition and tradition of ritual is precisely the norm-content and norm-enforcement pattern applied to symbolic acts.


Ritual is a specialization of performativity that uses prescribed repetitive action to bring about transformations of social or sacred state.

Ritual is a specialization of performativity. Specifically, it instantiates the constitutive-rather-than-descriptive pattern in the rule-governed-and-symbolically-charged subclass: prescribed sequences performed under correct conditions transform participants' standing (marriage, ordination, mourning, naming) rather than reporting an antecedent fact. Like other performatives, ritual efficacy is felicity-rather-than-truth and depends on appropriate setting, authority, and form; ritual is the subclass anchored by repetition, symbolic structure, and tradition that makes the performative act a recurrent communal institution.


The rock-cycle pattern contains at least one closed transformation path through which the persisting substance can return to a prior phase-state.

Remove all closed paths from the rate graph and matter can only progress into terminal sinks; return, bidirectionality, and cycling among legitimate phases disappear. Cycle supplies an internal constituent: A closed path in a network that returns to its origin, opening return, foreclosing ordering, and creating a loop invariant. Rock Cycle requires that role within this mechanism: The same persisting substance moves among a small set of distinct phase-states via named transformations, its identity preserved through phase change while its properties change qualitatively in each phase. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.


Competition imposes no constraint on the beats-graph topology and can be transitive (a pecking order); rock_paper_scissors is 'the specific subcase where the beats-relation closes into a directed cycle.' A specialization of competition by relation-topology. Competition supplies the genus: Rivalrous pursuit of a scarce prize where one party's gain is another's loss. Rock-Paper-Scissors (Intransitive Cyclic Dominance) preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: A beats-relation that closes into a cycle rather than a ranking, so no option dominates and the system is governed by rotation and coexistence. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association. The typical qualifier limits the claim to the characteristic route, not a constitutive requirement of every instance; exceptions must retain the child's identity through another mechanism.


Role is typically a specialization of Site, retaining the parent's defining structure while adding the child's specific commitments.

Site supplies the genus: A persistent, addressable position whose identity is given by its capacity to host or contain entities, surviving the turnover of whatever occupies it. Role preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: A bundle of expected behaviours attached to a social position. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association. The typical qualifier limits the claim to the characteristic route, not a constitutive requirement of every instance; exceptions must retain the child's identity through another mechanism.


Role conflict presupposes role because incompatible expectation-sets can only collide once positions carry bundles of expectations independent of their occupant.

Role conflict is the strain produced when one person simultaneously occupies multiple positions whose embedded expectations cannot all be satisfied. The conflict only arises because each position carries a bundle of behaviors, rights, and obligations attached to the slot rather than to the person — exactly the structural decoupling that defines role. Without slot-bound expectation-sets, simultaneous incumbency would not generate incompatible demands; the conflict is parasitic on the very position-incumbent separation that makes roles a recurring social device.


Role fluidity presupposes Role because it changes the mapping between persistent occupants and position-defined functional expectations.

Fluidity is not generic behavioral variety. The relevant alternatives must be occupant-independent functional positions with distinguishable expectations, and the same occupant must be able to enter more than one of them. Role supplies those persistent slots.


Rule of law presupposes reflexivity because the rule-making power must itself be bound by the rules it generates.

Rule of law commits to no element being exempt from the system's governing rules, including the element that generates or enforces them. This self-binding is precisely the reflexive loop in which a system's own outputs become inputs that shape its behaviour: the law-making apparatus is folded back into the law-governed domain. Without the reflexive arrangement that lets a rule-generating element be inside its own scope rather than above it, the supremacy and equality clauses Dicey crystallized cannot operate; the doctrine collapses into mere positive rule-issuance from an unbounded sovereign.


Rule of law is the specific shape symmetry takes when the transformation group is permutation of legal subjects and the invariant is rule-treatment.

