A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Calculators on Students' Achievement and Attitude Levels in Precollege Mathematics Classes.¶
Ellington, A. J. (2003). A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Calculators on Students' Achievement and Attitude Levels in Precollege Mathematics Classes. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 34(5), 433-463.
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Primes¶
- Cognitive Offloading
- In education it is scaffolding — manipulatives, worked-example sheets, formula sheets — which externalises cognitive structure so the learner can attend to higher-order patterns, with over-offloading preventing internalisation (the calculator-dependency debate).
This sourceMeta-analysis of 54 studies on calculator use in mathematics learning — the empirical core of the calculator-dependency debate over externalizing computation versus internalizing skill.
- In education it is scaffolding — manipulatives, worked-example sheets, formula sheets — which externalises cognitive structure so the learner can attend to higher-order patterns, with over-offloading preventing internalisation (the calculator-dependency debate).
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