Founder effect is one specific path-dependence mechanism: a small high-variance initial sample conservatively amplified into durable identity. names path_dependence as its genus; sibling of critical_juncture and lock_in. Path Dependence supplies the genus: Outcomes are shaped by the specific historical sequence of past choices, which lock in consequences and foreclose alternatives that persist despite present incentives to change. Founder Effect preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: A small unrepresentative initial subset starts a new population through a narrow gate, and its idiosyncratic composition is amplified into the descendant's durable identity. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


Fractal geometry presupposes recurrence because scale-invariant self-similar structure is recurrence operating across scales rather than time.

Fractal geometry studies sets whose detail repeats, exactly or statistically, across scales, with non-integer dimension quantifying space-filling roughness. This presupposes recurrence: the structural property by which a pattern, condition, or value reappears across iterations or instances. Self-similarity is recurrence operating along the scale axis rather than the time axis: zooming in reproduces, exactly or statistically, the same form. The recursive generating rules that produce Mandelbrot sets and the statistical scale-invariance of coastlines both rely on the same reappearance-of-pattern structure that recurrence names as foundational.


Fractal geometry presupposes self-organization because the recursive scale-invariant structures it studies typically arise from local rules without a central designer.

Fractal geometry presupposes self-organization because the natural and physical instances it catalogs (coastlines, vascular networks, lungs, large-scale structure, asset-price series) acquire their scale-repeating roughness through local interaction rules under their own dynamics rather than from an externally imposed blueprint. Self-organization supplies the causal architecture by which macro-order emerges from micro-rule; fractal geometry then provides the quantitative vocabulary, especially fractal dimension, for measuring the recursive structure that self-organizing processes characteristically generate across scales.


Fractal geometry is the specific shape scale takes when structure repeats across scales and dimension itself becomes non-integer.

Fractal geometry is the structurally-particularized instance of scale in which structure does not change qualitatively across scales but instead repeats, exactly or statistically, so that a single scale-invariant description applies across the range. It carries forward scale's general commitment that properties and behaviors vary as size or resolution changes, and gives this idea its specific shape: the change across scales is itself a self-similarity transformation, and the appropriate quantitative measure is a non-integer Hausdorff or box-counting dimension capturing roughness and space-filling capacity.


Fractal Geometry is typically a specialization of Scale Invariance, retaining the parent's defining structure while adding the child's specific commitments.

Scale Invariance supplies the genus: Behavior unchanged under scaling. Fractal Geometry preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Self-similar patterns. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association. The typical qualifier limits the claim to the characteristic route, not a constitutive requirement of every instance; exceptions must retain the child's identity through another mechanism.


Fracture Toughness begins after a localized defect already exists and asks whether the substrate arrests or permits its coupling-mediated spread.

This preserves the source's decisive initiation-versus-propagation separation. Defect is not an internal arrest mechanism or a genus of toughness; it is the required damaged initial condition against which the toughness property is defined.


Every Fracture Toughness claim contains a critical defect length, energy, reproduction number, or blast-radius boundary separating arrest from runaway spread.

The threshold is an internal decision boundary in the toughness property, not a background assumption. Its coordinates vary by substrate, but below-versus- above reversal of propagation outcome is invariant.


Frame Change is Transformation specialized to preserving a referent while substituting the organizing frame that assigns its coordinates or meaning. The parent supplies the genus and can occur without the child; the child preserves it while adding commitments the parent does not require.


A change of frame requires specifiable old and new frames plus the mapping and invariants by which their assignments can be compared. The parent can occur independently, but without it the child’s mechanism is undefined, establishing prerequisite dependence.


Frame of Reference is typically a specialization of Viewpoint, retaining the parent's defining structure while adding the child's specific commitments.

They are siblings, not parent/child. (Listed here only to flag the considered-and-rejected relation.). Viewpoint supplies the genus: A position fixes an access set, an occlusion set, and a bias profile. Frame of Reference preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Observational perspective. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association. The typical qualifier limits the claim to the characteristic route, not a constitutive requirement of every instance; exceptions must retain the child's identity through another mechanism.


Facts held unchanged under the current action form a constitutive invariant region of every frame-problem solution.

The frame is precisely the set of represented facts licensed to persist under a transformation while only direct effects and relevant ramifications are recomputed. Invariance supplies an internal constituent: Properties unchanged under transformation. Frame Problem requires that role within this mechanism: After a change, the challenge of bounding which facts now need re-derivation and which persist by default, without re-checking everything. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.


The frame problem presupposes a represented state whose facts can persist, change, or require re-derivation.

Without an explicit or implicit world model there is no bounded fact set over which an action's consequences and default persistence can be computed. Representation supplies the prerequisite condition: Model complex ideas. Frame Problem operates against that background: After a change, the challenge of bounding which facts now need re-derivation and which persist by default, without re-checking everything. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption.


Framing presupposes representation because configuring a presentation that shapes evaluation requires a representational medium whose features can be configured.

Framing is the structural claim that presentational choices — what is salient, what reference point is used, what vocabulary applies — systematically shape evaluation even when underlying facts are equivalent. The construct presupposes that there is a presentation in the first place: a structured mapping of target onto medium under conventions, with selected features foregrounded and others dropped. Representation supplies that substrate — the structured mapping with its faithfulness claim and selection of features. Framing specializes representation by analyzing how the variable choices within that mapping move judgment, exploiting the selection-and-configuration latitude representation always contains.


'a frame is a deliberately set context' — framing is the chosen/active special case of context. Context supplies the genus: Surrounding state that selects which content a fixed focal signal carries. Framing preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Presentation shapes perception. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association. The typical qualifier limits the claim to the characteristic route, not a constitutive requirement of every instance; exceptions must retain the child's identity through another mechanism.


Free riding presupposes social dilemma because exploiting collective provision is the characteristic individually-rational defection in a public-goods dilemma.

Free riding presupposes social dilemma because the act it names — benefiting from a collectively-produced good without contributing proportionately — is the prototypical defection move in the dilemma's incentive structure: when the good is non-excludable and individual benefit exceeds individual cost-share, withholding contribution is privately dominant while universal withholding leaves everyone worse off. Without the social dilemma's prior conflict between individually rational and collectively optimal action, free riding would not be a structural pathology but merely an accounting irregularity. Free riding instantiates the dilemma in the specific setting of non-excludable goods.


Frictionless Benchmark Reasoning is the Zero-Force Null Baseline subtype whose idealized case yields a sharp invariance, irrelevance, conservation, or efficiency result that becomes the program's coordinate origin.

Both retain a deliberately false no-perturbation reference and interpret real departures through separately named forces. Frictionless Benchmark Reasoning adds a theorem-like result—an invariance, irrelevance, conservation, or efficiency claim—and uses that sharp result as the fixed origin for an organized research program. Zero-Force Null Baseline remains broader because its reference may instead yield another exact distribution, level, trajectory, or equilibrium without that invariance-style differentia.


Functional redundancy is a specialization of redundancy in which the duplicated elements are non-identical pathways that converge on the same function.

Functional redundancy specializes redundancy by relaxing the duplicate-component constraint: instead of identical replicas, multiple non-identical mechanisms each suffice for the critical function, so the loss of any one leaves the function intact. Where redundancy names deliberate duplication for fault tolerance with independence of failure as the central design variable generally, functional redundancy specifies that the duplicates are structurally diverse pathways, which both reduces common-mode failures and broadens the operating envelope across conditions where any single mechanism might be impaired.


Fundamental attribution error is a specialization of bias in which dispositional explanations are systematically over-weighted relative to situational ones.

The fundamental attribution error is a specialization of bias. The general bias pattern is systematic, signed displacement of a process's outputs from a true or fair value, persisting despite more data. The FAE specializes by giving the displacement a specific direction: explanations of others' behavior systematically over-weight dispositional causes and under-weight situational ones, with asymmetric application to self versus other. The same systematic-rather-than-random-displacement logic of bias applies, with dispositional-versus-situational attribution as the specific dimension and observer-actor asymmetry as the specific signature.


Fundamental attribution error presupposes responsibility attribution because it names a systematic bias inside the very act of assigning causes to agents.