Rule of law is the specific shape symmetry takes when the system is a legal order and the transformation group is permutation across legal subjects (and the rule-maker themselves). The defining commitment that the same rule yields the same treatment independent of identity, rank, or power is exactly invariance under the swap-of-persons transformation -- the symmetry of equal application. The reflexive self-binding of rule-generating elements extends the symmetry to include the legislator and enforcer within the same group, making the order symmetric under the broadest permutation of legal agents. After the law_governance frame is stripped away, the retained structural roles are those of Symmetry: Invariance under transformation. Rule of Law adds the local frame and commitments expressed in its identity: No element of a system is exempt from its governing rules, including the element that generates or enforces them. The parent pattern remains recognizable without that vocabulary, while the child is the framed realization of it. That preservation test establishes decomposition rather than taxonomic subsumption.


Rule_of_least_power 'prescribes WHICH constraints to prefer (those that bound expressiveness)' — a design discipline of choosing the most constrained mechanism sufficient for function. Presupposes constraint as its object. Constraint supplies the prerequisite condition: Limits possibilities to guide outcomes. Rule of Least Power (Minimum Sufficient Capability) operates against that background: Choose the least expressive mechanism that still solves the problem, because unused capability is structural debt that weakens analyzability and safety. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption. The typical qualifier limits the claim to the characteristic route, not a constitutive requirement of every instance; exceptions must retain the child's identity through another mechanism.


ROE is a specialized delegation: the principal delegates the pre-decided boundary conditions within which the operator decides freely.

Rules of engagement specialize delegation by pre-committing the permitted decision space, authorizing autonomous action inside it, and auditing boundary-respect rather than prescribing each decision. Delegation of Authority supplies the genus: Assign responsibility. Rules Of Engagement preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Pre-committed conditional permissions that let an operator act autonomously inside a bounded space. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association. The typical qualifier limits the claim to the characteristic route, not a constitutive requirement of every instance; exceptions must retain the child's identity through another mechanism.


Pre-positioned authority and its escalation edge are constituents of a rules-of-engagement structure.

Rules of engagement contain a bounded grant of authority for unforeseeable, time-pressured cases plus an escalation path at the permission boundary; this is Authority Delegation Under Uncertainty operating as one constituent of the larger rule.


The sacred is the specific shape boundary takes when what is demarcated is set radically apart from the profane and protected by prohibition.

The sacred is the specific shape boundary takes when the demarcation runs between an inviolable category and the ordinary, with crossings governed by prohibition rather than permission. The boundary components map directly: the bounded entity is the sacred object, place, or practice; the demarcation criterion is collective conferral of set-apart status; permeability is regulated by ritual purification and taboo; and crossings unauthorized by ritual incur contamination rather than ordinary disapproval. The sacred-profane binary is boundary maintenance charged with ultimate symbolic weight.


Sacrificing the periphery presupposes a binding resource shortage that prevents defending core and periphery together.

The strategy becomes necessary only when the available defensive resource cannot cover every contested position; absent scarcity, deliberately yielding the periphery supplies no structural advantage.


'It is an equilibrium of a specific INDEFINITE kind; calling it stable or unstable without naming the directions discards exactly the saddle structure.' A saddle is the mixed-sign-geometry specialization of equilibrium. Equilibrium supplies the genus: Balanced state. Saddle Point preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: An equilibrium stable in some directions and unstable in others. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


Salience is a local-contrast-against-surround computation (signal against background) applied to capture processing capacity — a specialization of contrast. Contrast supplies the genus: Emphasized difference. Salience preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: A bottom-up, relational score by which items stand out from their surround before deliberate attention is allocated. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association. The typical qualifier limits the claim to the characteristic route, not a constitutive requirement of every instance; exceptions must retain the child's identity through another mechanism.


Sampling representativeness presupposes probability because design-based inference rests on each unit having a known, non-zero selection probability.

Sampling representativeness presupposes probability because its calibrated inference from sample to population rests on every unit having a specified non-zero selection probability — a probabilistic assignment obeying the coherence rules. It inherits probability's apparatus — sample space, events, numerical assignment in [0,1] — to construct the selection mechanism that licenses design-based inference. Without probability's framework, "representative" collapses to untestable assumptions about resemblance rather than a calibrated inference apparatus.


Sampling representativeness is a kind of bias control that prevents systematic displacement of estimates away from population parameters.

