Thinking, Fast and Slow¶
Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Cited by¶
15 citations across 15 artifacts.
Each citation links to the sentence it supports in the citing article.
Primes¶
- Anchoring
- Structural tension: Some anchors carry genuinely informative content (a market price reflects supply-demand equilibrium; a peer's estimate reflects shared knowledge), while others are arbitrary (a random wheel, a first offer with no warrant).
This sourceFarrar, Straus and Giroux. Chapter 11 ('Anchors') distinguishes two anchoring routes - deliberate insufficient adjustment (System 2) and automatic priming via selective construction (System 1) - and contrasts arbitrary with informative anchors.
- Structural tension: Some anchors carry genuinely informative content (a market price reflects supply-demand equilibrium; a peer's estimate reflects shared knowledge), while others are arbitrary (a random wheel, a first offer with no warrant).
- Belief Formation
- Cognitive psychology: Dual-process accounts (System 1 versus System 2) of how beliefs are formed under time pressure versus deliberation, the psychology of credibility assessment, the formation of false beliefs (fake-news vulnerability, misinformation persistence), and developmental trajectories of belief, a domain Kahneman (2011) synthesized by tracing how associative belief-fixation often outruns deliberative correction.
This sourceSynthesizes System 1 / System 2 cognition and shows associative belief-fixation (System 1) often outruns deliberative correction (System 2)
- Cognitive psychology: Dual-process accounts (System 1 versus System 2) of how beliefs are formed under time pressure versus deliberation, the psychology of credibility assessment, the formation of false beliefs (fake-news vulnerability, misinformation persistence), and developmental trajectories of belief, a domain Kahneman (2011) synthesized by tracing how associative belief-fixation often outruns deliberative correction.
- Complementarity
- Wave–particle complementarity — the methodological insight that two mutually exclusive descriptions can be jointly required — transfers to organizational forecasting, where the inside view (model-based, mechanism-aware) and the outside view (reference-class, base-rate) are complementary rather than rival
This sourceDevelops the complementary inside-view (model-based) versus outside-view (reference-class, base-rate) forecasting stances, arguing both are required rather than rivals. (
- Wave–particle complementarity — the methodological insight that two mutually exclusive descriptions can be jointly required — transfers to organizational forecasting, where the inside view (model-based, mechanism-aware) and the outside view (reference-class, base-rate) are complementary rather than rival
- Contextual Mode Switching
- .
This sourceSystem 2 (slow, effortful, deliberative), with System 2 engaged by task difficulty/stakes/cognitive load. Directly SUPPORTS the System 1/System 2 cognitive mode-switching claim (marker 143), and is already named in the body's formal example, making the footnote self-consistent. RE-SOURCED from the non-existent 'anderson-2017' key ('Computational Reflection in the ML Family, ACM Computing Surveys 50(1)') which could not be verified as a real article and concerns meta-programming, not dual-process cognition.
- .
- Decision
- Psychology & neuroscience: Dual-process theories (System 1 fast/intuitive, System 2 slow/deliberative), decision fatigue, cognitive load, attention, emotion's role in choice, sunk-cost fallacy, regret and post-decision dissonance, temporal discounting, neuroeconomics (value representation in brain, intertemporal choice) — a synthesis Kahneman (2011) consolidates in his integrative treatment of dual-system decision-making.
This sourceFarrar, Straus and Giroux. Integrative treatment of System 1 (fast/intuitive) vs System 2 (slow/deliberative) cognition and the heuristics and biases that shape choice.
- Psychology & neuroscience: Dual-process theories (System 1 fast/intuitive, System 2 slow/deliberative), decision fatigue, cognitive load, attention, emotion's role in choice, sunk-cost fallacy, regret and post-decision dissonance, temporal discounting, neuroeconomics (value representation in brain, intertemporal choice) — a synthesis Kahneman (2011) consolidates in his integrative treatment of dual-system decision-making.
- Decision Fatigue
- The impulse-bias amplification: Fatigued agents show increased susceptibility to immediately-salient or emotionally-valenced options, reduced discount of impulsive preferences, and faster abandonment of deliberative frames; impulse-driven choices increase even when deliberative alternatives are available.
This sourceFarrar, Straus and Giroux. Integrative dual-process (System 1/2) treatment; discusses ego depletion and willpower-as-finite-resource and decision-scheduling practices of high performers.
- The impulse-bias amplification: Fatigued agents show increased susceptibility to immediately-salient or emotionally-valenced options, reduced discount of impulsive preferences, and faster abandonment of deliberative frames; impulse-driven choices increase even when deliberative alternatives are available.