Fundamental attribution error presupposes responsibility attribution because it is defined as a characteristic distortion in how the assignment from outcome to agent is performed: over-weighting dispositional sources and under-weighting situational ones, with an asymmetric self-other pattern. Without the prior operation of mapping observed behavior back onto candidate causes and apportioning credit or blame, there is no assignment for the bias to skew. The error is parasitic on the attribution machinery; it specifies which input weights get systematically miscalibrated when agents perform the directed assignment from effects to responsible sources.


Fungibility is the APPLIED equivalence-class claim: within a class individuation drops out of every downstream computation (balance, not inventory). It is an equivalence_relation plus losslessness + identity-erasure.


Calls fungibility 'a strict, symmetric strengthening of substitutability' — the lossless, symmetric, any-for-any case. Substitutability supplies the genus: One component replaces another without functional degradation. Fungibility preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Any unit of a class substitutes for any other without loss, erasing individual identity in favor of type and quantity. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association. The typical qualifier limits the claim to the characteristic route, not a constitutive requirement of every instance; exceptions must retain the child's identity through another mechanism.


Funnel analysis presupposes an ordered pipeline whose stage boundaries let entrants, exits, and conditional survival be attributed to particular transitions.

Per-stage attrition is meaningful only when a population moves through a defined sequence with countable entry and exit at each boundary. Pipeline supplies that ordered stage structure; Funnel Analysis supplies the diagnostic accounting that localizes loss and identifies the binding stage.


'Not state_and_state_transition in general — a future has a CONSTRAINED state machine': a single irreversible transition pending -> fulfilled|rejected. A specialization of state_and_state_transition (general machines cycle/revisit). State and State Transition supplies the genus: Captures system condition and evolution. Future Or Promise preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: A first-class placeholder for a value committed to be supplied later. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


A future/promise is a reified placeholder interposed between consumer and eventual value, matching indirection's definition of an interposed reference decoupling access from binding. Indirection supplies the genus: Introduces intermediary references. Future Or Promise preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: A first-class placeholder for a value committed to be supplied later. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association. The typical qualifier limits the claim to the characteristic route, not a constitutive requirement of every instance; exceptions must retain the child's identity through another mechanism.


A future wheel is the specific shape causality takes when consequences are mapped outward in concentric layers from a triggering event.

A future wheel is the specific shape causality takes when the causal relation is unfolded forward as a branching cascade: a triggering event sits at the center, first-order consequences radiate from it, each first-order consequence then generates second- and higher-order consequences in successive concentric layers. It is a structurally-particularized instance of cause-and-effect with productive connection and counterfactual robustness, with the added commitments that the mapping is exhaustive across orders rather than tracing a single chain, the structure is graphical-radial, and the value lies in surfacing indirect higher-order effects that linear analysis misses.


Futures literacy is the specific shape modal reasoning takes when the structured space of alternative possibilities is plural possible futures.

Futures literacy is the structurally-particularized form modal reasoning takes in the future-anticipation case: the structured space of alternatives is the set of plural possible futures, the modal operators are "could," "would," and "should," and the truth of a futures claim is grounded in the set of accessible scenarios in which an inner proposition holds. It inherits modal reasoning's apparatus of operators quantifying over alternatives, particularized by the reflexive awareness of the anticipatory assumptions shaping each scenario set.


Futures literacy presupposes foresight because it is the developed capability to use foresight methods reflexively and well.

Futures literacy presupposes foresight because it is defined as the underlying capability that enables effective use of foresight methods — scenario planning, horizon scanning, backcasting — along with reflexive awareness of the anticipatory assumptions in play. Without foresight as the object-domain of structured future-anticipation, there is no skill content for the literacy to be literacy in. Foresight supplies the practices, stances, and outputs that futures literacy then becomes capable of deploying critically, distinguishing it from any specific method by being the capability dimension underneath the methods stack.


Fuzzing is the generate-broadly-then-select-on-anomalies pattern aimed at falsification: inject controlled (wider-than-designed) variation, watch an oracle, iterate. A specialization of variation_strategies (deliberately inject variation + select from the results), specialized to surfacing latent failures.


Gain control is a specific adaptive mechanism: a slow secondary loop measures recent input statistics and retunes the forward path's input-output SLOPE to keep it in range. A specialization of adaptation (system adjusts to conditions). Loosest defensible genus; not feedback (different regulated quantity). Adaptation supplies the genus: Systems adjust to conditions. Gain Control preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: A slow secondary loop continuously retunes the gain of a fast forward signalling pathway so it stays in its useful range across changing input statistics. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association. The typical qualifier limits the claim to the characteristic route, not a constitutive requirement of every instance; exceptions must retain the child's identity through another mechanism.


Gain control is homeostatic regulation whose regulated variable is signalling gain, held in useful range by a slow secondary loop. Homeostasis supplies the genus: Maintain internal stability. Gain Control preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: A slow secondary loop continuously retunes the gain of a fast forward signalling pathway so it stays in its useful range across changing input statistics. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association. The typical qualifier limits the claim to the characteristic route, not a constitutive requirement of every instance; exceptions must retain the child's identity through another mechanism.


Gains from trade presuppose exchange because the positive-sum surplus only realizes when specialized parties actually transfer outputs to each other.

Gains from trade presuppose exchange because the surplus produced by specialization is only realized when the specialized parties transfer their output to each other on mutually agreeable terms. Without exchange's bilateral conditional-transfer structure, specialization yields autarkic stockpiles, not mutual gain. Exchange supplies the substrate on which comparative advantage can be cashed out: parties produce where opportunity cost is lowest precisely because they expect to swap surpluses, and the swap is what converts production differences into the strictly-better consumption possibilities the gains-from-trade claim asserts.


Gains from trade presupposes comparative advantage because the welfare improvement requires that parties specialize according to their relative opportunity costs.

Gains from trade is the positive-sum outcome that arises when parties specialize and exchange, but the welfare improvement depends on the prior structural fact that the parties differ in relative opportunity cost — comparative advantage. Without the underlying commitment that relative efficiencies determine the welfare-improving specialization pattern, the specialization that generates gains would have no basis: parties with identical opportunity-cost ratios produce no surplus from trade. The comparative-advantage structure is what makes the exchange positive-sum rather than zero-sum.


Gains from trade presupposes opportunity cost because the relative efficiencies that drive specialization are differences in the value of alternatives foregone.

Gains from trade arise from specializing according to comparative advantage, which is itself defined in terms of relative opportunity costs — the value of the next-best alternative production each party gives up. Without opportunity cost's machinery of valuing alternatives foregone under scarcity, the comparison of parties' relative production capabilities collapses: there would be no metric by which to identify who should specialize in what, and the welfare improvement of exchange would have no basis. Opportunity cost supplies the comparative metric on which gains-from-trade rests.


A game-theoretic strategy is the specific shape function takes when the mapping is from observed game history to a chosen action at each information set.

A game-theoretic strategy is the specific shape function takes when the input is the player's observed history up to an information set and the output is the action prescribed at that point. It is a structurally-particularized instance of a deterministic single-valued rule from domain to codomain, with the added commitments that the domain is the set of information sets reachable in a fully described game, the codomain is the player's action set at each, and the rule must be specified at every contingency — including off-equilibrium paths — because rational analysis requires behavior closed under counterfactual play.


Garbage collection contains a reachability traversal from declared roots to distinguish live resources from reclaimable ones.

Root declaration, eligible-reference walking, and visited-state marking are constitutive parts of reachability-bounded garbage collection; the traversal exposes the live set before the unreachable complement can be reclaimed.


GIGO is a quality-MONOTONICITY constraint on a transformation (fidelity to ground truth cannot rise across a single-input map — the data-processing inequality); it presupposes the transformation whose output quality it bounds. transformation is its genus, GIGO 'a constraint on one dimension of it'. Transformation supplies the prerequisite condition: A rule-governed mapping that restructures an input into a different output, holding certain invariants fixed while altering others. Garbage In, Garbage Out operates against that background: The quality of a transformation's output is bounded above by the quality of its inputs; no downstream sophistication can repair defects already present in the input. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption.


Gatekeeping is selection specialized to a choke point where an arbiter controls passage and the downstream audience cannot directly observe the rejected stream.

Gatekeeping inherits Selection's input population, passage basis, differential continuation, admitted output, and excluded complement. It adds a single choke-point topology, an identifiable or accountable arbiter with discretion, asymmetric power over senders, and a downstream audience that sees the admitted stream but not the rejected one. Economic Screening is not the genus: its canonical identity is menu-induced self-revelation by privately informed agents, a mechanism a gate need not use.


