Philosophy & Ethics¶

9 domain-specific abstractions whose origin domain is Philosophy & Ethics.

Begging the Question — Detect an argument whose premises presuppose the very conclusion they are offered to support — valid, even sound, yet dialectically empty — by testing whether the premises would survive an interlocutor who denies the conclusion.
Dialectics — Contradictions drive change.
Existential Angst — Anxiety from lack of meaning.
Hempel's Paradox — Expose that treating confirmation as yes/no forces the absurd conclusion that a white shoe confirms 'all ravens are black' via the contrapositive — dissolved by grading confirmation, so a non-black non-raven confirms only by a vanishing likelihood ratio.
Immaterial Spatial Entity — A spatial particular — a hole, room, or border — that has a location, shape, and history yet is constituted of no matter, individuated instead by its relation to material bearers, and admitted (or not) as a first-class entity by whether eliminating it into bearer-talk loses a fact.
Is-Ought Problem — Hume's principle that no purely descriptive premises can by themselves deductively entail a normative conclusion — so any move from 'is' to 'ought' requires an explicit, defensible bridging value premise, and its absence marks a category error.
Ontological Paradox — Assess a self-causing closed causal loop — an object or piece of information that exists with no origin traceable outside the loop — by testing whether it is self-consistent (coherent, unlike the grandfather paradox) yet still lacking a traceable origin.
Quality inherence — Refuse to let a property exist on its own — bind every attribute to a bearer, a context, and the inherence relation that ties them, so a value with no namable owner is a category error, not a discovery.
Ship of Theseus — Expose that 'is it still the same thing?' has no brute answer once total component replacement pulls substrate-continuity apart from pattern-continuity — the verdict is relative to which identity criterion you have decided counts.