The proof and measurement of association between two things.

Spearman, C. (1904). The proof and measurement of association between two things. American Journal of Psychology, 15(1), 72-101.

Type

Journal article

Intellectual base

Primary research

Year

1904

DOI

10.2307/1412159

Link

https://doi.org/10.2307/1412159

Cited from

mathematics, statistics_experimental_design

Cited by

3 citations across 3 artifacts.

Each citation links to the sentence it supports in the citing article.

Primes

• Correlation
  • Spearman (1904) extended the signature beyond linearity to rank-order co-variation, showing that the directionless-dependence pattern survives even when the functional form of the relationship is unknown or non-linear.

    This sourceIntroduces the rank-order (Spearman) correlation coefficient, extending the measurement of association beyond linear/product-moment correlation to monotonic relationships of unknown functional form.

• Measurement Uncertainty and Observational Noise
  • A noisy measurement can obscure real variability, but the two are distinct, a partition between true-score variance and error variance Spearman (1904) introduced when proposing the foundations of classical reliability theory.

    This sourceFoundational paper of classical reliability theory: introduces the decomposition of an observed score into a true component and an independent error component, distinguishing apparatus/process noise from genuine variability across subjects.

• Nonparametric Methods

  • This sourceFoundational paper of classical reliability theory: introduces the decomposition of an observed score into a true component and an independent error component, distinguishing apparatus/process noise from genuine variability across subjects.

Verification

This reference passed the adversarial substantiation pipeline: it was checked to exist and to support the claim it is attached to. See how references were verified.

Registry ID ref:ca9e7acd4fa7 · see in the full table