Gauge invariance is a specific kind of symmetry where the invariance is under a group of local transformations of unobservable internal degrees of freedom.

Gauge invariance is a specialization of symmetry. The general pattern is invariance of a system under a specified group of transformations: applying the action leaves the system unchanged in a specified sense. Gauge invariance instantiates this with the transformation group acting locally on unobservable internal degrees of freedom (phase, color index, reparameterization), so physical observables correspond to equivalence classes under the action. The structural commitment is precisely symmetry's algebraic claim, with the particular feature that the group action is local and the invariant content is the gauge-equivalence class.


Gauge invariance is a specialization of invariance whose preserved feature is observable physics and whose transformation group is local gauge transformations.

Gauge invariance is a specialization of invariance. Specifically, it names the case in which the family of transformations is a local symmetry group acting on unobservable internal degrees of freedom (phase, color, spacetime reparameterization) and the preserved feature is the set of physical observables. Like every invariance claim, it commits jointly to what is preserved and under which operations; gauge invariance is the subclass where the operations form a Lie group acting locally and physical states correspond to entire gauge-equivalence classes rather than individual configurations.


Geometric chronology presupposes temporal succession because its spatial rules recover an earlier-later relation among events.

Superposition, cross-cutting, inclusion, and overprint are meaningful as chronology only relative to time's ordering dimension; geometry supplies evidence for that order but is not itself the temporal relation.


Removing the automatic-perception and named-grouping-rule frame from Gestalt principles leaves holism's claim that whole-level relational properties are not recoverable from isolated part properties.

Gestalt organization begins with discrete elements but makes the organized whole the primary percept and gives it shape, motion, figurehood, and meaning not present in the elements independently. Holism is the exact substrate-neutral irreducibility core; Gestalt adds a perceiver, a field, automatic parallel grouping rules, and perceptual-economy commitments.


Goal congruence is a specialization of coordination in which the aligned elements are the objectives, incentives, and metrics of separate units.

Goal congruence is a specialization of coordination in which the elements being aligned are not actions in real time but the underlying objectives, incentives, metrics, and decision criteria of individuals, teams, and departments. It inherits coordination's general structure of independently controlled actors combining into a coherent collective outcome, and specializes by fixing the alignment target to the objective functions agents pursue. When goals point in mutually reinforcing directions, local optimization contributes to global success; when they diverge, agents coordinate locally but produce collective failure — so goal alignment is the upstream condition that makes downstream coordination productive.


'attention is the broad allocation of a scarce processing resource; goal shielding is its specifically goal-protective application — the active denial of that resource to competing goals while one is held.' attention is the genus. Attention supplies the genus: The selective allocation of a fixed processing capacity to some inputs while the rest are filtered out, surfacing scarcity upstream of every decision. Goal Shielding preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: While pursuing an active goal, suppressing access to competing goals that would compromise it, releasing the suppression only once the active goal ends. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association. The typical qualifier limits the claim to the characteristic route, not a constitutive requirement of every instance; exceptions must retain the child's identity through another mechanism.


Goal Shielding presupposes Open-Goal Persistence because competitors can be suppressed during pursuit only while one selected goal remains active across the execution interval.

Goal Shielding controls rival access around an already selected goal; it does not itself explain why that goal retains active status until completion, abandonment, or swap. Open-Goal Persistence supplies the maintained selection and release event. Shielding adds asymmetric inhibition of alternatives and the interrupt policy governing what can break through.


The theorem's necessity claim is that every effective regulator contains a behaviorally adequate representation of the system it regulates.

The model may be explicit or encoded in policy, weights, rules, or structure, but removing representational correspondence destroys the theorem's invariant. Representation supplies an internal constituent: Model complex ideas. Good Regulator Theorem requires that role within this mechanism: Every effective regulator of a system must be, or must contain, a model of that system. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.


Goodhart's Law is Proxy-Target Divergence specialized to the mechanism in which binding optimization pressure on the proxy destroys its correlation with the construct.

Proxy-Target Divergence is the umbrella for any decoupling between an operational measure and the underlying target. Goodhart's Law fixes the mechanism to a control loop that rewards or penalizes the proxy, causing effort to move into the exploitable proxy-target wedge until the relationship collapses.


Goodhart's Law is Intervention-Induced Model Invalidation specialized to a proxy relationship that breaks because the proxy is placed under binding optimization pressure.

The proxy's pre-intervention correlation with the construct is an implicit calibrated model. Using that relationship to allocate reward, penalty, or control changes agent behavior toward the cheapest proxy-improving actions, so the relationship no longer transports into the targeted regime. Goodhart specializes the parent with a proxy, construct, exploitable wedge, and metric-directed optimization.


Accountability is an internal element of Governance, assigning who must answer for decisions, conduct, and outcomes.

Governance is the durable architecture of authority, accountability, and decision rights through which a collective system is steered. Accountability is one internal element: it identifies who must answer for an action or outcome, to whom, and through what review or sanction mechanism. Authority without accountability would allocate power while omitting the answerability structure that Governance explicitly includes.


Authority is an internal element of Governance, distributed and bounded through roles, rules, legitimacy sources, and decision rights.

Governance is defined as the durable architecture of authority, accountability, and decision rights. It allocates, channels, limits, and legitimates binding decision power as part of its internal design. Accountability is a separate internal element whose own Authority dependency does not replace this direct constituent relation.


Gradual deterioration presupposes temporal decay because incremental accumulation of damage only makes sense against the broader pattern of time-driven degradation.

Gradual deterioration is the structural pattern in which small persistent stressors accumulate to erode functional capacity over time. This presupposes the more general pattern of temporal decay and degradation: that system properties systematically diminish through use, exposure, or natural processes following predictable functional forms. Without the underlying time-driven degradation pattern as a frame, the accumulation of microscopic damage below the failure threshold has no destination to converge toward; gradual deterioration is the slow, sub-threshold realization of the broader one-way tendency that temporal decay names.


Gradual Deterioration is a kind of aggregation: integrated stress accumulates many small damage increments into a single decaying functional capacity.

Gradual deterioration is the accumulation of many small, individually-tolerable damage events — fatigue cycles, corrosion increments, information losses — into a single trajectory of declining functional capacity. The downstream measurement collapses the granular history into a summary state (remaining strength, residual fidelity, remaining life). That is the move of Aggregation: many items collapsed into a unified form that retains chosen features and suppresses granular detail. Gradual deterioration specializes aggregation to summed micro-damage and its macroscopic functional reading.


Gradual Deterioration presupposes Time: incremental decay is by definition the integration of stress over temporal extent.

Gradual deterioration is decay accumulated as stress is applied across temporal duration, with the present capacity a function of integrated history. The very content of the prime — that small persistent stressors below the immediate failure threshold accumulate into substantial decline — requires Time as the ordered dimension along which the stressors are distributed and the accumulation runs. Without temporal extent there is no integration interval and no gradual pattern; deterioration presupposes time as its supporting dimension.


A grand narrative is a specialization of narrative; it is a story-structure scaled up to give a unifying account of history or a whole domain.

Narrative is the structural pattern of selecting, sequencing, and causally connecting events into a whole with an interpretive arc. A grand narrative or metanarrative is the specific case where the story is scaled to cover history, society, or a whole domain under a single trajectory or logic — progress, emancipation, rationalization, salvation. It inherits the basic emplotment machinery of narrative and adds commitments to comprehensive scope, directional teleology, and a legitimating function that organizes many local narratives under a common trajectory.


Graph Coloring is a specialization of Partition, retaining the parent's defining structure while adding the child's specific commitments.

Partition supplies the genus: A division of a set into non-overlapping, collectively exhaustive blocks. Graph Coloring preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Conflict-free labeling so that no two items joined by a conflict edge share a label. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


Great Man Theory presupposes responsibility attribution because it concentrates causal credit for historical outcomes onto exceptional individuals.

Great Man Theory attributes major historical outcomes to the actions and characteristics of exceptional individuals rather than to structural or sociological forces, treating those individuals as causally efficacious in ways structural accounts cannot reduce. The position is a particular application of responsibility attribution: mapping outcomes back to agents, with counterfactual-dependence as the test. Responsibility attribution supplies the underlying directed-assignment-from-effects-to-sources operation. Great Man Theory specializes it by concentrating the assignment heavily on individual agents and privileging their counterfactual significance over structural variables in the historical case.


