The Knowledge Complexity of Interactive Proof Systems.

Goldwasser, S., Micali, S., & Rackoff, C. (1989). The Knowledge Complexity of Interactive Proof Systems. SIAM Journal on Computing, 18(1), 186-208.

Type

Journal article

Intellectual base

Primary research

Year

1989

DOI

10.1137/0218012

Link

https://doi.org/10.1137/0218012

Cited from

computer_science, economics_finance, mathematics

Cited by

5 citations across 5 artifacts.

Each citation links to the sentence it supports in the citing article.

Primes

• Information Asymmetry
  • Computer security and cryptography: One party knows a private key, a password, or an exploit the other lacks.

    This sourceDefines zero-knowledge proofs, the cryptographic instantiation of governed information asymmetry: an informed party demonstrates possession of a secret (a private key or witness) without revealing it to a verifier who lacks it.

• Information Hiding
  • In cryptography it is zero-knowledge proofs (prove a property without revealing the witness), secure multi-party computation, and differential privacy.

    This sourceZero-knowledge proofs — proving a property without revealing the witness — the cryptographic instance of controlled crossing that exposes a verification bit while concealing internal facts.

• Verifier-Prover Asymmetry
  • Zero-knowledge proofs, blockchain proof-of-work, and market arbitrage flowing quickly to publicly-stated opportunities round out a list of ten or more substrates.
• Zero Knowledge Proof
  • The separation of claim from witness is the structural pivot. A decoupled verification channel. The protocol carries the validity of the claim while carrying only that — the evidence-bearing channel is engineered to be disjoint from the content-disclosing channel. The three invariants. Completeness: an honest prover with a true claim always convinces. Soundness: a false claim cannot pass beyond a bounded probability. Zero-knowledge: the verifier learns nothing the claim does not already imply — formally, the interaction transcript could have been simulated without the witness.

Domain-specific

• Interactive proof system
  • The entry records a descriptive analytical identity; practical use requires the governing domain's evidence, standards, and safety obligations.

Verification

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