Confounding and Simpson's Paradox.¶
Julious, S. A., & Mullee, M. A. (1994). Confounding and Simpson's Paradox. BMJ, 309(6967), 1480-1481.
Cited by¶
1 citation across 1 artifact.
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Primes¶
- Simpson's Paradox
- The diagnostic and the fix are the prime's exactly — stratify (or age-standardize to a common population) and the true direction reappears, and the choice of whether to report crude or standardized rates is causal, matching the question "which country handles a given-age patient better?".
This sourceWorked medical example of the paradox (kidney-stone treatment by stone size) driven by a confounder, with stratification/standardization as the fix — directly supports the age-standardization remedy for case-fatality comparisons.
- The diagnostic and the fix are the prime's exactly — stratify (or age-standardize to a common population) and the true direction reappears, and the choice of whether to report crude or standardized rates is causal, matching the question "which country handles a given-age patient better?".
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