'Not heuristic in general — greedy is a specific heuristic schema (local-best, irrevocable, no-backtrack) with a sharp optimality theorem (matroids) most heuristics lack.' A specialization of heuristic. Heuristic supplies the genus: Mental shortcuts. Greedy Algorithm preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Committing irrevocably to the locally best choice at each step, with no lookahead. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


Calls cooperation the genus: green-beard is one specific sustaining mechanism within it (a tag-keyed conditional disposition recognized one-shot), distinct from kin selection and reciprocity. cooperation is the parent. Cooperation supplies the genus: Agents bear individual costs to produce a shared benefit. Green-Beard Effect preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Cooperation is sustained by a single observable marker that is both correlated with the cooperative disposition and recognizable by fellow carriers. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


Green-Beard Effect is typically a specialization of Natural Selection, retaining the parent's defining structure while adding the child's specific commitments.

Natural Selection supplies the genus: A population of varying, heritable variants is filtered by a selection pressure so that the better-performing variants differentially reproduce or persist, shifting the population's composition over rounds — variation, selection, and retention as a substrate-neutral engine. Green-Beard Effect preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Cooperation is sustained by a single observable marker that is both correlated with the cooperative disposition and recognizable by fellow carriers. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association. The typical qualifier limits the claim to the characteristic route, not a constitutive requirement of every instance; exceptions must retain the child's identity through another mechanism.


Gresham's Law is selection specialized to an enforced nominal parity that gives lower-quality goods greater passage through a channel and higher-quality goods greater retention outside it.

Gresham's Law contains Selection's eligible population, operative pressure, differential continuation, and shifted output composition. Heterogeneous goods enter a parity-constrained channel; the parity makes holders pass the lower-quality units while retaining, diverting, or converting the higher-quality units, so the circulating population changes. Gresham adds an imposed nominal parity, holder choice, a directional withdrawal-and-concentration result, and re-emergence of the better grade in a channel where quality can be priced. Adverse Selection is a sibling under Selection, not the genus: its differential participation is caused by hidden type rather than an imposed rule.


Ground truth presupposes measurement because the designated reference must produce a comparable observation against which another channel can be scored.

A reference channel cannot function as ground truth merely by being trusted. It must observe or assign the target in a frame comparable with the system being evaluated. Measurement supplies that value-producing and comparison-ready apparatus; Ground Truth adds the asymmetric authority designation and its known fallibility.


A Group is exactly a Monoid in which every element additionally has an inverse.

Forget the inverse requirement from a Group and its carrier, closed associative operation, and two-sided identity still satisfy every Monoid commitment. Monoid can occur without universal inverses, while Group adds that strict differentia, establishing the non-flattened subsumption chain Group → Monoid → Semigroup.


Cohesion presupposes a Boundary that identifies which elements are bound internally and what fragmentation of the unit would mean.

Internal binding is distinguishable from adhesion or external coupling only once a system boundary separates members from nonmembers. The boundary need not be social or cognitively represented; it may delimit a droplet, ecological guild, code module, or team.


Groupthink is the specific shape conformity takes when high cohesion and directive leadership suppress dissent and produce premature consensus.

Groupthink is the structurally-particularized form conformity takes under specific antecedent conditions: high cohesion, insulation, directive leadership, member homogeneity, and stress combine to amplify the individual-yields-to-aggregate pull until private information is suppressed and consensus precedes deliberation. It inherits conformity's pattern of individual judgment pulled toward group standard under normative and informational pressure, particularized to the small-group decision-making case where the eight Janis symptoms diagnose the pathology.


A habit is a specialized automatic regime in which a recurring cue selects a learned action that persists even after its outcome has been devalued.

Automaticity supplies low-supervision execution; habit adds a learned cue-action binding and the diagnostic of outcome-devaluation insensitivity, so every habit is automatic but not every automatic process is a habit.


A habit is the installed result of (operant) conditioning — the durable cue-action binding that conditioning writes; it presupposes the conditioning process. Conditioning (Behavioral) supplies the prerequisite condition: Learning via association. Habit operates against that background: A cue-triggered, automatically executed action sequence that persists under outcome devaluation. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption.


Habituation is tolerance specialized to learned, stimulus-specific response decrement that can recover after a pause or reverse under a novel stimulus.

Both require repeated or sustained exposure to reduce a capable receiver's response. Habituation adds a history of inconsequential stimulation plus the diagnostic differentia of stimulus specificity, spontaneous recovery, and dishabituation, excluding receptor damage, undifferentiated fatigue, and static insensitivity admitted by the broader response-tolerance family.


Habituation to repeated signal is general habituation specialized to a condition-flagging channel whose false-positive history also degrades the receiver's posterior and creates an ignore equilibrium.

Both require repeated exposure to reduce response as a stimulus proves unworthy of its initial recruiting force. The child adds a finite-specificity signal channel, base-rate degradation, rational posterior collapse, and the operator pathology of adding more alarms.


Habitus presupposes implicit knowledge because its durable, transposable dispositions operate pre-reflectively without explicit articulation by the agent.

Habitus is the system of durable, transposable dispositions that an individual acquires through sustained social exposure and that operates as the pre-reflective structuring principle of perception, judgment, and action. The dispositions guide behavior without being available for explicit articulation — agents act as though they know rules they cannot state. Implicit knowledge supplies precisely that structural commitment: knowledge influencing performance without verbal accessibility. Habitus specializes implicit knowledge to socially-acquired class-and-context-specific dispositions, with the social conditions of acquisition as the specific source of the implicit content.


Habitus is the specific shape internalization takes when durable social-positional dispositions become the pre-reflective principle of perception and action.

Habitus is the specific shape internalization takes when the external item being taken inward is the structuring effect of a social position — class, family, profession — and what becomes endogenous is a durable, transposable system of dispositions: perceptual schemes, evaluative categories, bodily comportments. It is a structurally-particularized instance of an external governor crossing into the interior and becoming part of how the agent simply is. The added commitment is that what gets internalized is not a discrete norm but a whole generative grammar of practice, operating beneath reflection across contexts unlike those in which it was acquired.


Half-Life is a kind of invariance: the time to halve a quantity is preserved across all starting amounts for first-order processes.

Half-life is the time required for a first-order decay process to reduce a quantity to half its initial value, with the defining property that this time is constant regardless of the starting amount. The named feature (the halving time) is preserved under the named family of transformations (rescaling of the initial amount). That is precisely a claim of Invariance. Half-life specializes invariance by fixing the preserved feature as the characteristic halving duration and the transformation as initial-amount rescaling.


Half-Life presupposes Scale: it sets the characteristic time at which the process is naturally described and at which decay regimes change.

Half-life provides the characteristic temporal scale of a first-order decay process — the natural unit at which the system's dynamics are most ergonomically described and across which population reductions of one-half, one-quarter, one-eighth are read off cleanly. That is exactly the role Scale plays: the specification of the size or resolution at which the system is naturally described, with behavior best understood at that band. Half-life presupposes scale as the dimension whose value it picks out for decay processes.


Half-life presupposes recurrence because halving repeats at constant intervals, producing a recurrent equal-spacing pattern across the decay trajectory.

Half-life presupposes recurrence because its defining property is that for a first-order process the time to halve recurs with constant value regardless of starting amount: each successive halving event takes the same characteristic time. Recurrence supplies the general structural pattern of reappearance with predictable spacing across time, iterations, or instances; half-life is a quantitative parameter of one particular recurrence pattern (the geometric sequence of halvings) that characterizes any exponentially decaying process and lets one infer remaining quantity from elapsed time.


Harmonic Distortion is a specialization of Distortion, retaining the parent's defining structure while adding the child's specific commitments.

Distortion supplies the genus: Systematic, mapping-induced deviation of an output from a faithful rendering of its input. Harmonic Distortion preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Passing a signal through a nonlinear transfer function generates new frequency components — harmonics and intermodulation products — absent from the input, an artifact of the nonlinearity itself rather than of any sampling or discretization. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


Hashing is a deterministic many-to-one function from an unbounded input space to a short fixed-size token (a bounded codomain), used as the object's handle. A specialized function_mapping (deterministic, many-to-one-by-design, with a chosen sensitivity property).


