Statistical Inference¶

9 domain-specific abstractions whose origin domain is Statistical Inference.

Exact test — A hypothesis test whose null distribution and resulting type-I error control are derived without an asymptotic approximation under the stated sampling model.
Generalized p-value — A nuisance-parameter-controlled tail probability derived from a generalized pivotal quantity for testing hypotheses lacking a conventional exact pivot.
Normality test — A statistical diagnostic or hypothesis test assessing whether observed data are compatible with a normal-distribution model.
Paired difference test — A statistical location test applied to within-pair differences when two measurements are linked by subject, unit, match, or repeated observation.
Pivotal quantity — A function of observed data and unknown model parameters whose sampling distribution is independent of every unknown parameter.
Score test — A likelihood-based hypothesis test using the score gradient and information matrix evaluated at the null-constrained parameter estimate.
Standard error — The standard deviation of a statistic's sampling distribution, quantifying how much the statistic would vary across repeated samples under the stated design and model.
Testing hypotheses suggested by the data — The invalid reuse of the same observations both to select a hypothesis and to test it as though the test had been specified independently.
Wald test — A hypothesis test comparing an unrestricted parameter estimate with a constrained null value using its estimated covariance as a precision weight.