- Fast-Path / Slow-Path Architecture
- In human cognition, fast intuitive pattern-matching handles most cognitive load while slow deliberate reasoning is recruited when the fast process flags difficulty, novelty, or high stakes, with metacognitive uncertainty as the trigger.
This sourceThe System 1 / System 2 account — fast intuitive pattern-matching handling most load, slow deliberate reasoning recruited on difficulty, novelty, or stakes — supporting the human-cognition fast/slow instance.
- In human cognition, fast intuitive pattern-matching handles most cognitive load while slow deliberate reasoning is recruited when the fast process flags difficulty, novelty, or high stakes, with metacognitive uncertainty as the trigger.
- Heuristic
This sourceFarrar, Straus and Giroux. Integrative treatment of System 1/System 2 cognition: synthesizes willpower depletion, hyperbolic discounting, temptation, present-bias, and salience effects as manifestations of a common dual-process architecture for intertemporal choice.
- Inversion
- Psychology and decision-making: Perspective-taking and role-reversal as cognitive reframing; Kahneman 2011 Thinking, Fast and Slow documents inversion heuristics in judgment under uncertainty and biases in forward vs. backward reasoning.
This sourceFarrar, Straus and Giroux. Integrative treatment of System 1/System 2 cognition: synthesizes willpower depletion, hyperbolic discounting, temptation, present-bias, and salience effects as manifestations of a common dual-process architecture for intertemporal choice.
- Psychology and decision-making: Perspective-taking and role-reversal as cognitive reframing; Kahneman 2011 Thinking, Fast and Slow documents inversion heuristics in judgment under uncertainty and biases in forward vs. backward reasoning.
- Problem Space
- Structural tension: Once a reasoner or team adopts a representation, switching to alternatives becomes cognitively and organizationally costly, an inertia Kahneman (2011) traces to System 1's anchoring on whatever frame is first activated.
This sourceFarrar, Straus and Giroux. Integrative treatment of System 1/System 2 cognition: synthesizes willpower depletion, hyperbolic discounting, temptation, present-bias, and salience effects as manifestations of a common dual-process architecture for intertemporal choice.
- Structural tension: Once a reasoner or team adopts a representation, switching to alternatives becomes cognitively and organizationally costly, an inertia Kahneman (2011) traces to System 1's anchoring on whatever frame is first activated.
- Regression to the Mean
- Even trained researchers can underestimate RTM magnitude and over-attribute changes to interventions
This sourceFarrar, Straus and Giroux. Integrative treatment of System 1/System 2 cognition: synthesizes willpower depletion, hyperbolic discounting, temptation, present-bias, and salience effects as manifestations of a common dual-process architecture for intertemporal choice.
- Even trained researchers can underestimate RTM magnitude and over-attribute changes to interventions
- Temporal Inconsistency and Preference Reversals
- This makes the problem tractable: commitment devices, incentive realignment, and temporal binding become systematic interventions, not ad-hoc fixes.
This sourceFarrar, Straus and Giroux. Integrative treatment of System 1/System 2 cognition: synthesizes willpower depletion, hyperbolic discounting, temptation, present-bias, and salience effects as manifestations of a common dual-process architecture for intertemporal choice.
- This makes the problem tractable: commitment devices, incentive realignment, and temporal binding become systematic interventions, not ad-hoc fixes.
Domain-specific¶
Mechanisms¶
- Capability Equivalence Matrix
- This is a textbook case of What You See Is All There Is.
This sourceDefines WYSIATI as constructing a coherent judgment from available information while neglecting evidence that is absent.
- This is a textbook case of What You See Is All There Is.
- Extreme-Selection Risk Flag
- It is the mechanism that keeps a team from mistaking "we intervened on the worst cases and they improved" for proof, a pattern vivid in the flight-instructor illusion where praising good landings seemed to hurt and berating bad ones seemed to help, purely from reversion.
This sourceIn the flight-instructor example, praised unusually good landings regressed downward and criticized unusually bad landings regressed upward; the pattern was reversion, not an intervention effect.
- It is the mechanism that keeps a team from mistaking "we intervened on the worst cases and they improved" for proof, a pattern vivid in the flight-instructor illusion where praising good landings seemed to hurt and berating bad ones seemed to help, purely from reversion.
Verification¶
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Links previously used in the corpus¶
Before the registry existed this work was also linked 2 other ways.
- https://us.macmillan.com/books/9781429969352/thinkingfastandslow/ ×2
- https://archive.org/details/thinkingfastslow0000kahn ×1
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