Hebbian Learning is a specialization of Learning, retaining the parent's defining structure while adding the child's specific commitments.

Learning supplies the genus: Durable, experience-driven update of an agent's internal state that carries forward to alter later behavior or prediction. Hebbian Learning preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: A connection between two units strengthens as a function of their correlated activity, through a local, correlational, unsupervised, cumulative update. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


Helpful-inflow displacement is crowding out specialized to unsolicited pro-social inflow consuming the coordinator attention needed for the primary work.

Both identities require an introduced activity to consume the finite substrate on which an incumbent activity depends. The child fixes that substrate to coordinator attention and adds unsolicited pro-social presentation, per-unit handling cost above operational value, a social cost of refusal, and a volume threshold at which apparent help becomes displacement.


Herding is conformity specialized to alignment with the crowd's visible choices under uncertainty, usually through informational rather than purely normative pressure.

Both make a unit's expressed choice depend on a perceived aggregate rather than only on its private judgment. Herding fixes the aggregate signal to others' visible choices and foregrounds imitation under uncertainty; Conformity also admits alignment driven by sanction, belonging, or a group norm. Information Cascade remains a separate sequential strict child and is not an alias.


The hermeneutic circle is the specific shape interpretation takes when understanding the whole and the parts must be revised against each other iteratively.

The hermeneutic circle is the specific shape interpretation takes when the representational substrate is a complex whole whose meaning depends on its parts and whose parts depend on the whole. Interpretation's general operation — recovering meaning from a substrate given a constraining framework — is structurally particularized into iterative movement between part-reading and whole-reading, with the interpreter's fore-structure revised at each pass. The general activity of producing a constrained reading is preserved; the specific shape is the spirally-convergent loop with no terminal closure that this interdependence forces.


The hermeneutic circle presupposes sensemaking because its part-whole revising operation supplies the iterative refinement that working accounts under ambiguity require.

The hermeneutic circle presupposes sensemaking when deployed as an organizational interpretive practice because constructing a plausible working account of ambiguous events relies on iteratively revising part-understandings against whole-understandings as new cues arrive. Sensemaking supplies the broader cognitive-social process of cue-extraction, bracketing, and commitment to a working frame; the hermeneutic circle supplies the specific part-whole iteration mechanism that makes the working frame refinable rather than fixed at the first pass. The two operate together: sensemaking under ambiguity needs the circle's iterative coherence-tightening to converge on usable interpretation.


The hermeneutic circle is the specific shape iteration takes when interpretation alternates between part and whole, with each pass revising both.

The hermeneutic circle is the interpretive particularization of iteration: each pass reads parts in light of a provisional whole and re-reads the whole in light of refined parts, with the fore-structure carried as state between passes and convergence measured by interpretive coherence. Where iteration names repeated application of a step with cumulative use of prior outputs generally, the hermeneutic circle fixes the step as interpretation, the state as the evolving fore-understanding, and the progress notion as tightening coherence between part-readings and whole-readings.


A heuristic is a specialization of approximation in which a tractable rule of judgment is substituted for exhaustive optimal analysis.

A heuristic is a kind of approximation specialized to decision and inference under cognitive or computational constraint: a simplified rule yields a good-enough judgment much faster than exhaustive analysis at the cost of accuracy in some cases. It inherits approximation's commitment to substituting a tractable surrogate for an intractable target while accepting a bounded, named error in exchange for tractability, and supplies the specific case where the intractable target is optimal reasoning and the surrogate is a fast rule whose ecological fit determines whether the error budget is acceptable.


Heuristic is the specific shape trade-offs take in inference, where speed and cognitive cost are gained at the price of accuracy.

Trade-offs is the general structural situation in which improving one valued dimension requires worsening another within a feasible set. A heuristic is the particular shape this pattern takes for decision and inference rules: speed and cognitive-or-computational cost are improved at the price of accuracy in some cases and systematic error in others, with the rule's value defined by the favorable trade in its actual deployment environment. It is a structurally-particularized instance of trade-off whose specific dimensions are speed-cost-accuracy and whose feasible set is the available rule space.


Hidden path and barrier crossing presupposes probability because barrier transit is a calculable transmission amplitude over forbidden regions.

Hidden path and barrier crossing names transitions through classically forbidden regions with calculable probability, whether via quantum tunneling amplitudes or stochastic rare-event escape over an activation barrier. This presupposes probability: the calibrated quantification of uncertainty assigning numerical values to events under coherence rules. The transmission factor in the WKB approximation and the Arrhenius escape rate are both probability assignments to events that classical analysis would assign zero. Without probability's framework for numerical event-likelihood that obeys additivity and conditioning, the hidden-path transition has no quantitative content.


Hidden path and barrier crossing presupposes state and state transition because tunneling and rare-event escape are transitions between states across a barrier.

Hidden path and barrier crossing describes transitions between system states through a classically forbidden region — quantum tunneling, thermal-fluctuation escape — with calculable probability. The phenomenon is constitutively a state-to-state transition: there is an initial state on one side of the barrier, a final state on the other, and a transition rate governed by the barrier shape. State-and-state-transition supplies that substrate: a state space and transition rules. Without an underlying notion of distinct states and rule-governed transitions between them, there is nothing for the hidden path to connect.


A string that ENCODES A PATH THROUGH a hierarchy, fusing identity and tree-position into one self-locating token; presupposes the containment hierarchy and adds the string-encoding (and its restructuring fragility) the bare relation lacks. Hierarchy supplies the prerequisite condition: Organizes elements into levels or ranks. Hierarchical Address operates against that background: A single string whose substring structure encodes a path through a tree, so the identifier simultaneously names an entity and locates it within a containment hierarchy. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption.


Hierarchical decomposability presupposes hierarchy's ranked-levels structure and adds within-level-dominates-cross-level coupling as a refinement. Hierarchy supplies the genus: Organizes elements into levels or ranks. Hierarchical Decomposability preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Nested decomposition where within-level coupling dominates over cross-level coupling, making complex systems tractably analyzable one scope at a time. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association. The typical qualifier limits the claim to the characteristic route, not a constitutive requirement of every instance; exceptions must retain the child's identity through another mechanism.


Hierarchy is the restricted kind of Network whose edges impose asymmetric, transitive levels rather than an unrestricted connection pattern.

The Hierarchy and Network dossiers independently state this genus relation. Every hierarchy has nodes and edges whose pattern is first-class; the child adds an antisymmetric level order, direction-sensitive cross-level flow, and a tree-to-DAG-to-heterarchy restriction axis.


Hierarchy is order with explicit levels and asymmetric cross-level structure.

Hierarchy retains the general ordering relation and adds explicit ranked levels, transitive asymmetric cross-level semantics, and often rooted parent structure. The order entry explicitly treats hierarchy as a kind of order rather than every order as hierarchical.


'Not function_mapping — a function-mapping is the FIRST-ORDER layer (data to data); a higher-order function operates on the NEXT layer up, taking or returning functions themselves... a STRATIFIED EXTENSION of function_mapping.' A specialization where inputs/outputs are themselves mappings. Function (Mapping) supplies the genus: Relates inputs to outputs. Higher Order Function preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Treating a rule itself as a first-class object that other rules consume or produce. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


Historical determinism is a kind of determinism in which historical outcomes are held to be fixed by underlying lawful forces independent of individual agency.

Historical determinism is a specialization of determinism: it asserts that the present state of a society plus the underlying forces (economic base, technological trajectory, geographic endowment) fix the trajectory of historical outcomes via lawful regularity. It inherits determinism's structural thesis — state plus laws yields unique successor — particularized to the macro-historical case where the relevant state and laws operate over civilizational rather than physical variables, with the corresponding deflation of contingency and agency.


Historical Empathy is a kind of interpretation: reconstructing past actors' frames recovers meaning under their available beliefs and constraints.

Historical empathy interprets past actors under the beliefs, values, information, and options they actually faced, deliberately reconstructing the decision environment of the period rather than imposing present-day frameworks. That is the activity of Interpretation — recovering meaning from a representational substrate under a framework that makes some readings available and others not — specialized to historical evidence under the period's own conceptual scheme. Historical empathy is interpretation disciplined by anachronism-avoidance and period-internal framing.


Historical empathy presupposes presentism because it is a corrective discipline defined precisely against presentism's import of present values into the past.

