Smoking and lung cancer¶
Cornfield, J., Haenszel, W., Hammond, E., Lilienfeld, A. M., Shimkin, M. B., & Wynder, E. L. (1959). Smoking and lung cancer: recent evidence and a discussion of some questions. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 22(1), 173-203.
Cited by¶
1 citation across 1 artifact.
Each citation links to the sentence it supports in the citing article.
Primes¶
- Confounding
- the concept has deep historical roots, articulated by John Stuart Mill 1843 in his methods of experimental inquiry (the method of difference requiring the treated and untreated cases to agree in all circumstances except the one being investigated), and elaborated through the 20 century by R.A. Fisher (randomization as defense against confounding in experimental contexts), Jerome Cornfield (epidemiological reasoning about smoking and lung cancer)
This sourceThe landmark epidemiological treatment of confounding (Cornfield's inequality) in the smoking–lung-cancer debate; supports D25-023.
- the concept has deep historical roots, articulated by John Stuart Mill 1843 in his methods of experimental inquiry (the method of difference requiring the treated and untreated cases to agree in all circumstances except the one being investigated), and elaborated through the 20 century by R.A. Fisher (randomization as defense against confounding in experimental contexts), Jerome Cornfield (epidemiological reasoning about smoking and lung cancer)
Verification¶
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Registry ID ref:ae5465ad5349 · see in the full table