The Ghost in the Machine

Koestler, A. (1967). The Ghost in the Machine.

Type

Book

Intellectual base

Review or monograph

Year

1967

Link

https://archive.org/details/ghostinmachine00koesmatched

Cited from

information_theory, philosophy, systems_cybernetics

Cited by

3 citations across 3 artifacts.

Each citation links to the sentence it supports in the citing article.

Primes

• Hierarchy
  • Koestler's holon framework

    This sourceHutchinson. Coins "holon" from the Greek holos (whole) plus the suffix -on, defines holons as Janus-faced sub-wholes that are simultaneously self-contained wholes facing downward and dependent parts facing upward, and names the multi-level nesting of such units a holarchy spanning biological and social systems.

• Holarchy
  • Arthur Koestler (1967) coined "holon" (from the Greek holos, whole, plus the suffix -on suggesting a particle or part) precisely to name this Janus-faced status: every level both faces downward as a governing whole and faces upward as a contributing fragment.

    This sourceHutchinson. Coins "holon" from the Greek holos (whole) plus the suffix -on, defines holons as Janus-faced sub-wholes that are simultaneously self-contained wholes facing downward and dependent parts facing upward, and names the multi-level nesting of such units a holarchy spanning biological and social systems.

• Top-Down Perspectives
  • Koestler's 1967 The Ghost in the Machine

    This sourceHutchinson. Coins "holon" from the Greek holos (whole) plus the suffix -on, defines holons as Janus-faced sub-wholes that are simultaneously self-contained wholes facing downward and dependent parts facing upward, and names the multi-level nesting of such units a holarchy spanning biological and social systems.

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