Phase Transformations in Metals and Alloys¶
Porter, D. A., & Easterling, K. E. (1992). Phase Transformations in Metals and Alloys. Chapman & Hall.
Cited by¶
5 citations across 5 artifacts.
Each citation links to the sentence it supports in the citing article.
Primes¶
- Metastability
- Chemistry and materials science — supercooled water below 0 °C, diamond at room conditions (graphite is lower in energy), supersaturated solutions, amorphous solids, retained austenite in steel: each sits in a local well behind a barrier to the more-stable phase.
This sourceStandard text on nucleation, metastable phases (supercooled liquids, retained austenite), and the critical-nucleus free-energy barrier in materials science.
- Chemistry and materials science — supercooled water below 0 °C, diamond at room conditions (graphite is lower in energy), supersaturated solutions, amorphous solids, retained austenite in steel: each sits in a local well behind a barrier to the more-stable phase.
- Supersaturation
- In materials science, supersaturated solid solutions hold excess solute that precipitates at preferred sites during ageing, producing the precipitation-strengthening microstructures whole alloy families depend on.
This sourceStandard materials-science reference: supersaturated solid solutions precipitate solute at preferred sites during ageing, the basis of precipitation-strengthening microstructures.
- In materials science, supersaturated solid solutions hold excess solute that precipitates at preferred sites during ageing, producing the precipitation-strengthening microstructures whole alloy families depend on.
Domain-specific¶
- Ostwald Ripening
- Precipitate aging in solutions — the classic case of curvature-driven coarsening of a precipitate population over time. Emulsion and foam destabilization — droplets and bubbles coarsening as small ones dissolve and redeposit onto large ones, a primary shelf-life failure. Overaging of precipitation-hardened alloys — γ′ coarsening in nickel superalloys and GP-zone growth in age-hardened aluminum, degrading strength along the t^(⅓) curve
This sourceA textbook treatment of precipitation hardening, including precipitation in aluminium-copper and aluminium-silver alloys.
Supported in partVerified against the work's full text
“examples are [aluminum]-copper and [aluminum]-silver alloys. 5.5.1 Precipitation in [Aluminum]-Copper Alloys”
- Precipitate aging in solutions — the classic case of curvature-driven coarsening of a precipitate population over time. Emulsion and foam destabilization — droplets and bubbles coarsening as small ones dissolve and redeposit onto large ones, a primary shelf-life failure. Overaging of precipitation-hardened alloys — γ′ coarsening in nickel superalloys and GP-zone growth in age-hardened aluminum, degrading strength along the t^(⅓) curve
- Solubility
- … (soil-water-air distribution determined by Ksp and log P), in protein crystallization (controlled supersaturation drives the nucleation-then-slow-growth protocol), and in alloy design (solid solubility of one metal in another determines the phase diagram's solvus line and the precipitation-hardening response on aging
This sourcePorter and Easterling's metallurgy text, in which the phase diagram's solvus lines for GP zones and successive precipitates are tied to the ageing temperature and the precipitation sequence.
Supported in partVerified against the work's full text
“of solid [solubility] in a terminal solid solution. Consider for simplicity the phase [diagram] shown in”
- … (soil-water-air distribution determined by Ksp and log P), in protein crystallization (controlled supersaturation drives the nucleation-then-slow-growth protocol), and in alloy design (solid solubility of one metal in another determines the phase diagram's solvus line and the precipitation-hardening response on aging
Mechanisms¶
- Controlled Cooling or Heating Schedule
- The schedule exploits two temperature-dependent quantities that pull in opposite directions: the thermodynamic driving force to separate (which grows as you go further past the boundary) and the mobility that lets constituents actually move to do it (which falls as you cool).
This sourceExplains that transformation kinetics reflect opposing temperature effects: increasing thermodynamic driving force with undercooling and decreasing atomic mobility as temperature falls.
- The schedule exploits two temperature-dependent quantities that pull in opposite directions: the thermodynamic driving force to separate (which grows as you go further past the boundary) and the mobility that lets constituents actually move to do it (which falls as you cool).
Verification¶
Does it exist? Confirmed. This work's DOI resolves to a registered record, which fixes its identity. That is all it fixes.
Does it back the claim? Read against the text for 2 of 5 citations: 2 supported in part. Each verdict is shown under its citation below, with what in the work backs the sentence.
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