Empiricism, semantics, and ontology

Carnap, R. (1950). Empiricism, semantics, and ontology. Philosophical Studies, 1(1), 20-40.

Type

Journal article

Intellectual base

Primary research

Year

1950

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philosophy

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2 citations across 2 artifacts.

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Primes

• Inductive Reasoning
  • Bayesian approaches to induction

    This sourceCarnap Empiricism Semantics Ontology framework relativity.

• Ontology
  • The basic-category inventory — specifies kinds (substance, property, event, relation, person, organization, disease, gene) with membership conditions for each. The existential commitment — what we say there is — explicit positing of entities as real, abstract, fictional, or constructed, and at what metaphysical cost. The identity criterion — what makes an entity of a kind what it is; individuation conditions distinguishing tokens of a type; sameness across time or contexts. The dependency-and-grounding relations — specifies subsumption (is-a: human is-a animal), part-whole (part-of: heart part-of human), instantiation (Socrates instance-of human), existential dependence (smile depends on smiling person), and fundamentality ordering (which entities ground which). The levels-of-reality structure — granularity and abstraction level at which entities are distinguished (atoms vs molecules vs organisms vs ecosystems) with explicit criteria for level choice. The realist vs antirealist alternative — choice of metaphysical posture: does the ontology describe mind-independent reality, or pragmatic conceptual schemes?

    This sourceCarnap Empiricism Semantics Ontology framework relativity.

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