Norm theory¶
Kahneman, D., & Miller, D. T. (1986). Norm theory: Comparing reality to its alternatives. Psychological Review, 93(2), 136-153.
Cited by¶
2 citations across 2 artifacts.
Each citation links to the sentence it supports in the citing article.
Primes¶
- Counterfactual Reasoning
- This mental simulation depends on the availability of the counterfactual (how easy is it to imagine?) and on whether the outcome was norm-violating or surprising.
This sourceDevelops norm theory and the exceptionality effect: events that easily evoke counterfactual alternatives produce stronger affective and causal responses.
Supported in partVerified against the publisher's abstract
Kahneman & Miller's abstract grounds the norm-violation/surprise half of the claim (norms recruit counterfactual alternatives; abnormal causes heighten response) but does not state the ease-of-imagination clause.
“Specific objects or events generate their own norms by retrieval of similar experiences stored in memory or by construction of counterfactual alternatives. The normality of a stimulus is evaluated by comparing it to the norms that it evokes after the fact, rather than to precomputed expectations. Norm theory is applied in analyses of the enhanced emotional response to events that have abnormal causes”
- This mental simulation depends on the availability of the counterfactual (how easy is it to imagine?) and on whether the outcome was norm-violating or surprising.
- Decision
- These counterfactuals are not available before decision (all paths are live), become reasoning tools after commitment (regret, reflection, learning), and shape future decisions, a mechanism Kahneman and Miller (1986) developed in their norm-theory account of post-decision counterfactual thought.
This sourceDevelops norm theory and the cognitive mechanism of post-hoc counterfactual construction underlying regret and surprise.
Supported in partVerified against the publisher's abstract
The abstract supports norm theory's after-the-fact construction of counterfactual alternatives, but not the claim's clauses on reasoning tools, regret/learning, or shaping future decisions.
“The central idea of the present treatment is that norms are computed after the event rather than in advance.”
- These counterfactuals are not available before decision (all paths are live), become reasoning tools after commitment (regret, reflection, learning), and shape future decisions, a mechanism Kahneman and Miller (1986) developed in their norm-theory account of post-decision counterfactual thought.
Verification¶
Does it exist? Confirmed. This work's DOI resolves to a registered record, which fixes its identity. That is all it fixes.
Does it back the claim? Read against the text for 2 of 2 citations: 2 supported in part. Each verdict is shown under its citation below, with what in the work backs the sentence.
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