Animal Physiology¶
Schmidt-Nielsen, K. (1997). Animal Physiology: Adaptation and Environment. Cambridge University Press.
Cited by¶
1 citation across 1 artifact.
Each citation links to the sentence it supports in the citing article.
Primes¶
- Counter-Current Exchange
- Vertebrate physiology: fish gill water flows opposite to capillary blood, supporting near-complete oxygen extraction where co-current flow would cap near one-half; the kidney's loop of Henle uses counter-current geometry to build the medullary osmotic gradient that concentrates urine.
This sourceCounter-current exchange in fish gills (near-complete O2 extraction), the kidney's loop of Henle (medullary osmotic gradient), and arterial-venous heat exchange (rete mirabile) in limbs and red muscle. (
- Vertebrate physiology: fish gill water flows opposite to capillary blood, supporting near-complete oxygen extraction where co-current flow would cap near one-half; the kidney's loop of Henle uses counter-current geometry to build the medullary osmotic gradient that concentrates urine.
Verification¶
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