Historical empathy presupposes presentism because its methodological structure is defined as the corrective to presentism: it deliberately reconstructs past actors' decision environments under the beliefs, norms, and information they actually held rather than under those of the interpreter's present. Presentism supplies the diagnostic error pattern (import of present categories into past contexts) against which historical empathy positions its discipline. Without the prior identification of presentism as the systematic interpretive error, there is no contrast that historical empathy is engineered to avoid and against which its methods are justified.


Historical empathy interprets past actors under their own beliefs and constraints — a historicist, context-bound method. Historicism supplies the genus: Context-bound understanding. Historical Empathy preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Interpret in context. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association. The typical qualifier limits the claim to the characteristic route, not a constitutive requirement of every instance; exceptions must retain the child's identity through another mechanism.


Historicism is a specific kind of interpretation that recovers meaning by reconstructing the period-specific conditions of a phenomenon.

Historicism is a specialization of interpretation. The general pattern recovers meaning from a representational substrate given a framework that makes some readings available and others not, producing readings that are answerable to evidence and convention. Historicism instantiates this with the framework being the documentary, institutional, and material conditions of the phenomenon's specific historical period, treated as a precondition for understanding. Beliefs, institutions, and practices are read on their own terms by reconstructing the period; abstracting from those conditions is held to misread the phenomenon.


Historicism presupposes path dependence because interpreting phenomena on their own period-specific terms requires that historical conditions constitutively shape outcomes.

Historicism holds that phenomena — beliefs, institutions, practices — are products of specific historical conditions and cannot be adequately understood by abstracting from those conditions. The methodological commitment to contextualization presupposes that historical trajectories constitutively shape what exists at any time, not merely as background but as causally determinative. Path dependence supplies exactly that: outcomes determined not by current conditions alone but by the specific historical trajectory that produced them. Without the path-dependence claim that history accumulates constraints, historicism's insistence on period-specific interpretation has no structural ground.


Holarchy presupposes modularity because each holon's dual-facing identity as whole-and-part requires the well-bounded self-contained module that modularity supplies.

A holarchy is a nested ordering whose every unit is a holon, simultaneously a whole with respect to its parts and a part with respect to the level above. This presupposes modularity: decomposition into discrete, largely self-contained components with stable interfaces. Each holon must be self-contained enough to be a whole downward (internally coherent module) while interfacing cleanly enough to be a part upward (composable with peers). Without modularity's commitment to bounded units with explicit interfaces, the Janus-faced identity collapses; the holon needs the modular structure to face both directions coherently.


Holarchy presupposes emergence because each level above the holons must possess properties or behaviors not attributes of the constituent holons.

A holarchy is a nested ordering whose every unit is a holon that integrates upward into a higher-level whole. This presupposes emergence: the appearance, at a higher level of organization, of properties or behaviors that are not attributes of lower-level constituents and are not trivially predictable from them. Each level above contributes new descriptive vocabulary and causal roles that the constituent holons do not individually possess. Without emergence supplying the structural reason that the higher level is more than the sum of holons, the nesting collapses into a mere set membership rather than a layered ordering of qualitatively distinct levels.


Holarchy presupposes layering because Janus-faced holons only exist where a system is already organized into stacked strata of whole-and-part levels.

A holarchy is composed of holons that face downward as wholes governing their parts and upward as parts within a larger whole. This dual-facing identity requires that the system already be organized into a stack of horizontal strata with each layer providing abstractions and services to the next — the structural commitment layering names. Without an underlying multi-level stratification, there would be no upward face for a unit to be a part of and no downward face for it to govern as a whole. Holarchy specializes layering by demanding mutual whole-part status at every level.


Holdout Set typically presupposes Validation, whose structure must already obtain for the child mechanism to be meaningful or operational.

Validation supplies the prerequisite condition: Confirming that an artifact actually solves the intended problem in its real operational context, as distinct from confirming it was merely built to specification. Holdout Set operates against that background: Reserve a disjoint portion of evidence to score a candidate it never shaped. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption. The typical qualifier limits the claim to the characteristic route, not a constitutive requirement of every instance; exceptions must retain the child's identity through another mechanism.


'homeostasis is one biological instance of stability — a regulated variable held near a setpoint by negative feedback'; stability is the general structural pattern covering passive cases (a damped pendulum, a peg) with no homeostat. Stability supplies the genus: A system's tendency to return toward an operating point after perturbation. Homeostasis preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Maintain internal stability. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association. The typical qualifier limits the claim to the characteristic route, not a constitutive requirement of every instance; exceptions must retain the child's identity through another mechanism.


'homeostasis is one biological OUTCOME of a stabilising correction loop... this prime is the general loop mechanism.' discrepancy_driven_correction is the broad loop of which homeostasis (constant-setpoint biological case) is a special instance. Discrepancy-Driven Correction supplies the genus: Iteratively close the signed gap between a target and an observation. Homeostasis preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Maintain internal stability. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association. The typical qualifier limits the claim to the characteristic route, not a constitutive requirement of every instance; exceptions must retain the child's identity through another mechanism.


Horizon scanning is a specific foresight method that systematically surveils weak signals of nascent change before they reach the mainstream.

Horizon scanning is a specialization of foresight whose distinctive move is broad, ongoing surveillance for weak signals — emerging technologies, slow-burning trends, anomalies — that have not yet become mainstream but could reshape decisions if they grow or converge. It inherits foresight's commitment to structured anticipation of plural futures informing present action, and supplies the specific monitoring component of the foresight methods stack, focusing on the small-but-potentially-significant end of the signal-to-noise spectrum that single-future forecasting and reactive news monitoring miss.


Horizon scanning presupposes weak signals & emerging issues because its systematic peripheral search targets exactly the weak-signal end of the spectrum.

Horizon scanning is the systematic, ongoing search for early signals of change — nascent technologies, emerging shifts, anomalies — not yet mainstream but structurally significant. The method is meaningful only against the prior recognition that meaningful change typically begins with individually weak and collectively discordant observations at the periphery. Weak signals and emerging issues names that substrate: the structural commitment that early-phase change appears as weak signals requiring deliberate peripheral attention. Without weak signals as a first-class category, horizon scanning would have nothing distinctive to look for and no rationale for its counter-routine attention.


Horizon scanning is a specialization of monitoring focused on weak early signals of change that have not yet become mainstream.

Horizon scanning is a specialization of monitoring in which the observation function is tuned to the weak-signal end of the signal-to-noise spectrum: nascent technologies, slow-burning trends, emergent shifts not yet mainstream but with structural potential. It inherits monitoring's general apparatus of continuous observation and alerting and specializes by fixing the target band to faint, anomalous, leading-indicator signals and by combining broad-source surveillance with interpretive practices for amplifying what would otherwise be dismissed as noise. Where standard monitoring tracks deviations from a known setpoint, horizon scanning tracks signs that the setpoint itself may shift.


Human-centered accommodation is a specialization of accommodation in which the external pressures are real human cognitive and physical capacities.

Human-centered accommodation is a specialization of accommodation. The general pattern is selective internal adjustment to external pressure that preserves identity while restoring fit; the human-centered case specifies the external pressures as the actual cognitive, physical, sensory, and temporal capacities of the humans interacting with the system. The system reconfigures itself around real human constraints rather than around idealized users. The same fit-by-internal-modification logic applies, with human capability as the specific source of the demands to which the system must accommodate.


Hypothesis testing is a specific kind of verification, checking sample evidence against a pre-specified null with controlled error rates.

Hypothesis testing is a specialization of verification. The general pattern checks that an object conforms to its specification via a defined procedure yielding evidence and a verdict. Hypothesis testing instantiates this with the object being a research claim about a parameter, the specification being a pre-specified null hypothesis (often no effect), and the procedure being a test statistic with known null distribution evaluated against a pre-set threshold controlling Type I error. The verdict is reject or fail-to-reject H0. It is verification with calibrated long-run error control as the procedure's structural guarantee.


Hypothesis testing is a specialization of statistical inference that frames the inferential question as a pre-specified decision between two complementary hypotheses.

Hypothesis testing is a specialization of statistical inference in which the inference is cast as a formal decision under sampling uncertainty: a null and an alternative are stated in advance, a test statistic with a known null distribution is chosen, and a threshold is set to control long-run error rates. It inherits the general inferential commitment of reasoning from finite samples to population claims under explicit accounting for variability, and specializes by structuring that reasoning as a dichotomous reject/retain verdict with controlled error probabilities.


