Physical Quantities, Operators & Formulas

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Abstractions about named physical quantities, operators, and empirical formulas spanning quantum mechanics, solid-state physics, and physical chemistry, including field and momentum operators (magnetic vector potential, crystal momentum, angular momentum operator), model systems (Einstein solid, Rutherford model, eight-vertex model), and derived formulas (semi-empirical mass formula, Bethe-Feynman formula, steric factor).

33 abstractions in this family — domain-specific abstractions that sit near one another in structural-signature space (k-means over structural-signature embeddings). Each is shown with its short description.

• Angular momentum operator — In quantum mechanics, the angular momentum operator is one of several related operators analogous to classical angular momentum.
• Antiparticle — In particle physics, every type of particle of "ordinary" matter (as opposed to antimatter) is associated with an antiparticle with the same mass but with opposite physical charges (such as electric charge).
• Axial Multipole Moments — Axial multipole moments are a series expansion of the electric potential of a charge distribution localized close to the origin along one Cartesian axis, denoted here as the z-axis.
• Bethe–Feynman formula — The Bethe–Feynman formula is a historical theoretical relation for estimating the efficiency and energy yield of a fission explosive from bulk physical parameters.
• Binary collision approximation — In condensed-matter physics, the binary collision approximation (BCA) is a heuristic used to more efficiently simulate the penetration depth and defect production by energetic ions (with kinetic energies in the kilo-electronvolt (keV) range or higher) in solids.
• Bose–Einstein condensation of polaritons — Bose–Einstein condensation of polaritons is a growing field in semiconductor optics research, which exhibits spontaneous coherence similar to a laser, but through a different mechanism.
• Crystal momentum — In solid-state physics, crystal momentum or quasimomentum is a momentum-like vector associated with electrons in a crystal lattice.
• DIIS — DIIS (direct inversion in the iterative subspace or direct inversion of the iterative subspace), also known as Pulay mixing, is a technique for extrapolating the solution to a set of linear equations by directly minimizing an error residual (e.g. a Newton–Raphson step size) with respect to a linear combination of known sample vectors.
• Drell–Yan Process — The Drell–Yan process is studied both in fixed-target and collider experiments.
• Eight-vertex model — In statistical mechanics, the eight-vertex model is a generalization of the ice-type (six-vertex) models.
• Einstein solid — The Einstein solid is a model of a crystalline solid that contains a large number of independent three-dimensional quantum harmonic oscillators of the same frequency.
• Electric Susceptibility Tensor — The electric susceptibility tensor is the rank-two material response tensor that relates an anisotropic dielectric's induced polarization to an applied electric field in the linear regime.
• Energy functional — The condenser capacity also has a variational characterization: C(Σ, S) is the infimum of the Dirichlet's energy functional.
• Lieb–Liniger model — An exactly solvable model of identical bosons in one spatial dimension interacting through pairwise delta-function contact forces.
• Magnetic vector potential — In classical electromagnetism, magnetic vector potential (often denoted A) is the vector quantity defined so that its curl is equal to the magnetic field, B: \nabla \times \mathbf{A} = \mathbf{B} .
• Molar volume — In chemistry and related fields, the molar volume, symbol V m , or \tilde V of a substance is the ratio of the volume (V) occupied by a substance to the amount of substance (n), usually at a given temperature and pressure.
• Narrow escape problem — The narrow escape problem asks for the first-passage behavior of a diffusing particle confined in a domain that can leave only through a small absorbing window in an otherwise reflecting boundary.
• Natural Units — In physics, natural unit systems are measurement systems for which selected physical constants have been set to 1 through nondimensionalization of physical units.
• Particle in a spherically symmetric potential — In quantum mechanics, a particle in a spherically symmetric potential is a system where a particle's potential energy depends only on its distance from a central point, not on the direction.
• Quantum electrodynamics — In particle physics, quantum electrodynamics (QED) is the relativistic quantum field theory of electrodynamics.
• Quantum LC circuit — and that is the main problem of the quantum LC circuit: energies stored on capacitance and inductance are not equal to the ground state energy of the quantum oscillator.
• Rutherford model — The Rutherford model is a name for the concept that an atom contains a compact nucleus.
• Scalar field theory — The most basic scalar field theory is the linear theory.
• Scaling Dimension — If the quantum field theory is scale invariant, scaling dimensions of operators are fixed numbers, otherwise they are functions of the distance scale.
• Semi-empirical mass formula — In nuclear physics, the semi-empirical mass formula (SEMF; sometimes also called the Weizsäcker formula, Bethe–Weizsäcker formula, or Bethe–Weizsäcker mass formula to distinguish it from the Bethe–Weizsäcker process) is used to approximate the mass of an atomic nucleus from its number of protons and neutrons.
• Slater-type orbital — Slater-type orbitals (STOs) or Slater-type functions (STFs) are functions used as atomic orbitals in the linear combination of atomic orbitals molecular orbital method.
• Steric factor — The steric factor, usually denoted ρ, is a quantity used in collision theory.
• Sum rules (quantum field theory) — A quantum-field-theory sum rule equates an integral over a dynamical quantity, such as a spectral or structure function, with a static property such as charge or mass.
• Symmetry of diatomic molecules — In addition to axial reflection symmetry, homonuclear diatomic molecules are symmetric with respect to inversion or reflection through any axis in the plane passing through the point of symmetry and perpendicular to the inter-nuclear axis.
• Tauc–Lorentz model — The Tauc–Lorentz model is a mathematical formula for the frequency dependence of the complex-valued relative permittivity, sometimes referred to as the dielectric function.
• Thermodynamic square — Guggenheim) or Born square) is a mnemonic diagram attributed to Max Born and used to help determine thermodynamic relations.
• Translation operator (quantum mechanics) — In quantum mechanics, a translation operator is defined as an operator which shifts particles and fields by a certain amount in a certain direction.
• Zeeman effect — The Zeeman effect () is the splitting of a spectral line into several components in the presence of a static magnetic field.