Identifiability, Exchangeability, and Epidemiological Confounding

GREENLAND, S., & ROBINS, J. M. (1986). Identifiability, Exchangeability, and Epidemiological Confounding. International Journal of Epidemiology, 15(3), 413-419.

Type

Journal article

Intellectual base

Primary research

Year

1986

DOI

10.1093/ije/15.3.413

Link

https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/15.3.413

Cited from

statistics_experimental_design

Cited by

3 citations across 3 artifacts.

Each citation links to the sentence it supports in the citing article.

Primes

• Confounding
  • The common-cause third variable

    This sourceDraws the formal connection between identifiability, exchangeability, and confounding; supports the common-cause/exchangeability framing (D25-016, D25-021, D25-027).

• Randomization
  • 3. The confounding-control via balanced covariate distribution — by severing the association between treatment assignment and all pre-treatment confounders through the random mechanism itself, randomization eliminates confounding bias without requiring measurement or statistical adjustment for all confounders

    This sourceGreenland-Robins formal causal-inference framework exchangeability back-door criterion.

• Selection Bias
  • Sampling representativeness (#433) is compromised by selection bias, making the two primes tightly coordinated. Not eliminated by randomization — randomization addresses selection-into-exposure (who receives treatment) but not selection-into-study (who is observed at all)

    This sourceGreenland-Robins formal causal-inference framework exchangeability back-door criterion.

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