Hysteresis is a specific kind of state transition where current state depends on the path by which conditions were reached.

Hysteresis is a specialization of state and state transition. The general pattern specifies a state space and a transition relation, with future behaviour depending on current state plus inputs. Hysteresis instantiates this with multiple stable states existing at the same external parameter value: which one the system occupies depends on the path through parameter space, so the response curve forms a loop rather than a single-valued function. History is encoded in the system's internal state in a way external parameters alone cannot reveal, which is exactly the state-as-Markovian-summary structure the parent pattern names.


Hysteresis is a specialization of path dependence in which the loop structure is visible in the response curve to a varied parameter.

Hysteresis is a specialization of path dependence. The general path-dependence pattern says current state depends on the historical trajectory, not just on current external conditions. Hysteresis specializes by adding a particular signature: as an external parameter is varied up and down, the system's state traces a loop rather than a single-valued curve, with multiple stable states accessible at the same parameter value depending on history. The same history-encodes-state commitment persists, with the loop in the response curve as the diagnostic shape of the path dependence.


Icon-index-symbol distinction is the specific shape representation takes when signs are classified by the ground of their relation to the referent.

Icon-index-symbol distinction is the structurally-particularized form representation takes when Peirce's trichotomy is applied: the icon-target correspondence is grounded in resemblance, the index-target correspondence in existential or causal contiguity, and the symbol-target correspondence in convention. It inherits representation's faithfulness-claim apparatus — target, medium, correspondence convention — particularized by classifying the three structurally distinct ways the correspondence can be grounded, each with different inference rules for the interpreter.


Iconicity is a specific kind of representation where the form-meaning correspondence is motivated by resemblance rather than pure convention.

Iconicity is a specialization of representation. The general pattern maps a target onto a medium under a stated convention so operations on the medium correspond to operations on the target, with a faithfulness claim about preserved structure. Iconicity instantiates this with the convention being motivated by perceptible resemblance between sign form and meaning, so an interpreter with sufficient exposure can infer meaning from formal properties rather than rote memorization. The mapping is grounded in shared structure between form and referent, distinguishing iconic representation from the purely conventional symbolic mode.


Iconography is a specific kind of symbolic representation organized as culturally-systematic repertoires of visual forms.

Iconography is a specialization of symbolic representation. The general pattern fixes sign-meaning relations through collective convention rather than resemblance or causal link. Iconography instantiates this with the convention being a culturally-organized visual repertoire (icons, emblems, allegorical figures, attributes, colors, gestures) whose meanings are prescribed within a shared visual system. It is symbolic representation specifically operating across visual channels with a systematic catalog of conventional forms, so that interpreting a visual element draws on the shared cultural code rather than on perceptible resemblance to what it denotes.


The fallacy is carrying a (legitimate) idealizing ABSTRACTION across a deployment boundary without re-introducing the friction terms it dropped; it presupposes an abstraction and is the specific decision-error of trusting it where its preconditions stop holding. Abstraction supplies the prerequisite condition: Focus on core elements. Idealized-Substrate Fallacy operates against that background: Designing against a friction-stripped idealized substrate, then deploying onto a real one where the elided terms dominate. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption.


Idempotence is a specialization of iteration whose progress-rule collapses every repeat application to the same state as the first.

Idempotence is a kind of iteration in which the iteration step f satisfies f(f(x)) = f(x), so the state carried between rounds stops changing after the first application and every stopping condition is trivially met. It inherits iteration's commitment to repeated application of a process, but specializes the notion of progress: there is no further convergence to chase once the operation has fired once. This is what makes idempotent operations safe to retry, replay, or duplicate under uncertain delivery — repetition adds nothing beyond round one.


Idempotence is a specialization of invariance in which the preserved feature is the operation's output and the transformation family is repeated application of the operation.

Idempotence is a specialization of invariance in which the preserved feature is the result of applying an operation and the transformation family is further applications of the same operation: f(f(x)) equals f(x), so repetition leaves the output unchanged after the first application. It inherits the general invariance commitment that a named feature remains unchanged under a named family of transformations, and specializes by fixing both: the feature is the operation's value and the transformation is self-repetition. This grounds safe retry, replay, and duplicate-tolerance in distributed systems.


Identifiability is injectivity of an admissible internal-target-to-observation map.

Identifiability specializes injectivity to a model or target parameter mapped into observable distributions. Success means singleton preimages on the admissible target subspace, with an epistemic gating interpretation.


Identification typically presupposes Social Identity Theory, whose structure must already obtain for the child mechanism to be meaningful or operational.

Social Identity Theory supplies the prerequisite condition: Identity via groups. Identification operates against that background: One party aligns belief or action with another because it recognizes itself — its values, memberships, identity — in the other, with persuasion proceeding via self-concept rather than argument. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption. The typical qualifier limits the claim to the characteristic route, not a constitutive requirement of every instance; exceptions must retain the child's identity through another mechanism.


Identifier_assignment CREATES the handle that indirection later resolves (dereference uses indirection); minting+binding is a prior distinct act that presupposes the indirection-resolution machinery. Indirection supplies the prerequisite condition: Introduces intermediary references. Identifier Assignment operates against that background: Mint a durable handle for an entity and bind it to that entity in a public, queryable record, so future reference can route through the handle without re-describing the entity. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption. The typical qualifier limits the claim to the characteristic route, not a constitutive requirement of every instance; exceptions must retain the child's identity through another mechanism.


Identifier assignment is the managed-reference species of appellation, adding namespace uniqueness, a durable binding record, and a dereference protocol to authoritative token-to-entity binding.

Every identifier assignment performs Naming Act/Object's authoritative binding of an opaque portable token to an entity. It adds guaranteed uniqueness within a namespace, a durable public binding record, and a resolution protocol that ordinary personal, ceremonial, or descriptive appellation need not provide.


Identity_providing_kind ISOLATES the one essentialist sub-question (which category fixes sameness over time) and supplies the cease-to-exist test the broad notion lacks — a specialization of essentialism narrowed to persistence-over-time. Not every essential property is identity-providing. Essentialism supplies the genus: Inherent defining properties. Identity-Providing Kind preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: A category whose membership fixes what it takes for an instance to remain the same instance over time, supplying persistence criteria rather than a temporary description. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association. The typical qualifier limits the claim to the characteristic route, not a constitutive requirement of every instance; exceptions must retain the child's identity through another mechanism.


Identity-Providing Kind is a specialization of Criteria of Individuation, retaining the parent's defining structure while adding the child's specific commitments.

Criteria of Individuation supplies the genus: The rules a system fixes for what makes something one entity — when parts compose a single whole, when two presentations are the same entity, and which kind supplies a thing's persistence — together constituting its inventory of countable individuals. Identity-Providing Kind preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: A category whose membership fixes what it takes for an instance to remain the same instance over time, supplying persistence criteria rather than a temporary description. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


Identity Test is a specialization of Criteria of Individuation, retaining the parent's defining structure while adding the child's specific commitments.

Criteria of Individuation supplies the genus: The rules a system fixes for what makes something one entity — when parts compose a single whole, when two presentations are the same entity, and which kind supplies a thing's persistence — together constituting its inventory of countable individuals. Identity Test preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: The rule that decides, in a given system, when two presentations refer to the same entity. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


Immutability is the specific shape a constraint takes when in-place modification of a value or record is forbidden across all subsequent operations.

Immutability is the constraint-particularized commitment that in-place mutation is excluded from the admissible operations on a value once created: any apparent change must be realized as a new value while the original is preserved. Where constraint names binding restrictions on admissible configurations generally, immutability fixes the restriction at the operation of overwriting, so that the feasible set of operations on any created entity excludes destructive modification and the historical states remain separately addressable.


Impartiality is the specific shape symmetry takes when the transformation group is permutation of party identities applied to treatment.

Impartiality is a structurally-particularized instance of symmetry, where the transformation group is the permutation of party identities and the object held invariant is the treatment, judgment, or allocation. Once a line is drawn between relevant features and irrelevant identity features, impartiality asserts that swapping the identities of the parties leaves the outcome unchanged. The general algebraic pattern of invariance-under-a-named-group takes on its ethical-political form here, with identity as the action and like-treatment as the invariant.