Sampling representativeness is a specialization of bias reasoning: it names the principle that prevents the persistent, sign-having displacement of sample estimates from population parameters. It inherits bias's structural definition — systematic offset between an estimating procedure's expected output and the quantity it should recover — and particularizes it to the selection-mechanism case where non-probability sampling introduces a recoverable-but-non-vanishing bias. Probability sampling is precisely the bias-elimination procedure for the selection step.


Sampling representativeness is the specific shape experimental design takes when inference from observed units must generalize to a defined target population.

Sampling representativeness is the particular form experimental design takes when the inferential target is a defined population from which units are drawn. The principle requires that every unit have a specified non-zero selection probability, permitting design-based inference without untestable assumptions about how sampled units mirror unsampled ones. The general architecture of principled-comparison-and-inference is specialized here to the population-generalization problem, with probability sampling as the specific mechanism that calibrates sample statistics to population parameters.


The sanctuary effect is a specialized competition/contest geometry: rivalry on a NON-uniform field of control with a regenerative base the controller cannot reach. is a specialization of a contest where the geometry (not the rivalry) is the prime. contrasts it with bare competition as adding the non-uniform-field ingredient. Competition supplies the genus: Rivalrous pursuit of a scarce prize where one party's gain is another's loss. Sanctuary Effect preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: An adversary persists indefinitely because it regenerates inside a low-contestation zone the controller cannot reach, so suppression-only effort yields a positive steady state rather than elimination. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association. The typical qualifier limits the claim to the characteristic route, not a constitutive requirement of every instance; exceptions must retain the child's identity through another mechanism.


Sandboxing is 'sharper than mere isolation or containment' — it is containment PLUS the deliberate intent to EXERCISE the candidate under observation with a graduation rule. Containment is bound-without-exercise; the sandbox adds exercise+observability+non-promotion, a specialization of containment. Containment supplies the genus: Holding a hazard, process, or agent within a deliberately maintained perimeter to prevent its spread or uncontrolled interaction with the surroundings. Sandboxing preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Exercise an untrusted candidate inside a bounded, observable enclosure. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association. The typical qualifier limits the claim to the characteristic route, not a constitutive requirement of every instance; exceptions must retain the child's identity through another mechanism.


Satisficing is a specialization of heuristic; it is the rule of accepting the first option that meets an aspiration level rather than searching exhaustively.

A heuristic is a simplified rule that yields a good-enough solution much faster than exhaustive analysis, at the cost of accuracy in some cases. Satisficing is one such rule: set an aspiration level, search options sequentially, and stop at the first that meets the threshold. It inherits the heuristic's favorable speed-accuracy trade-off and its ecological-fit justification, and adds the specific machinery of aspiration thresholds and sequential search with stopping. A specialization of heuristic keyed to acceptance-by-threshold rather than ranking-by-quality.


Satisficing presupposes bounded rationality because stopping at good-enough only makes sense for agents who cannot afford exhaustive optimization.

Satisficing accepts the first option that meets an aspiration level rather than searching the whole choice set for the global best. The strategy only makes sense when exhaustive optimization is not feasible — when information, computation, or time is binding. Bounded rationality supplies exactly that condition: real decision-makers operate under such limits and therefore search locally rather than globally. Satisficing is one of the canonical local-search rules that bounded agents employ; it presupposes the bounded-rationality diagnosis of the agent's situation as the reason aspiration-based stopping is rational at all.


Scaffolding presupposes the zone of proximal development because the temporary supports are calibrated precisely to that productive gap.

Scaffolding presupposes the zone of proximal development because its operational logic — providing temporary supports that enable tasks just beyond independent capability, then progressively withdrawing them — only makes sense in the ZPD-defined gap between actual and potential developmental levels. It inherits the ZPD's commitment that calibrated social mediation converts potential capability into internalized competence, and operationalizes the mediation as the modeling, prompting, and partial-solution moves that traverse the zone.


Scaffolding is a specific pedagogy that supplies temporary, calibrated supports for tasks beyond independent capability, then withdraws them as competence grows.

Scaffolding is a specialization of pedagogy whose distinctive move is providing temporary, calibrated supports that enable a learner to accomplish tasks just beyond independent capability, then progressively withdrawing those supports as the skill is internalized. It inherits pedagogy's commitment to deliberate, calibrated structuring of the learner's encounter with content to cause durable capability change, and adds the specific architecture of an installed-then-removed support — modeling, prompts, partial solutions — engineered for its own obsolescence as the learner takes over the work.


