The Struggle for Existence¶
Gause, G. F. (1934). The Struggle for Existence.
Cited by¶
3 citations across 3 artifacts.
Each citation links to the sentence it supports in the citing article.
Primes¶
- Competition
- The same mathematics that governs the paramecia governs the firms.
This sourceWilliams & Wilkins. Experimental demonstration with co-cultured Paramecium (aurelia vs. caudatum) that two species drawing on a single limiting resource cannot stably coexist — one is competitively excluded — the empirical basis of competitive exclusion.
Supported in partVerified against the work's full text
Gause shows Paramecium cultures behaving as the Lotka-Volterra competition equations predict, but his book says nothing about firms or markets.
“the process of competition under our conditions has always resulted in one species being entirely displaced by another”
- The same mathematics that governs the paramecia governs the firms.
- Crowding Out
- Ecology — an introduced species occupies the same niche (food, nesting site, light) as a native, displacing it by competitive exclusion; the substrate is the niche.
This sourceStates the competitive-exclusion principle: two species occupying the same niche cannot stably coexist, one displacing the other.
SupportedVerified against the work's full text
Gause states that a competitor with an advantage displaces the other within one niche, defines the niche by habits and food, and records introduced carp displacing native fishes.
“in one niche the first competitor possessing advantages over the second will displace him”
- Ecology — an introduced species occupies the same niche (food, nesting site, light) as a native, displacing it by competitive exclusion; the substrate is the niche.
- Interference and Contention
- Competition refers to multiple entities striving to maximize their own outcomes in a zero-sum or adversarial context (market share, election victory, reproductive fitness in evolutionary systems), the goal-seeking pattern Gause (1934) formalized in the competitive exclusion principle of population biology.
This sourceWilliams & Wilkins. Experimental demonstration with co-cultured Paramecium that two species drawing on a single limiting resource cannot stably coexist — the empirical basis of competitive exclusion.
Supported in partVerified against the work's full text
Gause shows by Paramecium experiments and Lotka-Volterra mathematics that two species on one limiting resource cannot coexist, but he does not use zero-sum, market or election framings.
“has always resulted in one species being entirely displaced by another”
- Competition refers to multiple entities striving to maximize their own outcomes in a zero-sum or adversarial context (market share, election victory, reproductive fitness in evolutionary systems), the goal-seeking pattern Gause (1934) formalized in the competitive exclusion principle of population biology.
Verification¶
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