Impedance mismatch and coupling efficiency presupposes interoperability because mismatch only makes sense as a deviation from a baseline of effective cross-system transfer.

Impedance mismatch and coupling efficiency presupposes interoperability because its core claim, that transfer between subsystems is lossy when their characteristic properties diverge, is a claim about the degree to which two systems can effectively work together across an interface. Interoperability supplies the structural baseline of cross-system cooperation through agreed interfaces; impedance mismatch then names the structural pattern by which efficiency degrades as the interface conditions are not met. Without the prior commitment to systems composing through specified interfaces, there is no notion of mismatch to grade.


Impedance mismatch and coupling efficiency presupposes compatibility because lossy transfer between subsystems is the failure of their characteristic properties to align.

Impedance mismatch and coupling efficiency presupposes compatibility because the efficiency of energy, signal, or influence transfer across an interface is exactly compatibility's relational alignment condition expressed quantitatively: matched impedances are the compatibility condition for non-reflecting transfer, mismatched ones are the breakage. Without compatibility's framing of coexistence-and-interaction as a between-entity property, mismatch has no reference baseline; coupling efficiency is a continuous measure of how nearly the interface satisfies compatibility at the relevant characteristic property. Compatibility supplies the prerequisite condition: The relational condition under which two or more entities can coexist or compose without breakage, interference, or contradiction. Impedance Mismatch and Coupling Efficiency operates against that background: Property differences reduce energy or signal transfer efficiency. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption.


An implementation intention is prospective memory specialized by pre-binding a future cue to a particular action. Prospective Memory supplies the genus: An intended future action is encoded paired with a triggering cue, persists latently without rehearsal, and is retrieved and executed when a parallel cue-detection process fires. Implementation Intention preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: Pre-binding a specific future cue to a specific action so that at execution time the cue triggers the behavior without re-deliberation. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


A live backbone of rules, resources, timing, or form is a constitutive part of improvisation rather than an incidental limitation.

Improvisation generates competent moves within and against a developing constraint set; remove that backbone and the result is unconstrained production or noise rather than situated improvisation.


An incentive contains a consequence-to-future-choice feedback path linking payoff signals to subsequent behavior.

A payoff attached to an act functions as an incentive only when its consequence can alter later selection or effort; without that return path it is merely an outcome, not a behavior-shaping signal.


Incentive compatibility is a specialization of compatibility in which the entities reconciled are an agent's self-interest and a designer's objective.

Incentive compatibility is a specialization of compatibility in which the entities being made to coexist without breakage are the participants' private payoff calculations and the mechanism designer's desired outcomes. It inherits compatibility's general structure of two systems aligning so they can interact without contradiction, and specializes by fixing the systems to self-interested agents and a rule structure: the mechanism is compatible with the agents' incentives when truthful or socially desired action is also their best response. The compatibility relation here is between motivations and rules rather than between physical plugs, formats, or organisms.


Incentive compatibility and mechanism design are interdefinable complements — the property a mechanism must have to do its job, and the field that engineers for it.

Incentive compatibility and mechanism design are interdefinable structural complements: mechanism design is the engineering discipline that searches for rule structures implementing desired outcomes under private information and self-interest, while incentive compatibility is precisely the property such a rule structure must satisfy — that each agent's best response coincides with the designer's intended action. Neither is prior. The field is defined by the property it pursues; the property is defined by its role in the field. Each makes sense only with the other already in view, as the question and its required answer.


Incident Response is a specialization of Event Lifecycle Phases, retaining the parent's defining structure while adding the child's specific commitments.

Event Lifecycle Phases supplies the genus: Decomposing a hazard-bearing event into pre-event, event, and post-event regimes and treating each phase, not the event, as the primary unit of intervention design. Incident Response preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: A system facing acute, time-critical disruption engages a temporary command regime that prioritises stabilisation over diagnosis, accepts reversible degradation, defers root-cause analysis, and compresses decision authority for the duration of the acute phase only. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


An incomplete contract is, structurally, a contract (a rule-set fixing outcomes for some contingencies) plus the distinctive move of an acknowledged gap and designated gap-handler and governance. contract is the canonical genus; incomplete_contract is the specific kind that deliberately leaves gaps. severs it from interface (complete contract over its cases), delegation (only the decision-right piece), and optionality (a held right) — none is the genus; contract is. Good conviction: the is a specialization of holds even though the prime is heavily framed (law/econ), because every instance is literally a contract or rule-set. Contract supplies the genus: A multi-party bundle of obligations, breach criteria, and remedies under an accepted enforcement regime. Incomplete Contract preserves that general structure while adding its differentia: A rule-set that deliberately leaves gaps and designates a handler to fill them. The parent can occur without those added commitments, whereas removing the parent structure leaves no basis for classifying the child as this subtype. That asymmetry establishes subsumption rather than mere association.


Inconsistent Shared Model contains two or more representations of one referent whose individually coherent contents cannot jointly be true.

The failure is not raw data difference or evaluative disagreement; it requires separately maintained surrogates that guide inference until joint action exposes the mismatch. Representation supplies an internal constituent: Model complex ideas. Inconsistent Shared Model requires that role within this mechanism: Subsystems hold mutually incompatible models of the same external state, undetected until a forcing event requires joint action. Remove the parent-role and the child loses a required internal operation, even though the parent can exist outside the child. The child is therefore built from the parent rather than being a taxonomic kind of it.


'Not search_and_retrieval — search is the ACT; an index is a pre-built side structure that makes certain searches fast.' An index presupposes a retrieval setting it accelerates; it is the apparatus-for-retrieval, not the retrieval activity. Search and Retrieval supplies the prerequisite condition: Locate and extract information. Index operates against that background: An auxiliary key-to-location table that makes lookup fast at the cost of maintenance. If the parent condition is removed, the child relation becomes undefined or loses the mechanism asserted by this edge; the parent can obtain independently, so the relation is presupposition rather than subsumption.


Indexicality is representation specialized to signs whose reference is grounded in existential, causal, or contextual connection.

An index stands for an object while adding the differentia that the sign-object relation is actual contiguity or dependence rather than resemblance or arbitrary convention.


Indifference curves presuppose preference because each curve is a level set of the agent's preference-based ordering over consumption bundles.

Indifference curves presuppose preference because each curve is by definition the locus of bundles the consumer ranks as equally preferred — a level set of the preference ordering rendered visually as a curve in commodity space. Without preference as the underlying ordering on the choice set, there is no equivalence class of equally-ranked bundles to draw, no marginal rate of substitution to read off, and no ordinal structure for the curves to represent. Preference supplies the ordering primitive; indifference curves are its geometric representation.


Indifference curves presuppose marginal utility because their slope — the marginal rate of substitution — is the ratio of marginal utilities of the two goods.

Indifference curves presuppose marginal utility because the slope of any indifference curve at a point — the marginal rate of substitution between the two goods — is by definition the ratio of their marginal utilities. The construction of a level set of the utility function requires the partial-derivative machinery of marginal utility to determine how much of one good compensates for less of the other while keeping satisfaction constant. Marginal utility supplies the local rate-of-change apparatus that gives indifference curves their slope and curvature.


Indifference curves are the specific shape representation takes when consumer preferences are mapped onto level sets in commodity space.

Indifference curves are the specific shape representation takes when an ordinal preference structure is mapped onto geometric level sets in commodity space. Representation's general anatomy — target, medium, faithfulness-preserving mapping under a stated convention — is structurally particularized into the consumer's preference ordering as the target, two-dimensional curves in commodity space as the medium, and the convention that movement along a curve preserves indifference. The general structured-mapping operation is preserved; the specific shape is its geometric realization that makes substitution and choice tractable through visual reasoning.


Indirection is a specific kind of layering, interposing a reference between consumer and provider to decouple them.

Indirection is a specialization of layering. The general pattern organizes a system into horizontal strata where each layer provides abstractions higher layers depend on while hiding internal implementation. Indirection instantiates this at minimum scale: a single interposed reference between consumer and provider, hiding the provider's identity, location, or implementation behind the reference. The reference is a one-element layer that the consumer talks through; substituting the provider does not propagate to the consumer because the layer absorbs the change. Late binding, polymorphism, and virtualization are all instances of this minimal-layer pattern.