Empirical Evidence of Bias¶
Schulz, K. F. (1995). Empirical Evidence of Bias: Dimensions of Methodological Quality Associated with Estimates of Treatment Effects in Controlled Trials. JAMA, 273(5), 408-412.
Cited by¶
1 citation across 1 artifact.
Each citation links to the sentence it supports in the citing article.
Primes¶
- Reality Monitoring
- Security and access control — distinguishing actions originated inside a trust boundary from those arriving outside, as in insider-threat monitoring and request-provenance tagging. Scientific replication — distinguishing observed effects from expected-and-imagined ones, which is precisely what blinding and double-blinding protect.
This sourceShows that inadequate blinding inflates effect estimates, evidencing the need to keep observer separate from generator.
Supported in partVerified against the publisher's abstract
Abstract evidence that non-double-blind trials exaggerated effect estimates by 17% backs blinding as a guard against bias, but not the reality-monitoring or security wording.
“Trials that were not double-blind also yielded larger estimates of effects (P=.01), with odds ratios being exaggerated by 17%.”
- Security and access control — distinguishing actions originated inside a trust boundary from those arriving outside, as in insider-threat monitoring and request-provenance tagging. Scientific replication — distinguishing observed effects from expected-and-imagined ones, which is precisely what blinding and double-blinding protect.
Verification¶
Does it exist? Confirmed. This work's DOI resolves to a registered record, which fixes its identity. That is all it fixes.
Does it back the claim? Read against the text for 1 of 1 citation: 1 supported in part. Each verdict is shown under its citation below, with what in the work backs the sentence.
Support is checked per citation rather than per work — the same source can be cited soundly in one article and wrongly in another. Per-citation recording began recently, so a citation with no recorded check is a gap in the record rather than evidence it went unchecked.
See how references were verified.
Registry ID ref:901af288adf5 · see in the full table