A New Kind of Science¶
Wolfram, S. 2. (2002). A New Kind of Science.
Cited by¶
4 citations across 4 artifacts.
Each citation links to the sentence it supports in the citing article.
Primes¶
- Bottom-Up Perspectives
This sourceCellular automata (notably Rule 30) as substrate-furthest deterministic transition rules over discrete state arrays generating apparently random output. Bibliography-only (tier C); existence and details verified.
- Determinism
- The structural insight is robust: a Newtonian two-body orbit, a Wolfram cellular automaton, a Markov chain with degenerate transition probabilities, and a theological doctrine of providence all instantiate the same single-valued-transition pattern, a substrate-transfer point Hoefer (2016) develops in his survey and Wolfram (2002) illustrates concretely with Rule 30.
This sourceDevelops cellular automata (notably Rule 30) as substrate-furthest cases of deterministic dynamics: pure single-valued transition rules over discrete state arrays with no physical-causal mechanism, yet generating apparently random output sequences.
- The structural insight is robust: a Newtonian two-body orbit, a Wolfram cellular automaton, a Markov chain with degenerate transition probabilities, and a theological doctrine of providence all instantiate the same single-valued-transition pattern, a substrate-transfer point Hoefer (2016) develops in his survey and Wolfram (2002) illustrates concretely with Rule 30.
- Reductionism
- One can ask whether a higher-level regularity is "nothing but" lower-level dynamics, and one can reason about the limits of reduction where the reductive promise fails, marshalling the canonical defeaters: multiple realizability (the same higher-level property realized by heterogeneous lower-level substrates), strong emergence, and computational irreducibility (where the only way to know the whole's behavior is to run it, so no shortcut derivation exists).
This sourceDevelops cellular automata (notably Rule 30) as substrate-furthest cases of deterministic dynamics: pure single-valued transition rules over discrete state arrays with no physical-causal mechanism, yet generating apparently random output sequences.
- One can ask whether a higher-level regularity is "nothing but" lower-level dynamics, and one can reason about the limits of reduction where the reductive promise fails, marshalling the canonical defeaters: multiple realizability (the same higher-level property realized by heterogeneous lower-level substrates), strong emergence, and computational irreducibility (where the only way to know the whole's behavior is to run it, so no shortcut derivation exists).
- Self-Organization
- Common failure: claiming a system is "self-organizing" (with the rhetorical and conceptual benefits that carries) while the local rules were hand-tuned to produce exactly the "emergent" structure that was targeted
This sourceDevelops cellular automata (notably Rule 30) as substrate-furthest cases of deterministic dynamics: pure single-valued transition rules over discrete state arrays with no physical-causal mechanism, yet generating apparently random output sequences.
- Common failure: claiming a system is "self-organizing" (with the rhetorical and conceptual benefits that carries) while the local rules were hand-tuned to produce exactly the "emergent" structure that was targeted
Verification¶
This reference passed the adversarial substantiation pipeline: it was checked to exist and to support the claim it is attached to. See how references were verified.
Registry ID ref:33d3d7529352 · see in the full table