Scaffolding is typically Cognitive Offloading specialized to temporary external support that is deliberately withdrawn as capability grows.

Scaffolding commonly places task structure, prompts, partial solutions, or guidance outside the learner so performance can exceed unaided capability. It specializes that offloading pattern with a lifecycle commitment: the external support is temporary, calibrated to performance, and designed to be withdrawn. The qualifier is typical because motivational, emotional, or purely social scaffolds need not offload a cognitive operation.


Scaffolding contains Fading as the internal withdrawal phase that tapers temporary support until independent performance.

Scaffolding provides temporary, calibrated support with the defining intention that responsibility will pass to the learner or supported system. Fading is the withdrawal machinery inside that arc: prompts, guidance, or assistance are reduced along a schedule that tracks growing competence until unaided performance is reached. Without Fading, the support remains a continuing aid rather than scaffolding engineered for its own obsolescence.


Scalability presupposes scale because the property of accommodating growth is defined relative to the chosen scale dimension and band-specific ontology.

Scalability presupposes scale because the property of accommodating increased load -- request rate, data volume, geographic reach -- is meaningful only relative to a specified scale dimension and the recognition that the system's governing dynamics may differ at different bands. Without scale's commitment to size, resolution, and aggregation-level as first-class specifications, there is no axis along which to scale and no diagnosis of where the bottleneck shifts. Scalability is the engineered property that preserves favorable performance behavior across the relevant scale dimension.


Scale Invariance is a kind of symmetry: structure is preserved under the rescaling transformation x -> lambda x.

Scale invariance is the property that a system, structure, or distribution is unchanged under dilation x -> lambda x, reflecting the absence of a characteristic scale. That is precisely a symmetry claim: invariance of a named feature under a specified group of transformations, here the multiplicative group of rescalings. Scale invariance specializes symmetry by fixing the relevant group as rescaling and the preserved feature as the system's statistical or geometric structure across length, time, or energy scales.


Scale invariance is a specialization of invariance whose preserved feature survives the rescaling-by-lambda transformation group.

Scale invariance is a specialization of invariance. Specifically, it names the case in which the family of transformations is the rescaling group x to lambda-x and the preserved feature is the system's statistical or geometric structure, signaled mathematically by the power-law form f(lambda-x) = lambda-alpha f(x). Like every invariance claim, it commits jointly to what is preserved and under which operations; scale invariance is the subclass where the operations are dilations and the absence of a characteristic scale is what makes the invariance hold.


Scaling and scale dependence is the specific shape scale takes when system properties change qualitatively, not just in magnitude, with size.

Scaling and scale dependence is the structurally-particularized form scale takes when the band-specific ontology and its governing laws differ across levels — what works at one scale fails at another because different forces, frictions, and feedback loops become binding. It inherits scale's commitment that the system at one scale is a qualitatively different object than at another, particularized to the diagnostic and design case where scale-appropriate intervention is required and one-size-fits-all designs become actively pathological.


Scapegoating presupposes the in-group/out-group partition because the displaced blame must land on a target marked as outside the "we."

Scapegoating presupposes the in-group/out-group partition because its mechanism depends on concentrating diffuse collective tension onto a target whose marking as outside-the-we makes the punishment feel like a discharge for those inside. The target must be available as out-group: someone whose suffering does not register as the in-group's own. Without the prior partition between a "we" extended loyalty and a "they" extended hostility, there is no structural slot for the surrogate victim to occupy, and the displacement-concentration-discharge sequence has no asymmetric channel to flow through.


Scapegoating is a specialization of responsibility attribution in which diffuse collective blame is concentrated onto a single chosen target.

Scapegoating is a specialization of responsibility attribution. Both operations map outcomes back onto sources, apportioning blame; scapegoating specializes by concentrating the assignment on a single marked target whose punishment discharges the collective's distress, regardless of actual causal contribution. The general structure of directed-assignment-from-effects-to-sources persists, but the counterfactual and normative gates are bypassed in favor of displacement and concentration. The assignment operation itself remains, while its quality controls collapse — making scapegoating a pathological specialization rather than a separate phenomenon.